scholarly journals Functionality of Embryo Sacs in Pear Cultivars ‘Ingeborg’ and ‘Celina’ as Related to Fruit Set under Nordic Climate

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1716
Author(s):  
Radosav Cerović ◽  
Milica Fotirić Akšić ◽  
Milena Đorđević ◽  
Mekjell Meland
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Normal Embryo ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
Zygote Development ◽  
Pyrus Communis L ◽  
Diploid Cultivar

Since the European pear (Pyrus communis L.) is a self-incompatible fruit species, synchrony and compatibility between female parts of the mother plant and male gametes from the pollen donor must be fulfilled. Besides pollination and fertilization, normal embryo and zygote development is one of the prerequisites for the satisfactory yields in pears. The main goal of this experiment was to investigate the functionality of embryo sacs and the embryo’s early stages of growth in relation to the fruit set of diploid (‘Celina’) and the triploid (‘Ingeborg’) pear cultivars under specific Norwegian climatic conditions. For this purpose, flowers were collected at the beginning of flowering, and on the third, sixth, ninth, and twelfth days after the beginning of this phenophase for two consecutive years. Ovaries were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned, stained, and observed under the light microscope. In the analyzed cultivars, results showed different tendencies in embryo sac development and degradation processes, in both experimental years, which is probably due to the genetic background of the examined cultivars. Also, fertilization success and fruit set were higher in the second year of study due to the higher average temperature during the flowering period. Diploid cultivar ‘Celina’ showed much better adaptation to high temperatures in relation to triploid cultivar ‘Ingeborg’.

scholarly journals Viability of Embryo Sacs and Fruit Set in Different Plum (Prunus domestica L.) Cultivars Grown under Norwegian Climatic Conditions

Plants ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Radosav Cerović ◽  
Milica Fotirić Akšić ◽  
Milena Đorđević ◽  
Mekjell Meland
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Temperature Adaptation ◽  
Prunus Domestica ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Low Temperature Adaptation ◽  
Viable Embryo

Compatibility and synchrony between specialized tissues of the pistil, female gametophytes and male gametophytes, are necessary for successful pollination, fertilization, and fruit set in angiosperms. The aim of the present work was to study the development and viability of embryo sacs, as well as fertilization success, in relation to the fruit set of the cultivars ‘Mallard’, ‘Edda’, ‘Jubileum’, and ‘Reeves’, under specific Norwegian climatic conditions. Emasculated, unpollinated, and open-pollinated flowers were collected at the beginning of flowering, and on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th days after flowering, from all four plum cultivars over two years (2018/2019). Ovaries were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned, stained, and observed under a light microscope. Results showed the existence of synchronization between successive phases in the development of the embryo sac and individual phases of flowering. All plum cultivars had higher percentages of viable embryo sacs, fertilized embryo sacs, and fruit set in 2018 than in 2019. These differences may be related to the very low temperatures during the post-full-flowering period in 2019, and to the low adaptation of some studied cultivars to unfavorable conditions. In our study, the cultivar ‘Jubileum’ showed the highest percentage of viable embryo sacs, fertilized embryo sacs, and fruit set compared to other cultivars, i.e., the best low-temperature adaptation.

scholarly journals Somatic variants for seed and fruit set in grapevine

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Costantini ◽  
Paula Moreno-Sanz ◽  
Chinedu Charles Nwafor ◽  
Silvia Lorenzi ◽  
Annarita Marrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Germplasm Collections

Abstract Background Grapevine reproductive development has direct implications on yield. It also impacts on berry and wine quality by affecting traits like seedlessness, berry and bunch size, cluster compactness and berry skin to pulp ratio. Seasonal fluctuations in yield, fruit composition and wine attributes, which are largely driven by climatic factors, are major challenges for worldwide table grape and wine industry. Accordingly, a better understanding of reproductive processes such as gamete development, fertilization, seed and fruit set is of paramount relevance for managing yield and quality. With the aim of providing new insights into this field, we searched for clones with contrasting seed content in two germplasm collections. Results We identified eight variant pairs that seemingly differ only in seed-related characteristics while showing identical genotype when tested with the GrapeReSeq_Illumina_20K_SNP_chip and several microsatellites. We performed multi-year observations on seed and fruit set deriving from different pollination treatments, with special emphasis on the pair composed by Sangiovese and its seedless variant locally named Corinto Nero. The pollen of Corinto Nero failed to germinate in vitro and gave poor berry set when used to pollinate other varieties. Most berries from both open- and cross-pollinated Corinto Nero inflorescences did not contain seeds. The genetic analysis of seedlings derived from occasional Corinto Nero normal seeds revealed that the few Corinto Nero functional gametes are mostly unreduced. Moreover, three genotypes, including Sangiovese and Corinto Nero, were unexpectedly found to develop fruits without pollen contribution and occasionally showed normal-like seeds. Five missense single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified between Corinto Nero and Sangiovese from transcriptomic data. Conclusions Our observations allowed us to attribute a seedlessness type to some variants for which it was not documented in the literature. Interestingly, the VvAGL11 mutation responsible for Sultanina stenospermocarpy was also discovered in a seedless mutant of Gouais Blanc. We suggest that Corinto Nero parthenocarpy is driven by pollen and/or embryo sac defects, and both events likely arise from meiotic anomalies. The single nucleotide polymorphisms identified between Sangiovese and Corinto Nero are suitable for testing as traceability markers for propagated material and as functional candidates for the seedless phenotype.

