scholarly journals Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1345
Author(s):  
Md. Saifur Rahman ◽  
Md. Saif Hasan ◽  
Ashis Sutradhar Nitai ◽  
Sunghyun Nam ◽  
Aneek Krishna Karmakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Cellulose Derivatives ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Application Fields ◽  
And Storage

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is one of the most promising cellulose derivatives. Due to its characteristic surface properties, mechanical strength, tunable hydrophilicity, viscous properties, availability and abundance of raw materials, low-cost synthesis process, and likewise many contrasting aspects, it is now widely used in various advanced application fields, for example, food, paper, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, biomedical engineering, wastewater treatment, energy production, and storage energy production, and storage and so on. Many research articles have been reported on CMC, depending on their sources and application fields. Thus, a comprehensive and well-organized review is in great demand that can provide an up-to-date and in-depth review on CMC. Herein, this review aims to provide compact information of the synthesis to the advanced applications of this material in various fields. Finally, this article covers the insights of future CMC research that could guide researchers working in this prominent field.

Feasibility of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.C. Wagner ◽  
S. Ramaswamy ◽  
U. Tschirner
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Industrial Utilization ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
On Farm ◽  
And Storage

AbstractA pre-economic feasibility study was undertaken to determine the potential of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota. Specifically, utilizing straw for pulp and paper manufacture was of interest. The availability of cereal straw fiber supplies at various locations across the state of Minnesota, along with pre-processing issues such as transportation, harvesting, handling, and storage, are discussed and priced. The greatest economic advantage of straw for industrial use appears to be the low cost of the raw material compared to traditional raw materials. This also provides an excellent opportunity for additional income for farmers. The methodology and information provided here should be helpful in evaluating the feasibility of utilizing straw for other industrial purposes in other parts of the world. However, in some Third World countries, long-standing on-farm, traditional uses of cereal straws for fuel, fiber, and animal feed may limit their availability for industrial utilization.

scholarly journals Materials and Applications for Low-Cost Ceramic Membranes

Membranes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanmyrat Abdullayev ◽  
Maged Bekheet ◽  
Dorian Hanaor ◽  
Aleksander Gurlo
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Ceramic Membranes ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
High Temperature Stability ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Materials Used

In water treatment applications, the use of ceramic membranes is associated with numerous advantages relative to polymer-based filtration systems. High-temperature stability, fouling resistance, and low maintenance requirements contribute to lower lifecycle costs in such systems. However, the high production costs of most commercially available ceramic membranes, stemming from raw materials and processing, are uneconomical for such systems in most water treatment applications. For this reason, there is a growing demand for new ceramic membranes based on low-cost raw materials and processes. The use of unrefined mineral feedstocks, clays, cement, sands, and ash as the basis for the fabrication of ceramic membranes offers a promising pathway towards the obtainment of effective filtration systems that can be economically implemented in large volumes. The design of effective ceramic filtration membranes based on low-cost raw materials and energy-efficient processes requires a balance of pore structure, mass flow, and robustness, all of which are highly dependent on the composition of materials used, the inclusion of various pore-forming and binding additives, and the thermal treatments to which membranes are subjected. In this review, we present recent developments in materials and processes for the fabrication of low-cost membranes from unrefined raw materials, including clays, zeolites, apatite, waste products, including fly ash and rice husk ash, and cement. We examine multiple aspects of materials design and address the challenges relating to their further development.

scholarly journals Kompos dari Kulit Singkong Usaha Pemerdayaan Limbah Lokal

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sismita Sari Mita
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Waste Utilization ◽  
Water Absorption Capacity ◽  
And Control ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Processes

Cassava leather waste is one of the waste that has great potential can be used as compost fertilizer. Compost can be used as a substitute of artificial fertilizer at a very low cost. Compost works in the improvement of soil structure, soil texture, aeration, and increased soil water absorption capacity. The objective of this program is to make cassava leather compost as a solution of waste utilization from abundant crop residues available in partner villages. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, namely the success of composting is assessed based on the color, aroma, and texture produced. activities starting from the preparation of raw materials of cassava leather, enumeration using enumerators, preparation and breeding activator, composting mealui stages; stacking, EM4 delivery, reversing, maturation, screening, maintenance and control in composting, packaging and storage processes. The result showed that mature cassava compost had nearly 50% shrinkage, had crumbly texture when held, moist, blackish brown color, and no smell (smell the ground).

