Evernia Goes to School: Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals and Photosynthetic Performance in Lichen Transplants Exposed Indoors and Outdoors in Public and Private Environments

Recently indoor air quality (IAQ) has become a key issue, especially in schools, where children spend most of the day. Only in a few cases IAQ was investigated using lichens as biomonitors. During autumn 2017, lichens (Evernia prunastri) were exposed for two months indoors and outdoors in public (schools) and private (dwellings) environments, in both rural and urban areas of Slovakia. The bioaccumulation of selected elements and the physiological status of the samples were considered. The content of heavy metals increased in samples exposed outdoors for 11 out of 12 elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, S, Sb, V and Zn, but not Ca) in the urban area and for 5 (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Sb) in the rural area. Indoor concentrations were overall similar, both in rural and urban buildings, independently of the outdoor conditions. An indoor accumulation occurred only for Cd, Cu and Pb. An indoor origin was suggested for Cd, while for Cu and Pb, outdoor penetration (car traffic) is the likely cause of indoor values. Indoor exposed lichens maintained their vitality (as reflected by chlorophyll a fluorescence emission). This latter result further supports the use of lichen biomonitoring as a suitable method for assessing IAQ.

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MASS PATTERNS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN TAMIL NADU

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i9(se).2016.2510 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (9(SE)) ◽

pp. 57-62

Author(s):

Rajendran ◽

Udaya Kumar

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

New Technology ◽

Vital Role ◽

Educational Service ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban

Education plays a vital role for economic development of any nation. It reduces social and economic disparities in society. This study explores the public and private higher educational institutions and literacy level of Tamil Nadu. The literacy rate indicates educational level of total population. Education makes and ushers knowledge economy of a country. The importance of educational service is forever growing in the public and private sectors. Education facilitates the acquisition of new technology, skills and knowledge that ultimately increases productivity in rural and urban areas of India. Public and Private partnership institutions play an important role in delivering educational service in the society and itsrole for delivering general and technical educationfor achieving economic development and its producing skill and knowledge of human resource.

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Characteristics and Sources of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 during a Typical Haze Episode in Rural and Urban Areas in Taiyuan, China

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos9010002 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Kankan Liu ◽

Qingmin Shang ◽

Changyuan Wan ◽

Ping Song ◽

Chanyuan Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Haze Episode

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Regional food dishes in the Brazilian National School Food Program: Acceptability and nutritional composition

Revista de Nutrição ◽

10.1590/1415-52732014000400004 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 423-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Diogo thimoteo da Cunha ◽

Hélida Ventura Barbosa Gonçalves ◽

Aline Fátima Andrade de Lima ◽

Paula Andrea Martins ◽

Veridiana Vera de Rosso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Food Sovereignty ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

School Food ◽

Indirect Measure ◽

Regional Food ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Hedonic Scale

Objective: the objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional composition and describe the acceptability of regional culinary dishes served to students from public schools of rural and urban areas. Methods: Ten Brazilian regional dishes were evaluated for acceptability and nutritional composition. the survey was conducted in schools located in rural and urban areas of two cities in the state of São Paulo. Dish acceptability was evaluated using leftover analysis and a 5-point facial hedonic scale. the adherence index was calculated and used as an indirect measure of acceptance, and the nutritional composition was calculated based on the technical files of each dish. Results: A total of 2,384 students from 20 schools participated in the study and 1,174 tasted and evaluated the dishes. the test using the 5-point facial hedonic scale demonstrated that five dishes (Caldo verde soup, persimmon jelly, chicken with okra, puréed cornmeal with spinach, and arugula pizza) had an acceptability rate above 85.0%. the mean adherence indices were 57.3% and 55.6% in urban and rural environments, respectively. Analysis of the nutritional composition of regional dishes indicates that these dishes can partially meet macronutrient recommendations. Conclusion: the tested dishes can become part of school menus as they were accepted or partly accepted by the students regardless of school location, whether rural or urban. the cultural heritage is an important resource for the food sovereignty of a country and should be constantly encouraged.

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Estimating Education Production Functions in Rural and Urban Areas

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics ◽

10.1017/s0081305200013200 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 31-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David L. Debertin

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Local Governments ◽

Local Level ◽

Educational Process ◽

Elementary And Secondary Education ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Educational Production ◽

State And Local

Public elementary and secondary education represent the largest single expenditure by units of state and local governments. Nearly 30 percent of all tax dollars raised at the state and local level is spent for funding public elementary and secondary schools. The magnitude of expenditures for public education relative to other public goods makes questions concerning resource allocation for this service extremely important. It is not surprising that a great deal of attention has been directed toward determining if the educational process can be made more efficient.Politicians, school administrators and other decision-makers who deal with school finance problems in rural and urban areas face a key policy question concerning the educational production process: “Does the spending of additional tax dollars in local public schools necessarily insure increased scholastic achievement for all students?”