Reproduction Multitasking: The Male Gametophyte

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Said Hafidh ◽  
David Honys
Keyword(s):  
Male Gametophyte ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Developmental Phase ◽  
Double Fertilization ◽  
Male Gametes

The gametophyte represents the sexual phase in the alternation of generations in plants; the other, nonsexual phase is the sporophyte. Here, we review the evolutionary origins of the male gametophyte among land plants and, in particular, its ontogenesis in flowering plants. The highly reduced male gametophyte of angiosperm plants is a two- or three-celled pollen grain. Its task is the production of two male gametes and their transport to the female gametophyte, the embryo sac, where double fertilization takes place. We describe two phases of pollen ontogenesis—a developmental phase leading to the differentiation of the male germline and the formation of a mature pollen grain and a functional phase representing the pollen tube growth, beginning with the landing of the pollen grain on the stigma and ending with double fertilization. We highlight recent advances in the complex regulatory mechanisms involved, including posttranscriptional regulation and transcript storage, intracellular metabolic signaling, pollen cell wall structure and synthesis, protein secretion, and phased cell–cell communication within the reproductive tissues. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding female gametophyte development

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra J Skinner ◽  
Venkatesan Sundaresan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Female Gametophyte ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Egg Cell ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
Reproductive Unit ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Female Gametophyte Development

The haploid female gametophyte (embryo sac) is an essential reproductive unit of flowering plants, usually comprising four specialized cell types, including the female gametes (egg cell and central cell). The differentiation of these cells relies on spatial signals which pattern the gametophyte along a proximal-distal axis, but the molecular and genetic mechanisms by which cell identities are determined in the embryo sac have long been a mystery. Recent identification of key genes for cell fate specification and their relationship to hormonal signaling pathways that act on positional cues has provided new insights into these processes. A model for differentiation can be devised with egg cell fate as a default state of the female gametophyte and with other cell types specified by the action of spatially regulated factors. Cell-to-cell communication within the gametophyte is also important for maintaining cell identity as well as facilitating fertilization of the female gametes by the male gametes (sperm cells).

scholarly journals Rainfall, Fruiting Phenology, and the Nesting Season of White-Crowned Pigeons in the Upper Florida Keys

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Thomas Bancroft ◽  
Reed Bowman ◽  
Richard J. Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Florida Keys ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Large Peak ◽  
Nesting Patterns ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
Nesting Season

AbstractWhite-crowned Pigeons (Columba leucocephala) varied their timing of breeding and nesting intensity in response to variation in production of the four most important fruit species in their breeding-season diet in the upper Florida Keys. From 1988 through 1990, we monitored fruit production year-round in five habitats in which pigeons foraged and monitored all pigeon nests along two transects on Middle Butternut Key. Annually, pigeon breeding was positively correlated with summer rains and with the peak in overall fruit production. However, within the breeding season, only the availability of Metopium toxiferum was positively correlated with rainfall and the number of new clutches initiated. Both the timing and magnitude of breeding varied annually. In 1988, when Metopium was more available, more pigeons nested, the nesting season started earlier and lasted longer, and a large peak in nesting occurred when Metopium fruit ripened. During 1989 and 1990, when the relative availability of Metopium was lower, fewer pigeons nested, the nesting season was shorter, and the seasonal peak in nesting associated with Metopium fruit was reduced or absent. Nesting patterns did not appear to vary with changes in the relative availability of other fruits. White-crowned Pigeons appear to prefer Metopium fruits to other species. Because pigeons do not supplement nestling diets with arthropods, but augment their diets with protein-rich crop milk, they may depend on lipid-rich fruits such as Metopium to provide the energy for breeding and crop-milk production. Metopium fruit production may be influenced by rainfall and climatic conditions, both of which may vary spatially within the range of White-crowned Pigeons in Florida. Evidence that pigeons shift foraging sites when Metopium availability varies emphasizes the need to preserve large tracts of seasonal deciduous forest in the Keys and to protect Metopium trees in suburban areas where they are removed because they cause contact dermatitis in humans.

scholarly journals Uncovering Olive Biodiversity through Analysis of Floral and Fruiting Biology and Assessment of Genetic Diversity of 120 Italian Cultivars with Minor or Marginal Diffusion

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lombardo ◽  
Fila ◽  
Lombardo ◽  
Epifani ◽  
III ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time ◽  
Homogeneous Data ◽  
Modest Effect

The primary impetus behind this research was to provide a boost to the characterization of the Italian olive biodiversity by acquiring reliable and homogeneous data over the course of an eight-year trial on the floral and fruiting biology of 120 molecularly analyzed cultivars, most of which have either low or very low diffusion. The obtained data highlighted a considerable variability to almost all of the analyzed parameters, which given the uniformity of environment and crop management was indicative of a large genetic variability in the accessions under observation, as confirmed through the molecular analysis. Several cases of synonymy were reported for the first time, even among plants cultivated in different regions, whilst all of the varieties examined, with only one exception, showed very low percentages of self-fruit-set, indicating a need for the employment of suitable pollinator plants. Eventually, a fitted model allowed us to evaluate the clear effects of the thermal values on blossoming, particularly in the months of March and April, whereas the climatic conditions during the flowering time had only a modest effect on its duration.

