scholarly journals The Effect of Mechanical Stress on Plant Susceptibility to Pests: A Mini Opinion Review

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Coutand
Keyword(s):  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Chemical Residues ◽  
Develop Environment ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits ◽  
Plant Susceptibility

Plants are subject to multiple pest attacks during their growing cycle. In order to address consumers’ desire to buy healthy vegetables and fruits, i.e., without chemical residues, and to develop environment-friendly agriculture, major research efforts are being made to find alternative methods to reduce or suppress the use of chemicals. Many methods are currently being tested. Among these methods, some are being tested in order to modify plant physiology to render it less susceptible to pathogen and pest attacks by developing plant immunity. An emerging potentially interesting method that is being studied at this time is mechanical stimuli (MS). Although the number of articles on the effect of MS on plant immunity is still not large, it has been reported that several types of mechanical stimuli induce a reduction of plant susceptibility to pests for different plant species in the case of wounding and non-wounding stimuli. This mini review aims to summarize the knowledge available at this time by raising questions that should be addressed before considering MS as an operable alternative method to increase plant immunity for crop protection.

scholarly journals 4 Agrochemical Residues, Product Quality, and Safety of Beef Fed Cotton Ginning and Other Byproduct Feeds

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 21-21
Author(s):  
David J Smith
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Pesticide Monitoring ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Chemical Residues ◽  
Beef Products ◽  
Beef Producers ◽  
Harvest Aid

Abstract Most commodity crops undergo milling, husking, ginning or other processing procedures before use as human food or fiber. Byproduct nutrient density varies with the type of grain or oil seed processed and use typically varies with nutrient needs of specific production situations. Drought or high grain prices may increase the use of byproducts; regionally available, low-cost ingredients such as cotton ginning byproduct may be used extensively by beef producers to replace forage. Doubt associated with the use of such byproducts is not typically related to nutritional value but with uncertainties about the presence of residual pesticides, herbicides, or harvest-aid chemicals. Potential chemical residues in consumer products and the concomitant financial and reputational losses borne by the industry provide an impetus for concern. Negative experiences with contaminated Australian beef established a long-lived suspicion of “cotton trash” that continues to impact the industry today. The purpose of this review is to discuss sources, amounts, and risks of chemical residues associated with byproduct feeds used in the southern United States with cotton ginning byproducts as a major focus. The use patterns of specific crop protection and harvest-aid chemicals will be discussed in context with chemical tolerances established by the U.S. EPA. In addition, U.S. pesticide monitoring programs in beef will be discussed. Although data describing the transmission of chemical residues from byproduct feeds into beef products are limited, the available data suggest some best practices could be adopted to mitigate concerns and minimize possible agrochemical residue contamination of beef.

scholarly journals Experimental investigation of bending characteristics of hybrid composites fabricated by hand layup method

2021 ◽  
Vol 2089 (1) ◽  
pp. 012033
Author(s):  
M Sadashiva ◽  
S Praveen Kumar ◽  
M K Yathish ◽  
V T Satish ◽  
MR Srinivasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Hybrid Composite ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Longitudinal Fiber ◽  
Develop Environment ◽  
The One ◽  
Better Than

Abstract The extensive applications of hybrid composite materials in the field of transportation and structural domine provide prominent advantages in the order of stiffness, strength even cost. However extend the advantages of hybrid campsites in several field such as aviation and marine even more additional properties should be inculcate in them. During production of such profitable composites poses some problems at time at decompose and processing. It’s better to develop environment friendly and reusable composites, bio hybrid composite materials such of the one. In this paper, focused on development of Eco-friendly hybrid bio composites with the ingredients of drumstick fibers, glass fiber along with polyester resin. This hybrid bio composites subjected to bending test and evaluate the characteristics of bending properties, this research evident that bending characteristics of hybrid composites with longitudinal fiber orientation better than transverse.

Harnessing chemical ecology for environment-friendly crop protection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seogchan Kang ◽  
Rhea Lumactud ◽  
Ningxiao Li ◽  
Terrence H Bell ◽  
HyeSeon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides

Heavy reliance on synthetic pesticides for crop protection becomes increasingly unsustainable, calling for robust alternative strategies that do not degrade the environment and vital ecosystem services. There exist numerous reports of successful disease control using various microbes in small-scale trials. However, their inconsistent efficacy has hampered large-scale applications. An enhanced understanding of how beneficial microbes interact with plants, other microbes, and the environment and which factors affect their efficacy of disease control is crucial to deploy microbial allies as effective and reliable pesticide alternatives. Diverse metabolites produced by plants and microbes participate in pathogenesis and defense, regulate the growth and development of themselves and neighboring organisms, help maintain cellular homeostasis under varied environmental conditions, and affect the assembly and activity of plant and soil microbiomes. However, research on the metabolites associated with plant growth/health-related processes, except antibiotics, has not received adequate attention. This review highlights several classes of metabolites known or suspected to affect plant health, focusing on those associated with biocontrol and belowground plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. The review also presents how new insights anticipated from systematically exploring the diversity and mechanism of action of bioactive metabolites can be harnessed to develop novel crop protection strategies.