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ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SCHOOLCHILDREN OF NEPAL

Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences ◽

10.33607/bjshs.v3i106.29 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (106) ◽

pp. 11-18

Author(s):

Ram Manohar Basnet ◽

Laxman Manohar Basnet

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Academic Performance ◽

Public Schools ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Female Students ◽

Male Students ◽

Female Population ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Significant Difference

Background. There is growing interest in the association between physical activity (PA) and academic performance (AP) in children, especially in the developing world. However, no in-depth study of such kind has yet been undertaken in Nepal. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine if there is correlation between PA and AP in secondary schoolchildren in Nepal. Methods. A crosssectional study was carried in four schools of Nepal. Two schools (one private and one public) were randomly selected from two different districts. Physical activity and academic performance levels of students were obtained via questionnaires and Pearson’s correlation was done to determine any association. Results. Our study showed a significant correlation between physical activity and academic performance in the study population. The correlation was significant for male students, students from rural and urban areas and from public schools. However, there was no significant correlation in the female population and students of private schools. We also observed a significant difference in the physical activity performed by male versus female students (male > female), along with a significant difference in their academic performance (male > female). Further analysis of correlation on the basis of gender showed that physical activity of male students was significantly correlated with the academic performance irrespective of the location and type of school. However there was no such correlation in the female students. Conclusion. Our study found that male students who were physically active showed positive correlation between physical activity and academic performance while no such correlation was found in the female students.

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Consumption and Trade of Wheat and Flour in Pakistan - The Role of Public and Private Sectors

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v24i2pp.151-171 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 151-171

Author(s):

Peter A. Cornelisse ◽

Hans De Kruijk

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Public And Private ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Self Sufficiency ◽

Wheat Market

This article, the second of two articles In this Review on the operation of the wheat market in Pakistan,- describes the various sources from which consumers in the Punjab, Sind and the NWFP obtain wheat and flour. There appear to be considerable differences in the patterns of wheat provisioning, if consumers are distinguished by province, rural and urban areas and household income. Further, an evaluation is made of the performance of private traders in wheat- and flour-markets. These findings are then used to examine whether the position of self-sufficiency in wheat, which the country has recently achieved, provides arguments for revising the wheat-market policies adopted during a period when the situation was much less favourable.

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Attitudes and Factors Associated With Occurrence of Gender-Based Violence in Rural and Urban Households in Ibadan

Sumerianz Journal of Social Science ◽

10.47752/sjss.39.115.121 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 115-121

Author(s):

Adegbite Motunrade Betty

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Family Influence ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Public And Private ◽

Urban Households ◽

Favourable Attitude ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Gender Based

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is the resultant of gender-related power inequalities at both public and private spheres. GBV occurrence in rural and urban areas of Ibadan is the focus of this study. The study evaluated the attitude and factors associated with GBV occurrence among rural and urban households in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were collected from 200 respondents in Ibadan using interview schedule and structured questionnaire. Descriptive (frequency counts and percentages) and inferential statistics (PPMC and Regression analysis) were used to analyse the data collected. Many of the respondents (53.3%) had a favourable attitude against GBV. Household size (β = 0.204), attitude against GBV (β = -0.394), family influence (β = 0.287), superiority complex (β = 0.633) and substance abuse (β = 0.347) were factors associated with the rate of GBV occurrence. Despite the favourable attitude of people against GBV, the menace is still prevalent in the society. The general public needs enlightenment on the jeopardy associated with GBV. It is therefore recommended that suitable strategies like social media advocacy and entertainment education be put in place to enlighten the populace on the magnitudes of GBV occurrence so as to abate it among inhabitants.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOME MINERAL PROFILE OF HONEY MARKETED AND CONSUMED IN SOME OF THE STATES IN NORTHERN PART OF COUNTRY (NIGERIA)

Green Chemistry & Technology Letters ◽

10.18510/gctl.2015.114 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (01) ◽

pp. 22-32

Author(s):

R. Odoh

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Traditional Values ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Metal Poisoning ◽

Mineral Profile ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Concentration

Honey and honey trade is an important economic activity for many tropical rural and urban areas worldwide. In West Africa and other part of the world, honey and honey products holds high socio–cultural, religious, medicinal and traditional values. Therefore, to maximize benefits or to enhance profit, a variety of components are added to the raw, fresh and unprocessed honey, introducing the possibility of heavy metals contaminants. Therefore the honey sold in various places, markets and shops in some states in Northern Nigeria (Benue, Nassarawa and Taraba) including Abuja FCT, in Nigeria was analyzed to determine the level of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn).All the honey samples contain heavy metals. The results ranged from 0.028–0.070, 0.023–0.058, 0.042–0.092, 4.231–8.589, 8.115–14.892, 0.078–0.922, 0.044–0.092, 0.041–0.087 and 18.234–28.654 μg/L for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn respectively. The mean concentration (μg/L) of the heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn of the regularly marketed honey is significantly higher than the mean concentration observed in raw, fresh and unprocessed honey. However, continued consumption of honey with high heavy metal content might lead to exposure to chronic heavy metal poisoning.

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