scholarly journals Enhancing Weathering Resistance of Wood—A Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1980
Author(s):  
Vlatka Jirouš-Rajković ◽  
Josip Miklečić
Keyword(s):  
Wood Products ◽  
Surface Phenomenon ◽  
Wood Coating ◽  
Metal Compounds ◽  
Building Components ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Wood Surfaces ◽  
Weathering Resistance ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Wood is a truly sustainable and aesthetically pleasant material used in indoor and outdoor applications. Every material, including wood, is expected to have long-term durability and to retain its original appearance over time. One of the major disadvantages of wood is the deterioration of its surface when exposed outdoors, known as weathering. Although weathering is primarily a surface phenomenon, it is an important issue for wood products as it affects their appearance, service life, and wood-coating performance. To encourage the use of wood as a material for joinery and other building components, the results of research into increasing the weathering resistance of wood are extremely significant. The development of weathering protection methods is of great importance to reduce the maintenance requirements for wood exposed outdoors and can have a major environmental impact. There are various methods of protecting wood surfaces against weathering. This paper provides a literature survey on the recent research results in protecting wood from weathering. The topics covered include surface treatments of wood with photostabilizers; protection with coatings; the deposition of thin film onto wood surfaces; treatments of wood with inorganic metal compounds and bio-based water repellents; the chemical modification of wood; the modification of wood and wood surfaces with thermosetting resins, furfuryl alcohol, and DMDHEU; and the thermal modification of wood.

Novel Scenes Improve Recollection and Recall of Words

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1250-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela B. Fenker ◽  
Julietta U. Frey ◽  
Hartmut Schuetze ◽  
Dorothee Heipertz ◽  
Hans-Jochen Heinze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Contextual Memory ◽  
Memory Enhancement ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Outdoor Scenes ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor ◽  
Hippocampus Dependent Memory

Exploring a novel environment can facilitate subsequent hippocampal long-term potentiation in animals. We report a related behavioral enhancement in humans. In two separate experiments, recollection and free recall, both measures of hippocampus-dependent memory formation, were enhanced for words studied after a 5-min exposure to unrelated novel as opposed to familiar images depicting indoor and outdoor scenes. With functional magnetic resonance imaging, the enhancement was predicted by specific activity patterns observed during novelty exposure in parahippocampal and dorsal prefrontal cortices, regions which are known to be linked to attentional orienting to novel stimuli and perceptual processing of scenes. Novelty was also associated with activation of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area of the midbrain and the hippocampus, but these activations did not correlate with contextual memory enhancement. These findings indicate remarkable parallels between contextual memory enhancement in humans and existing evidence regarding contextually enhanced hippocampal plasticity in animals. They provide specific behavioral clues to enhancing hippocampus-dependent memory in humans.

scholarly journals The efficiency of a dynamically insulated wall in the presence of air leakages

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-94
Author(s):  
Angela Kalagasidis-Sasic
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Outdoor Climate ◽  
Dynamic Insulation ◽  
Building Components ◽  
Heat And Moisture ◽  
Alternative Designs ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

The movement of air in and through the building envelope often plays a leading role in the transport of heat and moisture into the building. It is caused by pressure and temperature variations around the building envelope inbuilt ventilation system, occupancy, etc. In order to improve the energy consumption, alternative designs for the ventilation systems are considered. One of them is a dynamically insulated wall as an inlet unit for the supplying air. In order to predict the performance of a dynamically insulated wall, it is necessary to make an analysis of the building as a system. This paper presents such system analysis which takes into account the interaction between the building components and indoor and outdoor climate, both in terms of the air leakage and heat and mass transfer to and from the building components. It is shown that, in the presence of air leakages (unintentional openings) in the enclosure of the building, the efficiency of the dynamic insulation is significantly decreased.

scholarly journals Accurate detection and tracking of ants in indoor and outdoor environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meihong Wu ◽  
Xiaoyan Cao ◽  
Shihui Guo
Keyword(s):  
Social Insects ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Ant Colony ◽  
Motion Information ◽  
Residual Network ◽  
Automated Tracking ◽  
Detection And Tracking ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor Environments ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

AbstractMonitoring social insects’ activity is critical for biologists researching their group mechanism. Manually labelling individual insects in a video is labour-intensive. Automated tracking social insects is particularly challenging: (1) individuals are small and similar in appearance; (2) frequent interactions with each other cause severe and long-term occlusion. We propose a detection and tracking framework for ants by: (1) adopting a two-stage object detection framework using ResNet-50 as backbone and coding the position of regions of interest to locate ants accurately; (2) using the ResNet model to develop the appearance descriptors of ants; (3) constructing long-term appearance sequences and combining them with motion information to achieve online tracking. To validate our method, we build a video database of ant colony captured in both indoor and outdoor scenes. We achieve a state-of-the-art performance of 95.7% mMOTA and 81.1% mMOTP in indoor videos, 81.8% mMOTA and 81.9% mMOTP in outdoor videos. Our method runs 6-10 times faster than existing methods for insect tracking. The datasets and code are made publicly available, we aim to contribute to an automated tracking tool for biologists in relevant domains.Author summaryThe research on the group behavior of social insects is in great favor with biologists. But before analysis, each insect needs to be tracked separately in a video. Obviously, that is a time-consuming and labor-intensive work. In this manuscript, we introduce a detection and tracking framework that can automatically track the movement of ants in a video scene. The software first uses a residual network to detect the positions of ants, then learns the appearance descriptor of each ant as appearance information via another residual network. Furthermore, we obtain motion information of each ant by using the Kalman filter. Combining with appearance and motion information, we can accurately track every ant in the ant colony. We validate the performance of our framework using 4 indoor and 5 outdoor videos, including multiple ants. We invite interested readers to apply these methods using our freely available software.