scholarly journals A novel polyamidine-grafted carboxymethylcellulose: Synthesis, characterization and flocculation performance test

e-Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-234
Author(s):  
Yijun Yue ◽  
Lan Zheng ◽  
Yuqi Wang ◽  
Jinqiao Wu ◽  
Shanshan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Graft Copolymerization ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Flocculation Ability ◽  
Ft Ir

AbstractThis study facilitates the synthesis process of a novel graft copolymer (flocculant) using carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylonitrile and N-vinyl formamide as raw materials. The carboxymethyl cellulose graft polyamidine (CMC-g-PAMD) can be used as new flocculant to replace the traditional polyacrylamide flocculant, which manifested its excellent flocculation and degradation efficiency. A five-membered cyclic copolymer was prepared by the graft copolymerization, and the synthesized flocculants were characterized by EA, TG-DTG, FT-IR, SEM and NMR, confirming the successful synthesis of the desired copolymers. The operation conditions for copolymerization were experimentally investigated, and the results indicated that the optimal initiator dosage, copolymerization temperature, amidinization temperature, acidification time and flocculant dosage were 4 g/L, 50°C, 90°C, 3 h and 60 mg/L, respectively. Compared with the traditional polyacrylamide flocculant, the CMC-g-PAMD presented an outstanding flocculation ability of 96.1% under its optimal operation conditions, which showed an enormous potential in the application of coalmine waste-water treatment.

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Improving the Yield of 1,5-bis(ptoluenesulfonyl)- 3,7-Dihydroxyoctahydro-1,5-Diazocine

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zou ◽  
Jingyi Fei ◽  
Liangzhe Chen ◽  
Qingfeng Dong ◽  
Houbin Li
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Ft Ir

Background: 3,3,7,7-tetrakis (difluoramino) octahydro-1,5-dinitro-1,5-diazocine (HNFX), as an important oxidizer in propellants, has received much attention due to its high density and energy. However, there are many difficulties that need to be solved, such as complex synthetic processes, low product yield, high cost of raw materials and complicated purification. In the synthesis of HNFX, the intermediate named 1,5-bis (p-toluenesulfonyl)-3,7-dihydroxyoctahydro-1, 5-diazocine (gem-diol), is difficult to synthesize. Methods: A simple method was used to synthesize the gem-diol. This prepared gem-diol was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, melting point and mass spectrometry. In order to increase the yield of gem-diol, response surface methodology (RSM) was introduced to optimize experimental conditions. Results: After the establishment of the model, the optimal conditions of synthesis were found to be 9.33h for reaction time, 6.13wt. % for the concentration of NaOH and 1.38:1 for ratio of ECH (p-toluenesulfonamide): TCA (epichlorohydrin). Under the optimal conditions, the experimental value and the predicted value of yield were 22.18% and 22.92%, respectively. Conclusion: 1,5-bis (p-toluenesulfonyl)-3,7-dihydroxyoctahydro-1,5-diazocine (gem-diol) can be synthesized using the low cost of chemical materials, including p-toluenesulfonamide, epichlorohydrin, sodium hydroxide and ethanol. Response surface methodology (RSM) is an effective method to optimize the synthesis process, thereby improving the yield of gem-diol.

scholarly journals Sugar Alcohols and Organic Acids Synthesis in Yarrowia lipolytica: Where Are We?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Fickers ◽  
Hairong Cheng ◽  
Carol Sze Ki Lin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Sugar Alcohols ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Sugar alcohols and organic acids that derive from the metabolism of certain microorganisms have a panoply of applications in agro-food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The main challenge in their production is to reach a productivity threshold that allow the process to be profitable. This relies on the construction of efficient cell factories by metabolic engineering and on the development of low-cost production processes by using industrial wastes or cheap and widely available raw materials as feedstock. The non-conventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has emerged recently as a potential producer of such metabolites owing its low nutritive requirements, its ability to grow at high cell densities in a bioreactor and ease of genome edition. This review will focus on current knowledge on the synthesis of the most important sugar alcohols and organic acids in Y. lipolytica.

