scholarly journals Correction of Potassium Fertigation Rate of Apple Tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) in Central Russia during the Growing Season

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1366
Author(s):  
Andrei I. Kuzin ◽  
Natalia Ya. Kashirskaya ◽  
Anna M. Kochkina ◽  
Alexey V. Kushner
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
The Relationship

The proper use of potassium fertilizer can stimulate a significant yield increase. However, the application of excessively high rates of potassium can reduce the availability of soil calcium for apple trees. The potassium fertigation rate must meet the apple tree’s requirements so that the applied fertilizers can be absorbed by the roots as much as possible. Crop load in apple orchards sometimes varies significantly in different years. The potassium content in apple fruits is relatively high, and the maximum requirement for this nutrient occurs when fruits grow and ripen. Different crop loads at that time mean the various demands of trees and need for changing application rates for this nutrient. The investigation was carried out in the experimental orchard of I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Centre (Michurinsk, Russia) in 2016 and 2017 (52.885131, 40.465613). We studied seasonal changes of potassium and calcium contents in soil, fruits, and leaves and their relationship with yield during the research. We paid much attention to the potassium rate shift on its content in leaves and fruits and cultivars “Lobo” and “Zhigulevskoye” yield. If the potassium application rate changes according to the actual crop load, it stimulates the yield growth or (if the crop load was relatively low) the reduction of the rate did not lower the productivity. Moreover, we studied the relationship between potassium and calcium nutrition. The decrease in potassium fertigation rate increased the availability of soil calcium. It was the reason for fruit calcium concentration enlargement and mitigation of the K/Ca ratio. We also specified some parameters for soil–leaf diagnosis for potassium nutrition during the growing season.

scholarly journals Effect of different soil and weather conditions on efficacy, selectivity and dissipation of herbicides in sunflower

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 468-476
Author(s):  
Miroslav Jursík ◽  
Martin Kočárek ◽  
Michaela Kolářová ◽  
Lukáš Tichý
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Vertical Transport ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
High Precipitation

Six sunflower herbicides were tested at two application rates (1N and 2N) on three locations (with different soil types) within three years (2015–2017). Efficacy of the tested herbicides on Chenopodium album increased with an increasing cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. Efficacy of pendimethalin was 95%, flurochloridone and aclonifen 94%, dimethenamid-P 72%, pethoxamid 49% and S-metolachlor 47%. All tested herbicides injured sunflower on sandy soil (Regosol) which had the lowest CEC, especially in wet conditions (phytotoxicity 27% after 1N application rate). The highest phytotoxicity was recorded after the application of dimethenamid-P (19% at 1N and 45% at 2N application rate). Main symptoms of phytotoxicity were leaf deformations and necroses and the damage of growing tips, which led to destruction of some plants. Aclonifen, pethoxamid and S-metolachlor at 1N did not injure sunflower on the soil with the highest CEC (Chernozem) in any of the experimental years. Persistence of tested herbicides was significantly longer in Fluvisol (medium CEC) compared to Regosol and Chernozem. Dimethenamid-P showed the shortest persistence in Regosol and Chernozem. The majority of herbicides was detected in the soil layer 0–5 cm in all tested soils. Vertical transport of herbicides in soil was affected by the herbicide used, soil type and weather conditions. The highest vertical transport was recorded for dimethenamid-P and pethoxamid (4, resp. 6% of applied rate) in Regosol in the growing season with high precipitation.  

scholarly journals Potassium chloride fertilization of potatoes: nutrient uptake rate and tuber yield of cultivars Ágata and Atlantic