RESULTS OF LONG-TERM RADON MONITORING IN THE TYPICAL SLOVAK FAMILY HOUSE—A CASE STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-227
Author(s):  
Monika Müllerová ◽  
Karol Holý ◽  
Jozef Masarik
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
Activity Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Family House ◽  
Radon Monitoring ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Abstract This case study provides a view of the behavior of radon in an uninhabited house, the likes of which were built in thousands in Slovakia between 1950 and 1990. In one room of the house that was in contact with the subsoil, an average annual radon activity concentration (RAC) as high as 1088 Bq m−3 was found. A high radon supply to this room from the subsoil was identified in the corner of the room, and this correlated very well with the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air. In this room, an atypical annual variation of RAC was found, with a maximum in September (1600 Bq m−3). In the other rooms on the ground floor, RACs at the level of 400–500 Bq m−3 were detected. In the rooms on the first floor, RACs of up to ~200 Bq m−3 were found.

Optimization of Structural Design for High-Performance Concrete Bridges

1998 ◽  
Vol 1624 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
Mary Lou Ralls ◽  
Ramon L. Carrasquillo ◽  
Ned H. Burns
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Concrete Bridges ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Design And Construction

High-performance concrete (HPC) bridges can be cost-effective both initially and in the long term, provided the design and construction optimize the improved performance characteristics of HPC. Using the high-strength characteristic of HPC can reduce the required number and size of beams. Using the improved durability characteristics of HPC can reduce maintenance requirements and extend the service life. Practical guidelines help design and construction engineers implement HPC in bridges.

Establishment size and employment stability in logging and sawmilling: a comparative analysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G Lee ◽  
Penelope Jennings Eckert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Employment Stability ◽  
Establishment Size ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Competitive Nature

Wood products employment stability (defined as year-to-year variation) was examined as a function of establishment size (grouped by number of employees). Small- and medium-sized establishments were consistently found to be more stable than large establishments. Comparison of Washington, Oregon, the United States, and Japan showed that the relationship between establishment size and employment stability was maintained regardless of long-term growth or decline in wood-products employment. Moreover, the smaller wood-products establishments in the United States were found to be more stable than the smaller establishments in other manufacturing industries. Structural stability in employment has been associated with the highly competitive nature of smaller wood-products establishments. Employment stability can best be promoted by policies that support the continued viability of smaller establishments.

Enzymatic grafting of kraft lignin as a wood bio-protection strategy. Part 2: effectiveness against wood destroying basidiomycetes. Effect of copper entrapment

Holzforschung ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 689-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Fernández-Costas ◽  
Sabrina Palanti ◽  
María Ángeles Sanromán ◽  
Diego Moldes
Keyword(s):  
European Beech ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Biocidal Activity ◽  
Wood Protection ◽  
Copper Leaching ◽  
Decay Tests ◽  
Effect Of Copper ◽  
Wood Surfaces

Abstract Enzymatic grafting of kraft lignin (KL) on wood surfaces is presented as a non-leachable wood protection treatment. Scots pine and European beech mini-blocks were treated with KL solution in the presence of laccase isolated from Myceliophthora thermophila and the formation of a stable interaction between wood and lignin was observed. Furthermore, the same strategy was employed to graft KL with the simultaneous entrapment of copper in the polymeric net formed. Enzymatic treatment diminished the leachability of the compounds in accordance with the EN 84 standard. The durability of the leached wood blocks was evaluated by accelerated decay tests. Samples with grafted lignin on the surface lost their antifungal activity in long-term exposure at the concentration tested. This observation is in contradiction to the preliminary tests, where KL seemed to have some biocidal activity. On the other hand, KL grafting in combination with copper entrapment improved the decay resistance and the copper leaching was reduced.

scholarly journals USING OPENSTREETMAP DATA TO GENERATE BUILDING MODELS WITH THEIR INNER STRUCTURES FOR 3D MAPS

2017 ◽  
Vol IV-2/W4 ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
A. Zipf
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Incident Management ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Building Models ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Building Components ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

With the development of Web 2.0, more and more data related to indoor environments has been collected within the volunteered geographic information (VGI) framework, which creates a need for construction of indoor environments from VGI. In this study, we focus on generating 3D building models from OpenStreetMap (OSM) data, and provide an approach to support construction and visualization of indoor environments on 3D maps. In this paper, we present an algorithm which can extract building information from OSM data, and can construct building structures as well as inner building components (e.g., doors, rooms, and windows). A web application is built to support the processing and visualization of the building models on a 3D map. We test our approach with an indoor dataset collected from the field. The results show the feasibility of our approach and its potentials to provide support for a wide range of applications, such as indoor and outdoor navigation, urban planning, and incident management.

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