scholarly journals Improving the Estimation of Forest Carbon Density in Mountainous Regions Using Topographic Correction and Landsat 8 Images

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 2619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enping ◽  
Yunlin ◽  
Hui ◽  
Guangxing ◽  
Dengkui
Keyword(s):  
Density Estimation ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Moving Window ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Carbon Density ◽  
Topographic Correction ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Better Than

Spectral reflectance distortions caused by terrain and solar illumination seriously reduce the accuracy of mapping forest carbon density, especially in mountainous regions. Many models have been developed for mitigating or eliminating the terrain effects on the quality of remote sensing images in hilly and mountainous areas. However, these models usually use global parameters, which may lead to overcorrections for regions with poor illumination and steep slopes. In this study, we present a local parameter estimation (LPE) method based on a pixel-moving window for topographic correction (TC), which can be considered as a general optimization framework for most semiempirical TC models. We set seven kernel sizes for the presented framework, which are 15 pixels, 25 pixels, 50 pixels, 100 pixels, 250 pixels, 500 pixels, and 1000 pixels, respectively. The proposed method was then applied to four traditional TC models, Minnaert (MIN), C Correction (CC), Sun Canopy Sensor + C (SCSC) and Statistical Empirical Correction (SEC), to form four new TC models. These new models were used to estimate forest carbon density of a mountainous area in Southern China using field plot data and a Landsat 8 image. Four evaluation methods, including correlation analysis, the stability of land covers, comparison of reflectance between sunlit and shaded slopes, and accuracy assessment of forest carbon density, were employed to evaluate the contributions of moving window sizes, and assess the performance of the TC models for forest carbon density estimation. The results show that the four TC models with LPE perform much better than the traditional TC models in reducing the topographic effects and improving the estimation accuracy of forest carbon density for the study area. Among the traditional TC models, SEC performs slightly better than SCSC, CC, and MIN. Therefore, the SEC-based model with LPE, that is, LPE-SEC, gets greater R2 and smaller relative RMSE values in estimating forest carbon density than other models. Moreover, all the means of the predicted forest carbon density values fall in the confidence interval of the validation data at a significant level of 0.05. Overall, this study implies that the proposed method with LPE provides great potential to improve the performance of TC and forest carbon density estimation for the study area. It is expected that the improved TC method can be applied to other mountainous areas to improve the quality of remotely sensed images.

scholarly journals Elementary Mathematics Education of Preschool Children in the Ukrainian Highlands

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 215-218
Author(s):  
Ruslana Romanyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Mathematics Education ◽  
Elementary Mathematics ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Mathematical Development ◽  
Elementary Mathematics Education ◽  
Mountainous Regions

The paper highlights the challenges of establishment and characteristics of educationalinstitutions functioning in the highlands. It is analyzed the work of preparatory groups that aremeant to replace kindergartens in the remote mountainous areas in terms of preparing children forschool. In the context of logical and mathematical development of senior preschool children weanalyze the Program "Sure Start" and the issue of elementary mathematics education. It isconcluded that the acquisition of this knowledge in preschool institutions and preparatory groupsaffects the quality of further mathematics education. In this regard effective solution to theimplementation of the tasks of the Program "Sure Start" in mountainous regions is seen incooperation on the part of kindergartens, schools and parents

scholarly journals A Novel Spatial Simulation Method for Mapping the Urban Forest Carbon Density in Southern China by the Google Earth Engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2792
Author(s):  
Fugen Jiang ◽  
Chuanshi Chen ◽  
Chengjie Li ◽  
Mykola Kutia ◽  
Hua Sun
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Carbon Density ◽  
Spatial Simulation ◽  
Google Earth Engine

Urban forest is an important component of terrestrial ecosystems and is highly related to global climate change. However, because of complex city landscapes, deriving the spatial distribution of urban forest carbon density and conducting accuracy assessments are difficult. This study proposes a novel spatial simulation method, optimized geographically weighted logarithm regression (OGWLR), using Landsat 8 data acquired by the Google Earth Engine (GEE) and field survey data to map the forest carbon density of Shenzhen city in southern China. To verify the effectiveness of the novel method, multiple linear regression (MLR), k-nearest neighbors (kNN), random forest (RF) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models were established for comparison. The results showed that OGWLR achieved the highest coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.54) and the lowest root mean square error (RMSE = 13.28 Mg/ha) among all estimation models. In addition, OGWLR achieved a more consistent spatial distribution of carbon density with the actual situation. The carbon density of the forests in the study area was large in the central and western regions and coastal areas and small in the building and road areas. Therefore, this method can provide a new reference for urban forest carbon density estimation and mapping.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Data Balancing Method for Classification of Imbalanced Training Data within Google Earth Engine: Case Studies from Mountainous Regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Naboureh ◽  
Ainong Li ◽  
Jinhu Bian ◽  
Guangbin Lei ◽  
Meisam Amani
Keyword(s):  
Class Imbalance ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Class Imbalance Problem ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
Imbalance Problem ◽  
Hybrid Data ◽  
Google Earth Engine