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-406
Author(s):  
José Magno Q Luz ◽  
Roberta C Oliveira ◽  
Regina Maria Q Lana ◽  
João Ricardo R Silva ◽  
Tiyoko Nair H Rebouças
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Uptake Rate ◽  
Cultivar Atlantic ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Potassium (K) is the nutrient taken up in the greatest quantity by the potato plant. Obtaining information about the relationship between tuber yield and K application rate allows improvements in fertilizer use efficiency. We aimed to evaluate the variation in potassium fertilizer doses in uptake rate of other nutrients and in potato tuber yield. The experiments were carried out in Unaí-MG testing cultivars Ágata and Atlantic and in Mucugê-BA evaluating cultivar Ágata. The experimental design used was randomized blocks. We studied the rates of 0; 70; 110; 220, and 450 kg ha-1 K2O. The increase in K rate reduced the levels of S, Ca, Mg and B in Atlantic-Unaí, Ca, Mg, Zn and B in Ágata-Unaí and S, Fe and B in Ágata-Mucugê. The cultivar Atlantic-Unaí did not respond to the increase of potassium fertilizer dose, with a total of 32.3 to 37 t ha-1. Cultivars Ágata-Unaí and Ágata-Mucugê responded to rates estimated at 225 and 166 kg ha-1 K2O with the highest productivities of 53.9 and 56.2 t ha-1, respectively.

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Reduced Rate Brassicaceae Seed Meal Amendment and Rootstock Genotype on the Microbiome and Control of Apple Replant Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 1378-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Likun Wang ◽  
Mark Mazzola
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Reduced Rate

An orchard field trial was conducted to assess the utility of reduced rate Brassicaceae seed meal (SM) amendment in concert with specific rootstock genotypes for effective control of apple replant disease. Three amendment rates of a 1:1 formulation of Brassica juncea-Sinapis alba SM were compared with preplant 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin soil fumigation for disease control efficacy. When applied at the highest rate (6.6 t ha−1) in the spring of planting, SM caused significant phytotoxicity and tree mortality, which was higher for Gala/M.26 than for Gala/G.41 but was not observed at SM application rates of 2.2 or 4.4 t ha−1. SM treatment resulted in growth and yield increases of Gala/M.26 and Gala/G.41 trees in a manner similar to the fumigation treatment and significantly greater than the no treatment control. Tree growth in soils treated with SM at 4.4 t ha−1 was similar or superior to that obtained with SM at 6.6 t ha−1 and superior to that attained at an SM application rate of 2.2 t ha−1. Soil fumigation and all SM treatments reduced Pratylenchus penetrans root infestation relative to the control treatment at the end of the initial growing season. Lesion nematode root densities in the fumigation treatment, but not SM treatments, rapidly recovered and were indistinguishable from the control at the end of the second growing season. Soil fumigation and all SM treatments significantly suppressed Pythium spp. root infection relative to the control. Trees grafted to rootstock G.41 possessed lower P. penetrans root densities relative to trees grafted to rootstock M.26. One year after planting, composition of microbial communities from SM-amended soils was distinct from those detected in control and fumigated soils, and the differences were amplified with increasing SM application rate. Specific fungal and bacterial phyla associated with suppression of plant pathogens were more abundant in SM-treated soil relative to the control, and they were similar in abundance in 4.4- and 6.6-t ha−1 SM treatments. Findings from this study demonstrated that use of the appropriate apple rootstock genotype will allow for effective replant disease control at SM application rates significantly less than that utilized previously (6.6 t ha−1).

scholarly journals The relationship between the nutrient supply and the yield of maize hybrids with different genetic traits on chernozem soil in variant years

2015 ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Zsófia Egriné Becze ◽  
Mihály Sárvári
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
Water Release ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Npk Fertilization

The experiments were set on lime-coated chernozem soil in 2013 and in 2014, in our study four hybrids were included with different FAO number. We studied the effect of NPK fertilization and row spacing on the yield. The fertilizer doses were based on a 25-year longterm experiment. Compared to control, the N40 +PK treatment has also achieved a significant yield increase, although some hybrids responsed with yield loss to the increasing fertilizer doses; this effect was observed especially in 2014. The majority of hybrids reached higher yields in both years using the 50 cm row spacing. The water release of hybrids was measured weekly during the maturation, at the same time points. The rainy September slowed ripening and the water release of the hybrids in 2013, so the grain wet content at harvest showed higher values. The moisture contents were increased for some hybrids, in spite of the positive and favorable dynamic of water loss.

