Enhanced Water Resistance of Recycled Newspaper/High Density Polyethylene Composite Laminates via Hydrophobic Modification of Newspaper Laminas

A high strength recycled newspaper (NP)/high density polyethylene (HDPE) laminated composite was developed using NP laminas as reinforcement and HDPE film as matrix. Herein, NP fiber was modified with stearic acid (SA) to enhance the water resistance of the NP laminas and NP/HDPE composite. The effects of heat treatment and SA concentration on the water resistance and tensile property of NP and composite samples were investigated. The chemical structure of the NP was characterized with X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectra techniques. The surface and microstructure of the NP sheets were observed by scanning electron microscopy. An expected high-water resistance of NP sheets was achieved due to a chemical bonding that low surface energy SA were grafted onto the modified NP fibers. Results showed that the hydrophobicity of NP increased with increasing the stearic acid concentration. The water resistance of the composite laminates was depended on the hydrophobicity of the NP sheets. The lowest value of 2 h water absorption rate (3.3% ± 0.3%) and thickness swelling rate (2.2% ± 0.4%) of composite were obtained when the SA concentration was 0.15 M. In addition, the introduction of SA can not only enhance the water resistance of the composite laminates, but also reduce the loss of tensile strength in wet conditions, which shows potential in outdoor applications.

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Composition and Surface Topography Effects on Apatite-Forming Ability of Ceramic-Polymer Composites

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-774-o7.26 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 774 ◽

Author(s):

Susan M. Rea ◽

Serena M. Best ◽

William Bonfield

Keyword(s):

Surface Topography ◽

High Density Polyethylene ◽

High Density ◽

Apatite Layer ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Human Blood Plasma ◽

Apatite Formation ◽

Polyethylene Matrix ◽

Composite Surface ◽

X Ray

AbstractHAPEXTM (40 vol% hydroxyapatite in a high-density polyethylene matrix) and AWPEX (40 vol% apatite-wollastonite glass ceramic in a high density polyethylene matrix) are composites designed to provide bioactivity and to match the mechanical properties of human cortical bone. HAPEXTM has had clinical success in middle ear and orbital implants, and there is great potential for further orthopaedic applications of these materials. However, more detailed in vitro investigations must be performed to better understand the biological interactions of the composites and so the bioactivity of each material was assessed in this study. Specifically, the effects of controlled surface topography and ceramic filler composition on apatite layer formation in acellular simulated body fluid (SBF) with ion concentration similar to those of human blood plasma were examined. Samples were prepared as 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 mm tiles with polished, roughened, or parallel-grooved surface finishes, and were incubated in 20 ml of SBF at 36.5 °C for 1, 3, 7, or 14 days. The formation of a biologically active apatite layer on the composite surface after immersion was demonstrated by thin-film x-ray diffraction (TF-XRD), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) imaging and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. Variations in sample weight and solution pH over the period of incubation were also recorded. Significant differences were found between the two materials tested, with greater bioactivity in AWPEX than HAPEXTM overall. Results also indicate that within each material the surface topography is highly important, with rougher samples correlated to earlier apatite formation.

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Improvement of the Properties of Polyethylene with Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE)

Polymers and Polymer Composites ◽

10.1177/096739110301100206 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 115-122

Author(s):

Kálmán Marossy ◽

Pál Bárczy

Keyword(s):

High Density Polyethylene ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

High Density ◽

Structural Units ◽

Chlorinated Polyethylene ◽

X Ray ◽

Dynamic Mechanical ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

Multiphase Systems

Blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) have been tested across the whole concentration range. Polyethylene is used to modify the properties of CPE in the elastomer industry, but modification of the properties of polyethylene with CPE is still not usual. Conventional mechanical tests and dynamic mechanical tests were carried out. The blends were found to be multiphase systems of excellent technological compatibility. Between 10 and 15% by weight CPE increased the modulus of polyethylene. X-ray scattering studies showed that the blends contained structural units not present either in the polyethylene or in the CPE. The blends were melt processable and may have industrial applications, too.

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X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analyses of Oxide‐Masked Polycrystalline SiGe Features Etched in a High‐Density Plasma Source

Journal of The Electrochemical Society ◽

10.1149/1.1837836 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 144 (7) ◽

pp. 2455-2461 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. Monget ◽

S. Vallon ◽

F. H. Bell ◽

L. Vallier ◽

O. Joubert

Keyword(s):

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Plasma Source ◽

High Density ◽

X Ray ◽

Density Plasma

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Surface Spectroscopic Signatures of Mechanical Deformation in High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

Applied Spectroscopy ◽

10.1177/0003702818757232 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 (7) ◽

pp. 1057-1068 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shawn C. Averett ◽

Steven K. Stanley ◽

Joshua J. Hanson ◽

Stacey J. Smith ◽

James E. Patterson

Keyword(s):