Apomixis and abnormal anther development in Calotis lappulacea Benth. (Compositae)

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL Davis
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
Globular Stage ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Vertical Division ◽  
Endosperm Formation ◽  
Embryo Sac Formation

A comparative study was made of material collected from four localities in New South Wales and Queensland and a number of embryological aberrations were found to be common to all districts. During microsporogenesis, certain tapetal cells not only failed to contribute to the tapetal periplasmodium but, after increasing in size, they separated from the anther wall and resembled one-, two-, or four-nucleate embryo sacs developing among the microspores. In one anther a structure was present which was very similar to a fully differentiated embryo sac. Although the pollen grains of some anthers contained male gametes, most anthers dehisced when the pollen was two-celled and some shrivelled soon after meiosis. Megasporogenesis was followed by the formation of linear tetrads of megaspores, but embryo sac formation was the result of somatic apospory and C. lappulacea appears to be an obligate apomict. The enlarging somatic cell usually invades the nucellar lobe and replaces the megaspores but one or more such celis commonly develop also in the chalaza, and up to eight embryo sacs were found in one ovule. Enlargement of a chalazal embryo sac sometimes resulted in penetration of the ovular epidermis and its invasion of the loculus as a haustorium-like structure. Extrusion of a developing embryo sac through the micropyle was common. Embryogeny is of the Asterad type, but vertical division of the terminal cell ca was delayed until after the basal cell cb had given rise to superposed cells m and ci. Polyembryony was common but only one embryo in each ovule reached maturity. Endosperm formation was independent of embryogeny but unless it was initiated before the globular stage of the embryo, the embryo sac collapsed and the embryo degenerated.

Performance of the pear (Pyrus communis) cultivar William's Bon Chretien grafted on seven rootstocks

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 701 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Sotiropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Pyrus Communis L

The performance of the pear (Pyrus communis L.) cv. William’s Bon Chretien (William’s BC) grafted on 7 rootstocks was evaluated over a period of 8 years. The scions of the cultivar William’s BC were grafted on the following 7 rootstocks: (i) P. communis seedlings, (ii) quince BA 29, (iii) quince A, (iv) Pomology Institute (PI) 1, (v) PI 5, (vi) PI 27, and (vii) quince Komotinis (iv–vii are Greek local quince seedlings). Compatibility of William’s BC with P. communis, PI 1 and PI 27 was excellent and no tree losses occurred. The highest yield per tree was recorded when William’s BC was grafted on PI 5 rootstock, although it was not significantly different from P. communis. The lowest yield was recorded when the cultivar was grafted on BA 29 rootstock. Production efficiency of William’s BC was highest when grafted on PI 27, intermediate on quince A, PI 1 and PI 5 and lowest on P. communis. Iron concentration of leaves of scions grafted on P. communis, BA 29, quince A and quince Komotinis were significantly lower than those grafted on PI 5. From the results it is concluded that the rootstocks PI 1 and PI 27 are suitable for the cv. William’s BC under Greek or other similar climatic conditions.

SUPPLEMENTAL POLLINATION – INCREASING OLIVE (OLEA EUROPAEA) YIELDS IN HOT, ARID ENVIRONMENTS

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO AYERZA ◽  
WAYNE COATES
Keyword(s):  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Olea Europaea ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
La Rioja ◽  
Supplemental Pollination ◽  
Arid Chaco

In general, olive trees are self-compatible, but under some climatic conditions a number of cultivars have demonstrated problems with pollination and fruit set. The Manzanillo cultivar is usually self-pollinating, but under hot conditions its pollen develops slowly, resulting in little or no fertilization. Trials were carried out in two hot, arid ecosystems (Arid Chaco in La Rioja, Argentina and Sonoran Desert in Arizona, USA) to determine if supplemental pollination of a Manzanillo cultivar has the potential to increase yields, and to assess the effectiveness of three different cultivars as sources of pollen. Branches that received supplemental pollination produced 21% more total olives than the control. In Arizona, total olive and shotberry (unpollinated olive) production were significantly different between treatments. Branches that received supplemental pollination produced 98% more olives, and had 58% fewer shotberries than did branches in the control rows. Significantly more olives were produced on branches pollinated with Sevillano and Arbequina pollen, compared with those pollinated with Ascolano pollen and with the control.

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