scholarly journals The use of modern mineral fertilizers produced by PhosAgro to table beet in the open field in the Non‒Chernozem zone of Russia

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
А.Ф. Пэлий ◽  
В.В. Носов ◽  
М.В. Стеркин ◽  
С.М. Надежкин
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
High Yields

Свекла столовая в процессе роста формирует большой объем биомассы, что обуславливает ее повышенную потребность в элементах питания. Вследствие этого в течение периода вегетации свекла столовая требует непрерывного обеспечения питательными веществами. Потребление азота продолжается в течении всей вегетации, но его максимальная нехватка может возникнуть во время фаз образования мощного листового аппарата, роста корнеплода, поэтому целесообразно азотные подкормки разделить на несколько приемов по вегетации, используя удобрение Nitriva карбамид. Недостаток азота, как и недостаток фосфора, препятствует формированию высоких урожаев. При невысоких дозах внесения комплексных удобрений дефицит фосфора можно частично восполнить, применив жидкое комплексное удобрение Apaliqua ЖКУ. В двухлетних исследованиях на дерново-подзолистой почве в Московской области (ФГБНУ ФНЦО) изучали эффективность некорневых подкормок по вегетации комплексным удобрением Apaliqua ЖКУ в различных системах минерального питания, разработанных в Группе «ФосАгро». В опытах проводили фенологические наблюдения, оценивали характеристики развития свеклы столовой при различных системах питания, за день до уборки провели оценку биометрических показателей культуры по вариантам опыта. Также, руководствуясь общепринятыми методиками, был определен дополнительный доход от применения удобрений по вариантам относительно контроля. Максимальная прибавка товарной урожайности в сравнении с контролем в среднем за два года исследований была получена в варианте N88P65K69(S5) с использование двух подкормок Apaliqua ЖКУ N11P37 и составила 8 т/га. При сокращении суммарной дозы азота на 16 кг/га до N72P79K120(S20)+28СаО прибавка урожайности к контролю составила 7,3 т/га. В среднем за два года наибольшая величина условно чистого дохода получена в варианте N88P65K69(S5) с использование двух подкормок Apaliqua ЖКУ N11P37 и составила 86 тыс. руб./га, что превышает остальные варианты на 12‒29 тыс. руб./га. able beet in the process of growth forms a large volume of biomass, which causes its increased need for nutrients. As a result, during the growing season this crop requires a continuous supply of nutrients. Nitrogen consumption continues throughout the growing season, but the maximum shortage can occur during the phases of formation of a powerful leaf apparatus, root growth, so it is advisable to split nitrogen fertilization during the growing season, using fertilizer Nitriva urea. Both the lack of nitrogen and phosphorus reduces the attaining of high yields. With low application rates of complex fertilizers, phosphorus deficiency can be partially corrected by applying Apaliqua APP. In two-year studies held on a sod-podzolic soil in the Moscow region (Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Vegetable Center»), we studied the effect of foliar fertilization with Apaliqua APP complex fertilizer under various mineral nutrition systems developed by PhosAgro. In the experiments, phenological observations were carried out; the characteristics of crop development under various nutrition systems were evaluated. The day before harvesting, the biometric parameters of table beet were evaluated through the experimental treatments, and, based on generally accepted approaches, additional income from the use of fertilizers was determined when compared to the control treatment. The maximum increase in marketable root yield over control, on average for two years of research, was obtained in the treatment receiving N88P65K69(S5) with two Apaliqua APP N11P37 foliar applications and amounted to 8 t/ha. When reducing the total nitrogen rate by 16 kg/ha to N72P79K120(S20)+28СаО, the yield increase over control was 7,3 t/ha. On average for two years, the largest extra income was obtained in the N88P65K69(S5) treatment with two Apaliqua АРР foliar applications that amounted to 86 thousand rouble/ha, exceeding the other treatments by 12‒29 thousand rouble/ha.

