Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for Biodiesel Synthesis Catalyzed by Radiation-Induced Kenaf Catalyst in Packed-Bed Reactor

In this study, continuous transesterification of refined palm oil by using radiation-induced kenaf denoted as anion exchange kenaf catalyst in a packed-bed reactor was developed. The application of full factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) was used to design the process and analyzed the effect of reactor operating variables such as packed bed height, the molar ratio of oil to ethanol and volumetric flow rate on the production of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE). The statistical analysis results showed that all three operating parameters affect the reaction efficiency significantly. The optimum conditions were determined to be 9.81 cm packed bed height, a molar ratio at 1:50, and a volumetric flow rate of 0.38 mL min−1. Three tests were carried out to verify the optimum combination of process parameters. The predicted and actual values of molar conversion fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) molar conversion were 97.29% and 96.87%, respectively. The reusability of kenaf fiber-based catalysts is discussed with a specially highlighted on fiber dissolution, leaching, and fouling. Nevertheless, the impurities absorption properties of anion exchange kenaf catalyst towards biodiesel production could eventually simplify the biodiesel purification steps and cost. In sum, anion exchange kenaf catalyst shows the potential commercial applications to transesterification of FAEE in a packed-bed reactor.

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Continuous Production of Lipase-Catalyzed Biodiesel in a Packed-Bed Reactor: Optimization and Enzyme Reuse Study

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.1155/2011/950725 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Hsiao-Ching Chen ◽

Hen-Yi Ju ◽

Tsung-Ta Wu ◽

Yung-Chuan Liu ◽

Chih-Chen Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Immobilized Lipase ◽

Continuous Production ◽

Packed Bed ◽

Packed Bed Reactor ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

System Response ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Substrate Molar Ratio ◽

Molar Conversion

An optimal continuous production of biodiesel by methanolysis of soybean oil in a packed-bed reactor was developed using immobilized lipase (Novozym 435) as a catalyst in atert-butanol solvent system. Response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design were employed to evaluate the effects of reaction temperature, flow rate, and substrate molar ratio on the molar conversion of biodiesel. The results showed that flow rate and temperature have significant effects on the percentage of molar conversion. On the basis of ridge max analysis, the optimum conditions were as follows: flow rate 0.1 mL/min, temperature52.1∘C, and substrate molar ratio 1 : 4. The predicted and experimental values of molar conversion were83.31±2.07% and82.81±.98%, respectively. Furthermore, the continuous process over 30 days showed no appreciable decrease in the molar conversion. The paper demonstrates the applicability of using immobilized lipase and a packed-bed reactor for continuous biodiesel synthesis.

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Triethanolamine as an efficient cosolvent for biodiesel production by CaO-catalyzed sunflower oil ethanolysis: An optimization study

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind190822033d ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (6) ◽

pp. 351-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dusica Djokic-Stojanovic ◽

Zoran Todorovic ◽

Dragan Troter ◽

Olivera Stamenkovic ◽

Ljiljana Veselinovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Temperature ◽

Sunflower Oil ◽

Acid Ethyl Ester ◽

Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Calcium Leaching ◽

Stirred Reactor ◽

Optimization Study ◽

Purification Stage

Triethanolamine was applied as an efficient ?green? cosolvent for biodiesel production by CaO-catalyzed ethanolysis of sunflower oil. The reaction was conducted in a batch stirred reactor and optimized with respect to the reaction temperature (61.6-78.4?C), the ethanol-to-oil molar ratio (7:1-17:1) and the cosolvent loading (3-36 % of the oil weight) by using a rotatable central composite design (RCCD) combined with the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal reaction conditions were found to be: the ethanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, the reaction temperature of 75?C and the cosolvent loading of 30 % to oil weight, which resulted in the predicted and actual fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) contents of 98.8 % and 97.9?1.3 %, respectively, achieved within only 20 min of the reaction. Also, high FAEE contents were obtained with expired sunflower oil, hempseed oil and waste lard. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was used to understand the changes in the CaO phase. The CaO catalyst can be used without any treatment in two consecutive cycles. Due to the calcium leaching into the product, an additional purification stage must be included in the overall process.