Distribution of Land Cover (LC) classes is mostly imbalanced with some majority LC classes dominating against minority classes in mountainous areas. Although standard Machine Learning (ML) classifiers can achieve high accuracies for majority classes, they largely fail to provide reasonable accuracies for minority classes. This is mainly due to the class imbalance problem. In this study, a hybrid data balancing method, called the Partial Random Over-Sampling and Random Under-Sampling (PROSRUS), was proposed to resolve the class imbalance issue. Unlike most data balancing techniques which seek to fully balance datasets, PROSRUS uses a partial balancing approach with hundreds of fractions for majority and minority classes to balance datasets. For this, time-series of Landsat-8 and SRTM topographic data along with various spectral indices and topographic data were used over three mountainous sites within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. It was observed that PROSRUS had better performance than several other balancing methods and increased the accuracy of minority classes without a reduction in overall classification accuracy. Furthermore, adopting complementary information, particularly topographic data, considerably increased the accuracy of minority classes in mountainous areas. Finally, the obtained results from PROSRUS indicated that every imbalanced dataset requires a specific fraction(s) for addressing the class imbalance problem, because different datasets contain various characteristics.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Mineral Tanah Berbahan Vulkanik dan Potensi Kesuburannya di Pulau Jawa

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Setiyo Purwanto ◽  
Rachmat Abdul Gani ◽  
Sukarman Sukarman
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcanic Soils ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Volcanic Material ◽  
Mineralogical Characteristics ◽  
Agricultural Business ◽  
Better Than

<p><em><strong>Abstrak. </strong></em>Pulau Jawa memiliki gunung api terbanyak di Indonesia (45 buah). Material bersumber dari erupsi gunungapi (piroklastik) di sekitar Pulau Jawa menyebabkan kualitas kesuburan tanah di Pulau Jawa lebih baik dibandingkan wilayah lain di Indonesia. Wilayah pegunungan sering dijadikan sebagai daerah sentra usaha pertanian. Kajian terkait karakteristik mineralogi tanah dari bahan vulkanik di Pulau Jawa telah banyak dilakukan, namun terbatas pada penelitian yang bersifat mandiri (perwilayahan pegunungan). Mengungkap dan memperbandingkan data berkait karakteristik mineralogi tanah vulkanik di Pulau Jawa akan memperkaya hasanah keilmuan dan bermanfaat dalam tata kelola lahan pertanian. </p><p><em><strong>Abstract.</strong> </em>Java Island has the most volcanoes in Indonesia (45 volcanoes). Materials sourced from volcanic eruptions (pyroclastic) around the Java Island have caused the quality of soil fertility in Java is better than other regions in Indonesia. Mountainous areas are often used as a center of agricultural business, especially horticulture. Studies related to the mineralogical characteristics of soil from volcanic material on the Java Island have been widely carried out, but are limited to independent research (single mountain territory). Revealing and comparing data related to the mineralogical characteristics of volcanic soils in the Java Island will enriches scientific knowledge and useful in the management of agricultural land.<br /><br /></p>

scholarly journals An Operational Methodology for Validating Satellite-Based Snow Albedo Measurements Using a UAV

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Mullen ◽  
Eric A. Sproles ◽  
Jordy Hendrikx ◽  
Joseph A. Shaw ◽  
Charles K. Gatebe
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Heterogeneous Terrain ◽  
Topographic Correction ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Snow Albedo ◽  
Mountainous Regions

Snow albedo is highly variable over multiple temporal and spatial scales. This variability is more pronounced in areas that experience seasonal snowpack. Satellite retrievals, physically based models and parameterizations for snow albedo all require ground-based measurements for calibration, initialization, and validation. Ground measurements are generally made using upward and downward-facing pyranometers at opportunistically located weather stations that are sparsely distributed, particularly in mountainous regions. These station-based measurements cannot capture the spatial variability of albedo across the land surface. Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with upward and downward-facing pyranometers provide near-surface measurements of broadband albedo that are spatially distributed across landscapes, offering improvements over in-situ sensors. At the hillslope to watershed scale albedo measurements from UAVs taken over heterogeneous terrain are a function of the spatial variability in albedo and topography within the downward-facing sensor’s field-of-view (FOV). In this research we propose methods for topographic correction of UAV snow albedo measurements and comparison to gridded satellite albedo products. These methods account for the variability of surface topography and albedo within the sensor FOV, sensor tilt, and the angular response of pyranometers. We applied the proposed methodologies to UAV snow albedo measurements collected over an alpine meadow in southwest Montana, United States (45.23°, −111.28°). Sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the effect of altering the processing FOV (PFOV) for both topographic corrections and comparison to coincident Landsat 8-derived albedo measurements. Validation from ground-based albedo measurements showed the topographic correction to reduce albedo measurement error considerably over mildly sloping terrain. Our sensitivity analyses demonstrated that outcomes from the topographic correction and satellite comparison are highly dependent on the specified PFOV. Based on field observations and analyses of UAV albedo measurements made at different altitudes, we provide guidelines for strategizing future UAV albedo surveys. This research presents considerable advances in the standardization of UAV-based albedo measurement. We establish the foundation for future research to utilize this platform to collect near-surface validation measurements over heterogeneous terrain with high accuracy and consistency.