scholarly journals Effect of Topdressed Controlled-release Fertilizer Rates on Nursery Crop Quality and Growth and Growing Substrate Nutrient Status in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane Clark ◽  
Youbin Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Outdoor Nursery ◽  
Over Time

The objectives of the current study were to 1) determine the best topdressed controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) application rates for quality and growth of two nursery crops under temperate climate outdoor nursery production conditions in the Niagara region, Ontario, Canada, and 2) evaluate the nutrient status of the growing substrate following topdressing of two CRF types during the growing season. Fall-transplanted Goldmound spirea (Spiraea ×bumalda ‘Goldmound’) and Wine & Roses® weigela [Weigela florida (Bunge) A. DC. ‘Alexandra’] were grown in 2-gal (7.56 L) containers and topdressed on 7 May 2015 with Osmocote Plus 15N–3.9P–9.9K, 5–6 month CRF or Plantacote 14N–3.9P–12.5K, 6 month Homogeneous NPK with Micros. CRF was applied at rates of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 g nitrogen (N)/pot for both species. The best plants at the end of the growing season (i.e., 23 Sept. 2015) were spirea at 3.0–4.5 and 3.0–6.0 g N/pot, and weigela at 3.0–4.5 and 6.0 g N/pot, with Osmocote and Plantacote, respectively. At CRF rates above these rates, the majority of plants showed no increase in growth or quality attributes. All weigela plants, despite CRF application rate, showed K deficiency symptoms during the study. Using marketable-size criteria and plant growth data over time, estimates of production timing are presented for fall-transplanted, spring-topdressed weigela and spirea. These estimates may assist growers in choosing CRF application rates to meet time-sensitive production goals. Early in the growing season, NO3-N and P concentrations in the growing substrate were highest at CRF rates ≥4.5 and ≥6.0 g N/pot, respectively, and P continued to be high in August and September at 9.0 g N/pot. NH3-N and K concentrations at all CRF application rates were greater early in the growing season and decreased over time. At high CRF rates toward the end of the growing season, concentrations of NO3-N, NH3-N, and P once again increased. Considering crop-specific CRF application rates and understanding changes in growing substrate nutrient status during the growing season may help nursery growers prevent negative environmental impacts from over-fertilizing.

scholarly journals Essential Role of Potassium in Apple and Its Implications for Management of Orchard Fertilization

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2624
Author(s):  
Andrei Kuzin ◽  
Alexei Solovchenko
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
K Fertilization

K (K) is of paramount importance for apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), not only for tree growth and development but also for the size and quality of fruit yield. The apple plant’s demand for K varies, along with the progression of phenological phases, during the growing season. The K demand peaks during ripening of fruits featuring relatively high concentration of K comparable to that of the leaves. The mainstream method of apple tree K fertilization is through application of the fertilizer to the soils to improve K uptake by the roots. The bioavailability of K depends on assorted various factors, including pH, interaction with other nutrients in soil solution, temperature, and humidity. An important role in making the K from soil available for uptake by plants is played by plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), and the specific role of the PGPM is discussed. Advantages of fertigation (the combination of irrigation and fertilization) as an approach include allowing to balance application rate of K fertilizer against its variable demand by plants during the growing season. Excess K in the soil leads to competitive inhibition of calcium uptake by plants. The K-dependent deficiency of Ca leads to its predominant channeling to the leaves and hence to its decline in fruits. Consequently, the apple fruits affected by the K/Ca imbalance frequently develop physiological disorders in storage. This emphasizes the importance of the balanced K application, especially during the last months of the growing season, depending on the crop load and the actual K demand. The potential use of modern approaches to automated crop load estimation through machine vision for adjustment of K fertilization is underlined.

scholarly journals Mobility, Degradation, and Uptake of Indaziflam under Greenhouse Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1216-1221
Author(s):  
Amir M. González-Delgado ◽  
Manoj K. Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Homogeneous Porous Media ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Irrigation Volume