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Modeling and Optimization of Lipase-Catalyzed Partial Hydrolysis for Diacylglycerol Production in Packed Bed Reactor

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijfe-2015-0381 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 681-689 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eng-Tong Phuah ◽

Yee-Ying Lee ◽

Teck-Kim Tang ◽

Oi-Ming Lai ◽

Thomas Shean-Yaw Choong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immobilized Enzyme ◽

Rhizomucor Miehei ◽

Packed Bed ◽

Packed Bed Reactor ◽

Partial Hydrolysis ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Lack Of Fit ◽

Bed Height ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Quadratic Models

Abstract Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the process variables namely packed bed height (cm) and flow rates (ml/min) on diacylglycerol (DAG) production via partial hydrolysis of palm oil using immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase in packed bed reactor (PBR). Quadratic models were successfully developed for both DAG(y) and unhydrolyzed triacylglycerol ((un)TAG) with determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9931 and 0.9986, respectively coupled with insignificant lack of fit (p > 0.05). Optimal conditions for DAG synthesis were evaluated to be 10 cm packed bed height and 3.8 ml/min flow rate. Immobilized enzyme can be reused up to 10 times without significant changes in enzymatic activity. The partial hydrolysis under studied was found to be mass transfer-controlled.

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WALL EFFECT OF A PACKED BED WITH PELLET PARTICLES

Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.15625/2525-2518/56/2a/12625 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (2A) ◽

pp. 31-36

Author(s):

Tran Duy Hai

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Particle Diameter ◽

Packed Bed ◽

Packed Bed Reactor ◽

Radial Coordinate ◽

Flow Profile ◽

Local Velocity ◽

Gas Velocity ◽

Bed Height ◽

Small Ratio

Fluid flow profile is a dominate role in the performance of packed bed reactor. In small ratio of column-to-particle diameter, velocity pattern is strongly affected by voidage distribution, which depends on radial coordinate, flow rate and bed height. In this study, effects of voidage distribution to gas velocity profile in a packed bed with pellet particles was empirically investigated. Uniformity of local velocity at the top of the bed was clearly observed with decreasing of bed height and flow rate. For 400 mm of bed height, the measured velocities are a well fitting to Fahien and Stankovich model for any expected flow rate.

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Study on the derived based catalysts from Theobroma cacao pod husks for the conversion of beef tallow blend with waste used vegetable oil for fatty acid ethyl ester synthesis: burnt, submerged fermented, calcination, hybrid design, catalyst refining and reusability

10.21203/rs.3.rs-39335/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Adepoju T F ◽

Ibeh M A ◽

Babatunde E O ◽

Asuquo A Jackson ◽

Eloboka C

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Ethyl Ester ◽

Beef Tallow ◽

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Acid Ethyl Ester ◽

Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

High Yield ◽

Hybrid Design ◽

Catalyst Amount

Abstract Billions of dollars paid by industries on catalysts used as feedstocks to obtain their end products are increasing at a geometrical rate, the report revealed that the global marketplace price of catalysts stood at USD 26.1 billion in 2019, and is anticipated to increase by 4% in 2020, and 4.5% progress rate in 2025. To salvage the world from extravagance spending, there is an urgent need for biomass wastes consideration and utilization. In this paper, three novel CaO-based catalysts derived from Theobroma cacao pod husks were tested based on efficacy for the production of biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl ester: FAEE) from the blend of beef tallow oil (BTO)-waste used oil (WUO) in the ratio of 5:95 (BTO5),10:90 (BTO10),15:85 (BTO15), 20:80 (BTO20),….., 95:5 (BTO95), respectively. Process optimization of the transesterification reaction was carried out using a hybrid design to determine the effects of catalyst on the fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) yield. The efficiencies of the catalyst were tested via the refining and reusability test. Results revealed the oil blend ratio of BTO60: WUO40 sufficiently produced low viscous oil that was easily converted to biodiesel. Catalysts' characterization revealed the three catalysts produced high CaO-based of 68.20, 81.46, and 87.65 (wt.%), which accounted for the high yield of FAEEs. Mathematical optimization showed that the catalyst amount (F-value between 14159.69-3063.24 with P-value between 0.0053-0.0115), played the most significant role in oil conversion to biodiesel among the constraint factors considered (reaction time, catalyst amount, reaction temperature, and ethanol/oil molar ratio: EtOH/OMR). Based on Box-Cox transformation, the values of the lambda obtained indicated a normal data results with an inverse function of Y2 and Y3 and normal function of Y3 for polynomial model accuracy. Optimum validated FAEEs yields of 92.81, 93.02, and 99.64 (%wt.), respectively, with high R2. The qualities of the FAEEs were within the standard specification and the produced catalysts can serve as feedstocks for industrial application.