scholarly journals Unconventional Methods of Preserving Meat Products and Their Impact on Health and the Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 5948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Rudy ◽  
Sylwia Kucharyk ◽  
Paulina Duma-Kocan ◽  
Renata Stanisławczyk ◽  
Marian Gil
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Food Protection ◽  
Preservation Methods ◽  
Meat Preservation ◽  
Unconventional Methods

A dual objective of food storage is to retain nutritional value and safe consumption over time. As supply chains have globalized, food protection and preservation methods have advanced. However, increasing demands to cater for larger volumes and for more effective food storage call for new technologies. This paper examines promising meat preservation methods, including high pressure process, ultrasounds, pulsating electric and magnetic field, pulsed light and cold plasma. These methods not only make it possible to obtain meat and meat products with a longer shelf life, safer for health and without preservatives, but also are more environment-friendly in comparison with traditional methods. With the use of alternative methods, it is possible to obtain meat products that are microbiologically safer, whilst also high quality and free from chemical additives. Moreover, these new technologies are also more ecological, do not require large quantities of energy or water, and generate less waste.

scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical Study on Supersonic Ejectors Working with R-1234ze(E)

2018 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 02047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Kracik ◽  
Vaclav Dvorak ◽  
Vu Nguyen Van ◽  
Kamil Smierciew
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Study ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Fluent Software ◽  
Develop Environment ◽  
Good Agreement

These days, much effort is being put into lowering the consumption of electric energy and involving renewable energy sources. Many engineers and designers are trying to develop environment-friendly technologies worldwide. It is related to incorporating appropriate devices into such technologies. The object of this paper is to investigate these devices in connection with refrigeration systems. Ejectors can be considered such as these devices. The primary interest of this paper is to investigate the suitability of a numerical model for an ejector, which is incorporated into a refrigeration system. In the present paper, there have been investigated seven different test runs of working of the ejector with a working fluid R-1234ze(E). Some of the investigated cases seem to have a good agreement and there are no significant discrepancies between them, however, there are also cases that do not correspond to the experimental data at all. The ejector has been investigated in both on-design and off-design working modes. A comparison between the experimental and numerical data (CFD) performed by Ansys Fluent software is presented and discussed for both an ideal and a real gas model. In addition, an enhanced analytical model has been introduced for all runs of the ejector.

Environmental Impacts of the Red Ceramics Industry in Northeast Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Abrahao ◽  
Monica Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Ceramic Production ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Productive Process ◽  
Ceramics Industry ◽  
Red Ceramics

This paper exposes the current negative environmental impacts that have been identified in various stages of ceramic production in Northeast Brazil, through the extraction of clay, the generation of solid residues, the extraction of native vegetation for burning, and emissions into the atmosphere. A representative factory was studied, located in the municipality of Guarabira (Northeast Brazil). Although the area is developing economically, some stages of the process are not being accomplished in a way that ensures the sustainability of the activity in the environment. The pressing need for an optimized and environment-friendly ceramic production has triggered research on the production process and alternative methods. The environmental impacts observed were described herein, and a Life Cycle Assessment was carried out to quantify the carbon footprint associated with the productive process of the factory.

scholarly journals Metabolomics, an Essential Tool in Exploring and Harnessing Microbial Chemical Ecology

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-210
Author(s):  
Joshua Kellogg ◽  
Seogchan Kang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Ecology ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Analytical Instruments ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Production Face ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
New Crop

Efforts to meet the steadily increasing global need for plant products without continuously expanding the environmental footprint of crop production face several convoluted challenges. One challenge is minimizing crop loss due to diseases and pests without heavily relying on synthetic pesticides. Microorganisms secrete diverse molecules to influence surrounding organisms and environments. Research on these molecules has uncovered diverse mechanisms underpinning both beneficial and harmful microbial interactions and has also resulted in new crop protection strategies. However, compared with rapid advances in research on secreted proteins, research on metabolites, particularly volatile compounds, considerably lags. Diverse roles of secreted metabolites are highlighted here to underscore the need for systematically exploring microbial chemical ecology. This review focuses on how genomics, especially metabolomics, can enlighten the nature and mechanism of diverse microbial chemical ecology processes crucial for plant health and how to translate resulting insights into environment-friendly and sustainable crop protection strategies. Metabolomics entails comprehensive and rapid profiling of an entire measurable set of compounds in complex mixtures derived from organisms or environments using a growing array of analytical instruments. Metabolomics has expediated discoveries of novel bioactive compounds and subsequent studies on their mode of action. We review a variety of metabolomics tools and how they can be integrated with other tools to study and harness microbial chemical ecology.