High Density Polyethylene ◽

Cold Drawing ◽

Mechanical Deformation ◽

Sum Frequency Generation ◽

High Density ◽

X Ray ◽

Sum Frequency ◽

Surface Normal ◽

Methylene Groups ◽

Spectroscopic Signatures

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been extensively studied, both as a model for semi-crystalline polymers and because of its own industrial utility. During cold drawing, crystalline regions of HDPE are known to break up and align with the direction of tensile load. Structural changes due to deformation should also manifest at the surface of the polymer, but until now, a detailed molecular understanding of how the surface responds to mechanical deformation has been lacking. This work establishes a precedent for using vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy to investigate changes in the molecular-level structure of the surface of HDPE after cold drawing. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to confirm that the observed surface behavior corresponds to the expected bulk response. Before tensile loading, the VSFG spectra indicate that there is significant variability in the surface structure and tilt of the methylene groups away from the surface normal. After deformation, the VSFG spectroscopic signatures are notably different. These changes suggest that hydrocarbon chains at the surface of visibly necked HDPE are aligned with the direction of loading, while the associated methylene groups are oriented with the local C2 v symmetry axis roughly parallel to the surface normal. Small amounts of unaltered material are also found at the surface of necked HDPE, with the relative amount of unaltered material decreasing as the amount of deformation increases. Aspects of the nonresonant SFG response in the transition zone between necked and undeformed polymer provide additional insight into the deformation process and may provide the first indication of mechanical deformation. Nonlinear surface spectroscopy can thus be used as a noninvasive and nondestructive tool to probe the stress history of a HPDE sample in situations where X-ray techniques are not available or not applicable. Vibrational sum-frequency generation thus has great potential as a platform for material state awareness (MSA) and should be considered as part of a broader suite of tools for such applications.

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Cross-Linking With Diamine Monomers to Prepare Graphene Oxide Composite Membranes With Varying D-Spacing for Enhanced Desalination Properties

Frontiers in Chemistry ◽

10.3389/fchem.2021.779304 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Hong Ju ◽

Jinzhuo Duan ◽

Haitong Lu ◽

Weihui Xu

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Water Flux ◽

Covalent Bond ◽

Composite Membranes ◽

Rejection Rate ◽

High Water ◽

Cross Linking ◽

Separation Performance ◽

X Ray

As a new type of membrane material, graphene oxide (GO) can easily form sub-nanometer interlayer channels, which can effectively screen salt ions. The composite membrane and structure with a high water flux and good ion rejection rate were compared by the cross-linking of GO with three different diamine monomers: ethylenediamine (EDA), urea (UR), and p-phenylenediamine (PPD). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that unmodified GO mainly comprises π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds, but after crosslinking with diamine, both GO and mixed cellulose (MCE) membranes are chemically bonded to the diamine. The GO-UR/MCE membrane achieved a water flux similar to the original GO membrane, while the water flux of GO-PPD/MCE and GO-EDA/MCE dropped. X-ray diffraction results demonstrated that the covalent bond between GO and diamine can effectively inhibit the extension of d-spacing during the transition between dry and wet states. The separation performance of the GO-UR/MCE membrane was the best. GO-PPD/MCE had the largest contact angle and the worst hydrophilicity, but its water flux was still greater than GO-EDA/MCE. This result indicated that the introduction of different functional groups during the diamine monomer cross-linking of GO caused some changes in the performance structure of the membrane.

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The influence of Ni on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of high-strength low alloy steel in the Cl-containing environment

Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials ◽

10.1108/acmm-04-2021-2470 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Dan Wang ◽

Qingdong Zhong ◽

Jian Yang ◽

Shujian Zhang

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Alloy Steel ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Hsla Steel ◽

Electrochemical Techniques ◽

High Strength ◽

Low Alloy Steel ◽

Transfer Resistance ◽

Content Type ◽

X Ray

Purpose This paper aims to search the optimum content of Ni on the microstructure, phase and electrochemical behavior of high-strength low alloy (HSLA) steel in the 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Design/methodology/approach The microstructure and corrosion resistance of Ni-containing HSLA steel in the simulated marine environment was studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical techniques. Findings The sample containing 3.55 wt.% of nickel exhibited a finer grain size of 10 μm and a lower icorr of 2.169 µA cm−2. The XRD patterns showed that the Fe-Cr-Ni solid solution, FeC and Cr3C2 were observed in samples when Ni was added. Besides, the 3.55 wt.% of nickel addition enhanced the charge transfer resistance of the low alloy steel which suggested the sample possessed excellent inhibition of electrochemical reaction and corrosion resistance. The XPS spectrum suggested that nickel was beneficial to improve the corrosion resistance of steel by forming protective oxides, and the ratio of Fe2+/Fe3+ in protective oxides was increased. Practical implications Finding the comprehensive performance of HSLA steel which can be applied to unmanned surface vehicles in marine operations. Originality/value This study has a guiding significance for optimizing the composition of HSLA steel in a Cl- containing environment.

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Fabrication and characterization of microwave cured high-density polyethylene/carbon nanotube and polypropylene/carbon nanotube composites

Journal of Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0021998318822705 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 53 (15) ◽

pp. 2091-2104 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Gaurav Arora ◽

Himanshu Pathak ◽

Sunny Zafar

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotube ◽

High Density Polyethylene ◽

High Density ◽

Uniaxial Tensile ◽

Uniaxial Tensile Test ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Nanotube Composites ◽

Carbon Nanotube Composites ◽

Scanning Electron

Carbon nanotubes have been used as reinforcements in polymers due to their high elasticity, flexibility, and thermal conductivity. In this study, pellets of high-density polyethylene +20 wt% carbon nanotube and polypropylene +20 wt% carbon nanotube were cured using microwave energy. X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, uniaxial tensile test, and scanning electron microscopy was used to study morphology, thermal stability, and mechanical performance of the microwave-cured composites. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the bonding between the polymer and carbon nanotube as the peaks shifted and intensified. From the thermal study, it was observed that melting point of the composites is affected by microwave curing and the crystallinity of high-density polyethylene/carbon nanotube and polypropylene/carbon nanotube changed by 57.67% and 47.28%, respectively. Results of the uniaxial tensile test indicated that Young’s modulus of microwave cured high-density polyethylene/carbon nanotube and polypropylene/carbon nanotube composites were improved by 295% and 787.8%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopic fractography shows the stretching of polymer over-lapped on carbon nanotubes in the direction of the applied load.

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