scholarly journals Expanding Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Applications: A Review on Modifications and Effects

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4271
Author(s):  
Ahmed Z. Naser ◽  
Ibrahim Deiab ◽  
Fantahun Defersha ◽  
Sheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
High Price ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Waste Plastics ◽  
Biobased Polymers ◽  
Surgical Implants ◽  
Recent Climate

The high price of petroleum, overconsumption of plastic products, recent climate change regulations, the lack of landfill spaces in addition to the ever-growing population are considered the driving forces for introducing sustainable biodegradable solutions for greener environment. Due to the harmful impact of petroleum waste plastics on human health, environment and ecosystems, societies have been moving towards the adoption of biodegradable natural based polymers whose conversion and consumption are environmentally friendly. Therefore, biodegradable biobased polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have gained a significant amount of attention in recent years. Nonetheless, some of the vital limitations to the broader use of these biopolymers are that they are less flexible and have less impact resistance when compared to petroleum-based plastics (e.g., polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polystyrene (PS)). Recent advances have shown that with appropriate modification methods—plasticizers and fillers, polymer blends and nanocomposites, such limitations of both polymers can be overcome. This work is meant to widen the applicability of both polymers by reviewing the available materials on these methods and their impacts with a focus on the mechanical properties. This literature investigation leads to the conclusion that both PLA and PHAs show strong candidacy in expanding their utilizations to potentially substitute petroleum-based plastics in various applications, including but not limited to, food, active packaging, surgical implants, dental, drug delivery, biomedical as well as antistatic and flame retardants applications.

scholarly journals Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), green alternatives to petroleum-based plastics: a review

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (28) ◽  
pp. 17151-17196
Author(s):  
Ahmed Z. Naser ◽  
I. Deiab ◽  
Basil M. Darras
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
High Price ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Growing Population

The dwindling nature, high price of petroleum, concerns about climate change, as well as the ever-growing population are all urging the plastics industries to adapt sustainable natural biopolymers solutions such as PLA and PHAs.

Response of Modified Poly(lactic acid) to Microwave Radiation

2012 ◽  
Vol 488-489 ◽  
pp. 1393-1397
Author(s):  
Buranin Saengiet ◽  
Wasin Koosomsuan ◽  
Phassakarn Paungprasert ◽  
Rattikarn Khankrua ◽  
Sumonman Naimlang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Polypropylene Glycol ◽  
Heat Accumulation ◽  
The One ◽  
Internal Mixer

The frozen instant food packaging is the one of disposal product, which produced from petroleum–based plastic and has been accumulated worldwide pressuring on the environment. Therefore, the biodegradable plastics have become key candidates in this application. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was regarded as one of the most promising biodegradable polymer due to its good mechanical properties. The aim of this work was to study on the freezability and microwavability of PLA through crosslink reaction. For the improvement of the processibility of PLA, hyperbranched polymer (HBP) and polypropylene glycol (PPG) were used as plasticizer. Then the crosslinking of PLA was introduced by addition of peroxide (Luperox101) and triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) in an internal mixer. Neat and modified PLA samples were characterized and testing for mechanical properties. From the gel content results, it was showed the increased value with the increased content of TAIC due to the denser crosslinked structure of polymer. This result was confirmed by FT-IR spectra. All modified PLA samples showed the higher %strain at break than neat PLA. In addition, impact resistance in frozen state showed the results of modified PLA with 0.1wt% of peroxide and 0.15 wt% of TAIC, was higher than neat PLA. Moreover, this composition also showed the highest microwave response and heat accumulation was suppressed when the specimen was immersed in the water during the test. From the results obtained in this work, the further investigation is needed to pursue and elucidate the relationship between the polymer structure and heat absorption when materials undergo the microwave radiation.

scholarly journals Advances in Flame Retardant Poly(Lactic Acid)

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Tawiah ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Bin Fei
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
The Past ◽  
Halogen Compounds ◽  
Restricted Use ◽  
In Fire

PLA has become a commodity polymer with wide applications in a number of fields. However, its high flammability with the tendency to flow in fire has limited its viability as a perfect replacement for the petrochemically-engineered plastics. Traditional flame retardants, which may be incorporated into PLA without severely degrading the mechanical properties, are the organo-halogen compounds. Meanwhile, these compounds tend to bioaccumulate and pose a risk to flora and fauna due to their restricted use. Research into PLA flame retardants has largely focused on organic and inorganic compounds for the past few years. Meanwhile, the renewed interest in the development of environmentally sustainable flame retardants (FRs) for PLA has increased significantly in a bid to maintain the integrity of the polymer. A review on the development of new flame retardants for PLA is presented herein. The focus is on metal oxides, phosphorus-based systems, 2D and 1D nanomaterials, hyperbranched polymers, and their combinations, which have been applied for flame retarding PLA are discussed. The paper also reviews briefly the correlation between FR loadings and efficiency for various FR systems, and their effects on processing and mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Degradable Spun-Melt 100% Polylactic Acid Nonwoven Mulch Materials in a Greenhouse Environment