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Continuous Production of 2-Phenylethyl Acetate in a Solvent-Free System Using a Packed-Bed Reactor with Novozym® 435

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal10060714 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 714 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shang-Ming Huang ◽

Hsin-Yi Huang ◽

Yu-Min Chen ◽

Chia-Hung Kuo ◽

Chwen-Jen Shieh

Keyword(s):

Chemical Synthesis ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Packed Bed ◽

Solvent Free ◽

Packed Bed Reactor ◽

Packed Bed Bioreactor ◽

Free System ◽

Phenethyl Alcohol ◽

Solvent Free System ◽

Molar Conversion

2-Phenylethyl acetate (2-PEAc), a highly valued natural volatile ester, with a rose-like odor, is widely added in cosmetics, soaps, foods, and drinks to strengthen scent or flavour. Nowadays, 2-PEAc are commonly produced by chemical synthesis or extraction. Alternatively, biocatalysis is a potential method to replace chemical synthesis or extraction for the production of natural flavour. Continuous synthesis of 2-PEAc in a solvent-free system using a packed bed bioreactor through immobilized lipase-catalyzed transesterification of ethyl acetate (EA) with 2-phenethyl alcohol was studied. A Box–Behnken experimental design with three-level-three-factor, including 2-phenethyl alcohol (2-PE) concentration (100–500 mM), flow rate (1–5 mL min−1) and reaction temperature (45–65 °C), was selected to investigate their influence on the molar conversion of 2-PEAc. Then, response surface methodology and ridge max analysis were used to discuss in detail the optimal reaction conditions for the synthesis of 2-PEAc. The results indicated both 2-PE concentration and flow rate are significant factors in the molar conversion of 2-PEAc. Based on the ridge max analysis, the maximum molar conversion was 99.01 ± 0.09% under optimal conditions at a 2-PE concentration of 62.07 mM, a flow rate of 2.75 mL min−1, and a temperature of 54.03 °C, respectively. The continuous packed bed bioreactor showed good stability for 2-PEAc production, enabling operation for at least 72 h without a significant decrease of conversion.

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Computational fluid dynamics analysis of flow through immobilized catalyzed packed bed reactor for removal of 4-chlorophenol from wastewater

Environmental Engineering Research ◽

10.4491/eer.2019.184 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 878-889 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sudhansu Sandhibigraha ◽

Soumya Sasmal ◽

Tarun Kanti Bandyopadhyay ◽

Biswanath Bhunia

Keyword(s):