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the leaching, degradation, uptake, and mass balance of indaziflam, as well as its potential to produce phytotoxicity effects on young pecan trees. Pecan trees were planted in pots with homogeneous porous media (sandy loam soil), preferential flow channels open to the soil surface, and shallow tillage at the soil surface. Pots were treated with indaziflam at two application rates of 25 and 50 g a.i./ha in 2014 and 2015. Each pecan tree was irrigated with 7 L of water every 2 weeks during the growing season. An irrigation volume of 2 L was used to maximize indaziflam retention time in the soil from Dec. 2015 until the end of the trees’ dormant stage. In 2014, leachate samples were collected after each irrigation for quantifying indaziflam mobility. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0 to 12 and 12 to 24 cm after 45, 90, and 135 days of indaziflam application, and leaf samples were collected at the end of the growing season to quantify mobility and uptake. Indaziflam was detected in leachate samples, and the leaf indaziflam content increased with increasing application rate. Indaziflam and its breakdown products were detected at both sampling depths. Mass recovery and half-life values for indaziflam in the soil ranged from 38% to 68% and 63 to 99 days, respectively. No phytotoxicity effects were observed from increasing application rate and retention time of indaziflam in the soil. Most of the applied indaziflam was retained in the soil at shallow depth.

Barley seed storage under controlled conditions

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Zadorozhna ◽  
T. P. Shyianova ◽  
M.Yu. Skorokhodov
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Storage

Seed longevity of 76 spring barley gene pool samples (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. distichon, convar. distichon: 56 nutans Schubl., two deficience (Steud.) Koern., two erectum Rode ex Shuebl., two medicum Koern.; convar. nudum (L.) A.Trof.: one nudum L. та subsp. vulgare: convar. vulgare: nine pallidum Ser., three rikotense Regel.; convar. coeleste (L.) A.Trof.: one coeleste (L.) A.Trof.) from 26 countries, 11 years and four places of reproduction was analyzed. Seeds with 5–8% moisture content were stored in chamber with unregulated and 4oC temperature. The possibility of seed storage under these conditions for at least 10 years without significant changes in germination has been established. The importance of meteorological conditions in the formation and ripening of seeds for their longevity is confirmed. The relationship between the decrease of barley seeds longevity and storage conditions, amount of rainfall, temperature regime during the growing season of plants is discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of two wood-based biochars on the fate of added fertilizer nitrogen—a 15N tracing study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subin Kalu ◽  
Gboyega Nathaniel Oyekoya ◽  
Per Ambus ◽  
Priit Tammeorg ◽  
Asko Simojoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Application Rates

AbstractA 15N tracing pot experiment was conducted using two types of wood-based biochars: a regular biochar and a Kon-Tiki-produced nutrient-enriched biochar, at two application rates (1% and 5% (w/w)), in addition to a fertilizer only and a control treatment. Ryegrass was sown in pots, all of which except controls received 15N-labelled fertilizer as either 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3. We quantified the effect of biochar application on soil N2O emissions, as well as the fate of fertilizer-derived ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) in terms of their leaching from the soil, uptake into plant biomass, and recovery in the soil. We found that application of biochars reduced soil mineral N leaching and N2O emissions. Similarly, the higher biochar application rate of 5% significantly increased aboveground ryegrass biomass yield. However, no differences in N2O emissions and ryegrass biomass yields were observed between regular and nutrient-enriched biochar treatments, although mineral N leaching tended to be lower in the nutrient-enriched biochar treatment than in the regular biochar treatment. The 15N analysis revealed that biochar application increased the plant uptake of added nitrate, but reduced the plant uptake of added ammonium compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Thus, the uptake of total N derived from added NH4NO3 fertilizer was not affected by the biochar addition, and cannot explain the increase in plant biomass in biochar treatments. Instead, the increased plant biomass at the higher biochar application rate was attributed to the enhanced uptake of N derived from soil. This suggests that the interactions between biochar and native soil organic N may be important determinants of the availability of soil N to plant growth.

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