scholarly journals Seaweed-Based Compounds and Products for Sustainable Protection against Plant Pathogens

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Pushp Sheel Shukla ◽  
Tudor Borza ◽  
Alan T. Critchley ◽  
Balakrishnan Prithiviraj
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Seaweed Extracts

Sustainable agricultural practices increasingly demand novel, environmentally friendly compounds which induce plant immunity against pathogens. Stimulating plant immunity using seaweed extracts is a highly viable strategy, as these formulations contain many bio-elicitors (phyco-elicitors) which can significantly boost natural plant immunity. Certain bioactive elicitors present in a multitude of extracts of seaweeds (both commercially available and bench-scale laboratory formulations) activate pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) due to their structural similarity (i.e., analogous structure) with pathogen-derived molecules. This is achieved via the priming and/or elicitation of the defense responses of the induced systemic resistance (ISR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) pathways. Knowledge accumulated over the past few decades is reviewed here, aiming to explain why certain seaweed-derived bioactives have such tremendous potential to elicit plant defense responses with considerable economic significance, particularly with increasing biotic stress impacts due to climate change and the concomitant move to sustainable agriculture and away from synthetic chemistry and environmental damage. Various extracts of seaweeds display remarkably different modes of action(s) which can manipulate the plant defense responses when applied. This review focuses on both the similarities and differences amongst the modes of actions of several different seaweed extracts, as well as their individual components. Novel biotechnological approaches for the development of new commercial products for crop protection, in a sustainable manner, are also suggested.

scholarly journals The phenylpropanoid pathway inhibitor piperonylic acid induces broad-spectrum pest and disease resistance in plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Desmedt ◽  
Wim Jonckheere ◽  
Viet Ha Nguyen ◽  
Maarten Ameye ◽  
Noemi De Zutter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Cell Wall Modification ◽  
Pathway Perturbation ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

While many phenylpropanoid pathway-derived molecules act as physical and chemical barriers to pests and pathogens, comparatively little is known about their role in regulating plant immunity. To explore this research field, we transiently perturbed the phenylpropanoid pathway through application of the CINNAMIC ACID-4-HYDROXYLASE (C4H) inhibitor piperonylic acid (PA). Using bioassays involving diverse pests and pathogens, we show that transient C4H inhibition triggers systemic, broad-spectrum resistance in higher plant without affecting growth. PA treatment enhances tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resistance in field and laboratory conditions, thereby illustrating the potential of phenylpropanoid pathway perturbation in crop protection. At the molecular level, transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal that transient C4H inhibition in tomato reprograms phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolism, systemically induces immune signaling and pathogenesis-related genes, and locally affects reactive oxygen species metabolism. Furthermore, C4H inhibition primes cell wall modification and phenolic compound accumulation in response to root-knot nematode infection. Although PA treatment induces local accumulation of the phytohormone salicylic acid, the PA resistance phenotype is preserved in tomato plants expressing the salicylic acid-degrading NahG construct. Together, our results demonstrate that transient phenylpropanoid pathway perturbation is a conserved inducer of plant resistance and thus highlight the crucial regulatory role of this pathway in plant immunity.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Induced Defense Responses in a Susceptible Potato Genotype Depends on the Growth Rate of Phytophthora infestans

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Thomas ◽  
Romain Mabon ◽  
Didier Andrivon ◽  
Florence Val
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Gene Expressions

Phytophthora infestans causes the devastating potato late blight disease, which is widely controlled with fungicides. However, the debate about chemical control is fueling a promotion toward alternative methods. In this context, the enhancement of natural plant immunity could be a strategy for more sustainable protection. We previously demonstrated that a concentrated culture filtrate (CCF) of P. infestans primes defense reactions in potato. They are genotype-dependent and metabolites produced decrease pathogen growth in vitro but not in vivo on tubers. Induced potato defenses are assumed to affect P. infestans life history traits depending on strains. This assumption was studied in vivo through induced leaflets on a susceptible genotype inoculated with four P. infestans strains differing for lesion growth rate. This study combines both defenses mechanistic analysis and ecological observations. Defense-gene expressions were thus assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; pathogen development was simultaneously evaluated by measuring necrosis, quantifying mycelial DNA, and counting sporangia. The results showed that CCF pretreatment reduced the pathogenicity differences between slow- and fast-growing strains. Moreover, after elicitation, PR-1, PR-4, PAL, POX, and THT induction was strain-dependent. These results suggest that P. infestans could develop different strategies to overcome plant defenses and should be considered in biocontrol and epidemic management of late blight.

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