Kepuasan Masyarakat Terhadap Pelayanan Kelurahan Setelah Pemekaran Di Tangerang Selatan

Liquidity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
Pitri Yandri
Keyword(s):  
Public Perception ◽  
Service Personnel ◽  
Urban Services ◽  
Hospitality Workers ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cartesian Diagram ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this study is (1) to analyze public perception on urban services before and after the expansion of the region, (2) analyze the level of people's satisfaction with urban services, and (3) analyze the determinants of the variables that determine what level of people's satisfaction urban services. This study concluded that first, after the expansion, the quality of urban services in South Tangerang City is better than before. Secondly, however, public satisfaction with the services only reached 48.53% (poor scale). Third, by using a Cartesian Diagram, the second priority that must be addressed are: (1) clarity of service personnel, (2) the discipline of service personnel, (3) responsibility for care workers; (4) the speed of service, (5) the ability of officers services, (6) obtain justice services, and (7) the courtesy and hospitality workers.

Implementasi Voip Server Berbasis IPV6 Dengan Raspberry PI

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Rabbai San Arif ◽  
Yuli Fitrisia ◽  
Agus Urip Ari Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Internet Protocol ◽  
Wireless Transmission ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Average Delay ◽  
Ipv6 Network ◽  
Ip Network ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Better Than

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a telecommunications technology that is able to pass the communication service in Internet Protocol networks so as to allow communicating between users in an IP network. However VoIP technology still has weakness in the Quality of Service (QoS). VOPI weaknesses is affected by the selection of the physical servers used. In this research, VoIP is configured on Linux operating system with Asterisk as VoIP application server and integrated on a Raspberry Pi by using wired and wireless network as the transmission medium. Because of depletion of IPv4 capacity that can be used on the network, it needs to be applied to VoIP system using the IPv6 network protocol with supports devices. The test results by using a wired transmission medium that has obtained are the average delay is 117.851 ms, jitter is 5.796 ms, packet loss is 0.38%, throughput is 962.861 kbps, 8.33% of CPU usage and 59.33% of memory usage. The analysis shows that the wired transmission media is better than the wireless transmission media and wireless-wired.

Motilitas dan Vabilitas Spermatozoa Ayam Kampung pada Suhu 5°C Menggunakan Pengencer dan Lama Simpan yang Berbeda

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Enike Dwi Kusumawati ◽  
Selvinus Lawu Woli ◽  
Aju Tjatur Nugroho Krisnaningsih ◽  
Waluyo Edi Susanto ◽  
Syam Rahadi
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Ringer Lactate ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Native Chicken ◽  
Lactate Solution ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui motilitas dan viabilitas spermatozoa ayam kampung pada suhu 5oC menggunakan pengencer dan lama simpan yang berbeda. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian laboratorium menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) Faktorial dengan pengencer ringer lactat solution, air kelapa dan tanpa pengencer serta lama simpan 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, masing-masing diulang 10 kali. Variabel yang diamati yaitu motilitas dan viabilitas spermatozoa. Analisa data yang digunakan adalah analisis varian. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa motilitas dan viabilitas spermatozoa menggunakan pengencer ringer lactat solution lebih tinggi (P<0,01) serta dapat bertahan sampai lama simpan 24 jam dibandingkan air kelapa dan tanpa pengencer. Adapun nilai motilitas ringer lactat solution, air kelapa dan tanpa pengencer pada lama simpan 24 jam masing-masing sebesar 43,5±17,17%; 8±4,83%; 6,5±2,4%, sedangkan nilai viabilitasnya sebesar 83,2±7,25%; 64,6±3,20%; dan 63,1±2,33%. Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian ini adalah ringer lactat solution lebih baik dibandingkan air kelapa dan tanpa pengencer dalam mempertahankan kualitas semen ayam kampung pada suhu simpan 5oC sampai lama simpan 24 jam.Kata Kunci : air kelapa, ayam kampung, motilitas, spermatozoa, viabilitas  ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to determine the motility and viability of spermatozoa of Native chickens at 5oC using different diluents and time storage. The method used in this study was laboratory research using Factorial Completely Randomized Design with ringer lactate solution, coconut water and without diluent at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 hours of time storage each repeated 10 times. The variables observed were motility and viability of sperm. Data analysis used is variance analysis. The results of data analysis showed that the motility and viability of spermatozoa using ringer lactate solution diluents was higher (P <0.05) than coconut water and without diluents. The motility values of ringer lactat solution, coconut water and without diluents were 43,5±17,17%; 8±4,83%; 6,5±2,4% respectively, while the viability values were 83,2±7,25%; 64,6±3,20% and 63,1±2,33%. The conclusion of this study is that ringer lactat solution is better than coconut water an without diluents in maintaining the quality of Native chicken semen at a storage temperature of 5oC until 24 hours.Keywords: coconut water, motility, native chicken, sperm, viability

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