Performance of LiFePO4 Cathode Material Synthesized by a Low-Cost and Safe Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 538-541 ◽  
pp. 3003-3007
Author(s):  
Zhi Hua Li ◽  
Shan Chen ◽  
Bin Bin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Specific Capacity ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Protective Atmosphere ◽  
Excellent Performance ◽  
Solid State Method ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Synthesis Approach ◽  
Initial Capacity

In order to decrease the synthesis costs and resolve safety care in synthesis process of LiFePO4, a novel synthesis approach was put forward. Instead of traditional reduction atmosphere Ar/H2(95%/5%), the reducing flow produced by the breakdown of sucrose independently is used as protective atmosphere. Then, carbon-coated LiFePO4 samples were synthesized by solid-state method using Li3PO4, FePO4, Fe powder as the raw materials, and sucrose as the carbon source. The results show that the LiFePO4/C sample in this flow exhibits excellent performance after 7 hours’ sintering at 650°C. It had an initial capacity of 141.8mAh/g at 16mA/g discharge current and the coulomb efficiency reached 98.95%. Furthermore, the specific capacity was almost not fade after 20 cycles. Our experiment results prove that our approach can replace the traditional atmosphere Ar/H2, and it helps reducing the energy consumption and cost, and is expected to be commercially feasible in the future.

scholarly journals Pengendalian Persediaan Bahan Baku Oli Untuk Mesin Diesel Tipe G4J-801, G5J-801 dan G7J-801 di PT. Hansan Asembling – Malang

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Rony Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
Inventory Control ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Production Forecasting ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Storage

Inventories of raw materials is one of the most important elements in the company's operations are continuously must be obtained, processed and resold. The raw material is meant for the smooth running of production operations set. So, we need an optimum inventory levels to meet the needs of both the quantity, quality and time at a low cost. For that we need a system of planning and inventory control are best - well, that inventories of raw materials should be defined and calculated correctly and accurately in order to obtain a low total cost of inventory that can minimize the cost of production. Forecasting approach is expected to represent the number of actual demand in the coming period. Based on the number of requests of forecasting results can be determined raw material inventory control. By using EOQ then firms will be able to minimize the cost of raw material supplies of oil. Companies should pay attention to the order of recording historical data of oil, classification of costs - the cost of orders and storage costs, because such data is necessary to obtain optimal results inventory control. Keywords: inventory control planning, forecasting, EOQ

scholarly journals Mechanically deboned meat

1990 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-380
Author(s):  
L. Riihonen ◽  
J. Laine ◽  
P. Linko
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
High Protein Content ◽  
Technological Characteristics ◽  
And Storage

Mechanically deboned meat (MDM) and mechanically deboned tissue (MDT) are used in the meat industry to an ever-increasing degree. The quality of mechanically deboned meat, its high protein content, good technological characteristics and comparatively low cost make the product a profitable and useful raw material. Mechanically deboned meat is a wholesome, nutritious, highly palatable product with a bright future as food. Its properties permit its incorporation in the production of heat-processed meat products composed of comminuted raw materials. Regulations are given in the legislation of several countries concerning the chemical composition, use and storage of such meat.

scholarly journals A Review on New Trends, Challenges and Prospects of Ecofriendly Friendly Green Food-Grade Biolubricants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1185-1207
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
Food Processing Industry ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Green Food ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

The standard operating procedure adopted to health and safety standards for food, beverage, and drug manufacturers are the most priority requirements to keep the business of feeding and healing society on the right track. Biolubricants used in particular should never be allowed to contaminate the raw materials, intermediates, and finished products. The consequences of biolubricant-contaminated products are rarely more acute than in the food processing industry. Therefore the food processing industry presents unique challenges to lubricant formulation engineers, lubricant marketers, plant lubrication engineers, and equipment designers. The food processing and pharmaceutical industries face additional challenges in selecting optimal food-grade biolubricants. Food-grade biolubricants used in these industries have specific requirements, protocols, and performance expectations that exceed typical industrial lubrications. Biolubricants formulated from biobased resources are a new trend in “green” food-grade biolubricants due to their low-cost renewable natural raw materials, biodegradability, environmental friendliness, low toxicity besides their excellent lubrication properties. In this review, the discussion will focus on the future trends, challenges, and prospects of green food-grade biolubricants applicable to the food, beverage, and drug manufacturing industries.

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