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 155892501300800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry C. Wadsworth ◽  
Douglas G. Hayes ◽  
Annette L. Wszelaki ◽  
Tommy L. Washington ◽  
Jeffrey Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
High Mechanical Strength ◽  
Biobased Polymers ◽  
Agricultural Mulches ◽  
Complete Mineralization

The tendency of most commercially available plastic agricultural mulches to undergo only partial fragmentation with time leads to their long-term persistence in soil, resulting in potentially detrimental environmental hazards. Nonwovens composed of biobased polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with micron-sized fibers may be potentially valuable for agricultural mulches due to their high mechanical strength and potential ability to undergo complete mineralization. To assess the performance of 100% PLA spunbond (SB) and meltblown (MB) mulches, and commercially available cellulosic mulch, a greenhouse bench study was conducted where the mulches were buried in soil augmented with either lime or compost for 10 and 29 wk to accelerate biodegradation and mineralization. At 10 and 29 wk, MB and SB mulches, respectively, lost considerable mechanical strength for all soil treatments while showing only minimal signs of loss in molecular weight.

scholarly journals Injection Molding of Thermoplastic Cellulose Esters and Their Compatibility with Poly(Lactic Acid) and Polyethylene

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Willberg-Keyriläinen ◽  
Hannes Orelma ◽  
Jarmo Ropponen
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Injection Molding ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Cellulose Esters ◽  
Biobased Polymers ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Injection Molded ◽  
Cellulose Materials

Interest in biobased polymers from renewable resources has grown in recent years due to environmental concerns, but they still have a minimal fraction of the total global market. In this study, the injection molding of thermoplastic cellulose octanate (cellulose C8) and cellulose palmitate (cellulose C16) were studied. The mechanical properties of injection-molded test specimens were analyzed by using tensile testing, and the internal structure of injection-molded objects was studied by using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). We showed that thermoplastic cellulose C8 and cellulose C16 were completely processable without the addition of a plasticizer, which is very unusual in the case of cellulose esters. The compatibility of cellulose esters with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and biopolyethylene (bio-PE) was also tested. By compounding the cellulose esters with PLA, the elongation of PLA-based blends could be improved and the density could be reduced. The tested thermoplastic cellulose materials were fully biobased, and have good future potential to be used in injection molding applications.

scholarly journals Water Absorption and Thermomechanical Characterization of Extruded Starch/Poly(lactic acid)/Agave Bagasse Fiber Bioplastic Composites

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Aranda-García ◽  
R. González-Núñez ◽  
C. F. Jasso-Gastinel ◽  
E. Mendizábal
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Thermoplastic Starch ◽  
Thermomechanical Behavior ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
Fiber Fracture ◽  
Bagasse Fiber

Water absorption and thermomechanical behavior of composites based on thermoplastic starch (TPS) are presented in this work, wherein the concentration of agave bagasse fibers (ABF, 0–15 wt%) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA, 0–30 wt%) is varied. Glycerol (G) is used as starch (S) plasticizer to form TPS. Starch stands as the polymer matrix (70/30 wt/wt, S/G). The results show that TPS hygroscopicity decreases as PLA and fiber content increase. Storage, stress-strain, and flexural moduli increase with PLA and/or agave bagasse fibers (ABF) content while impact resistance decreases. The TPS glass transition temperature increases with ABF content and decreases with PLA content. Micrographs of the studied biocomposites show a stratified brittle surface with a rigid fiber fracture.

Polypropylene/Poly (Lactic Acid) Semibiocomposites Modified with Two Kinds of Intumescent Flame Retardants

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 991-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhidan Lin ◽  
Chao Chen ◽  
Zixian Guan ◽  
Baofeng Xu ◽  
Xue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

scholarly journals Flame retarded self-reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites of outstanding impact resistance

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Bocz ◽  
Martina Domonkos ◽  
Tamás Igricz ◽  
Ákos Kmetty ◽  
Tamás Bárány ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retarded

Study on the Crystallinity and Mechanical Properties of PC/PLA/LLDPE/ Montmorillonite Blends

2013 ◽  
Vol 739 ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
Yi Chen ◽  
Yue Peng ◽  
Wen Yong Liu ◽  
Guang Sheng Zeng ◽  
Xiang Gang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Linear Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Elongation At Break

Polycarbonate/poly (lactic acid)/(PC/PLA) blend is a kind of novel potential material for introducing the degradability of PLA to high performance PC. However, the bad compatibility between PC and PLA results in poor impact resistance and strength, which limits its applications. For resolving the problem, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) was added into blend to improve the mechanical properties, especially the toughness. Meantime, nanosized montmorillonite was also used as an additive for modifying the blend. The results showed that the the tensile and impact strength, the elongation at break of PC/PLA all be improved with the increase of LLDPE, the nanosized montmorillonite could also increase the strength of blends when the content is lower than wt5% of blends.

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