Fluid Dynamics ◽

Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Cfd Simulation ◽

Packed Bed ◽

Packed Bed Reactor ◽

Inlet Concentration ◽

Bed Height ◽

Fluent Software ◽

Flow Through

The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the packed bed reactor (PBR) was carried out using ANSYS Fluent software. The various process parameters, such as inlet concentration of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), flow rate, bed height, and porosity, were optimized to predict maximum biodegradation of 4-CP in immobilized catalyzed PBR. The geometrical mesh of the PBR was constructed using Gambit software, and a mesh size of 236995 was selected from the grid-independent study. A laminar flow model was used to understand the hydrodynamics as well as concentration profile of 4-CP inside the PBR using Fluent software. Through CFD, the effect of the flow rate, inlet concentration, and the bed height and porosity of the immobilized catalyst bed on the static pressure, mass imbalance, velocity, and stress-strain field inside the PBR was visualized. CFD simulation study predicted that maximum biodegradation of 4-CP was found in the presence of 500 mg/L of inlet concentration of 4-CP, 4 mL/min of flow rate, 18 cm of bed height and 0.375 of porosity. An experimental study was conducted for wastewater flow through the <i>B. subtilis MF447840.1</i> immobilized catalyzed PBR to remove the 4-CP in the laminar flow region. It was evident that CFD simulated results agreed well with experimental values.

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Effects of Desilication in NaOH/Piperidine Medium and Phosphorus Modification on the Catalytic Activity of HZSM-5 Catalyst in Methanol to Propylene Conversion

Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening ◽

10.2174/1386207323666200714002844 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

Author(s):

Ebrahim Safaei ◽

Majid Taghizadeh

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Activity ◽

Catalytic Efficiency ◽

Ammonium Hydroxide ◽

Packed Bed ◽

Alkaline Treatment ◽

Packed Bed Reactor ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Propylene Conversion ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Phosphorus Modification

Aims & Objective: H-ZSM-5 catalysts with a Si/Al molar ratio of 200 were effectively prepared by a microwaveassisted hydrothermal technique through the existence of tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide (TPAOH). Methods: The introduction of controllable mesopores into ZSM-5 crystals was performed efficiently via desilication derived from an alkaline NaOH/piperidine solution. Then, the acidic characteristic of the desilicated ZSM-5 specimens was improved using phosphorus modification. The catalysts were subjected to XRD, ICP-OES, BET, FE-SEM, TGA, NH3-TPD and FT-IR analysis. The catalytic activity of the synthesized zeolites in the reaction of methanol to propylene (MTP) was examined in a packed-bed reactor at 475 °C, atmospheric pressure and WHSV of 0.9 h–1. Results & Conclusion: The findings showed alkaline treatment in NaOH/piperidine solution created uniform mesoporosity with no severe damage in the crystal structure. Similarly, phosphorus modification developed the acidic features and led to the optimal catalytic efficiency in terms of maximum propylene selectivity (49.16%) and propylene/ethylene (P/E) ratio (5.97) as well as the maximum lifetime of the catalyst.

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Fatty acid ethyl ester from Manilkara zapota seed oil: A completely renewable biofuel for sustainable development

10.21203/rs.3.rs-165378/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sathish Kumar Rajamanickam ◽

Sureshkumar Kasinathan

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Ethyl Ester ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Acid Ethyl Ester ◽

Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester ◽

Process Temperature ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Manilkara Zapota

Abstract This article reports the deliverables of the experimental study on the production of a completely renewable biofuel from Manilkara zapota fruit. It was attempted to produce fatty acid ethyl ester from Manilkara zapota seed oil using bioethanol synthesized from decayed Manilkara zapota fruit. Bioethanol was produced through fermentation of decayed Manilkara zapota fruit, waste skin, and pulp with Saccharomyces cerevisiae then extracted by distillation process at the temperature of 72°C. The bioethanol yield was noted as 10.45% (v/w). The purity of the bio-ethanol was identified as 95.09% using infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mechanically extracted Manilkara zapota seed oil was used for ethyl ester production. The molar ratio of bioethanol to oil, the quantity of KOH, and process temperature were optimized for the maximum yield of Manilkara zapota ethyl ester. 9:1 molar ratio of bioethanol to oil, 1.5% (w/w) KOH, and 70°C process temperature were identified as optimized ethanolysis process parameters. The maximum yield of ethyl ester was identified as 93.1%. Physicochemical characteristics of Manilkara zapota oil, bioethanol, and ethyl ester were measured as per the corresponding ASTM standards. It was found that both Manilkara Zapota ethyl ester and bioethanol synthesized from decayed Manilkara zapota fruit could be promising substitutes for fossil diesel and gasoline.

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