Timing of Landsat Overpasses Effectively Captures Flow Conditions of Large Rivers

Satellites provide a temporally discontinuous record of hydrological conditions along Earth’s rivers (e.g., river width, height, water quality). The degree to which archived satellite data effectively capture the overall population of river flow frequency is unknown. Here, we use the entire archives of Landsat 5, 7, and 8 to determine when a cloud-free image is available over the United States Geological Survey (USGS) river gauges located on Landsat-observable rivers. We compare the flow frequency distribution derived from the daily gauge record to the flow frequency distribution derived from ideally sampling gauged discharge based on the timing of cloud-free Landsat overpasses. Examining the patterns of flow frequency across multiple gauges, we find that there is not a statistically significant difference between the flow frequency distribution associated with observations contained within the Landsat archive and the flow frequency distribution derived from the daily gauge data (α = 0.05), except for hydrological extremes like maximum and minimum flow. At individual gauges, we find that Landsat observations span a wide range of hydrological conditions (97% of total flow variability observed in 90% of the study gauges) but the degree to which the Landsat sample can represent flow frequency distribution varies from location to location and depends on sample size. The results of this study indicate that the Landsat archive is, on average, representative of the temporal frequencies of hydrological conditions present along Earth’s large rivers with broad utility for hydrological, ecologic and biogeochemical evaluations of river systems.

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Elucidating the Origin of Milk Products on the Chinese Market Using Hydrogen and Oxygen Stable Isotope Technique

Medical & Clinical Research ◽

10.33140/mcr.02.01.05 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Stable Isotope ◽

Southern China ◽

The United States ◽

Chinese Market ◽

Milk Products ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Wide Range ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Isotope Technique ◽

Stable Isotope Technique

Preference for foreign milk products is the cause of the economically motivated adulteration of milk products on the Chinese market. 42 milk samples from the United States of America, Canada, Southern China, Northern China, Australia and New Zealand were analyzed using δ2H and δ18O stable isotope technique to differentiate the origin of milk products. An isotope ratio mass spectrometer with a combination of a high-temperature conversion elemental analyzer, Thermo-Fisher was used. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. The study revealed δ2H and δ18O had a wide range of mean values: 13.86 to 22.25‰ and -82.86 to -28.5‰, respectively. There was a significant difference in the δ2H (n=7; F=20880, P=7.876E-43) and δ18O (n=7; F=1399.0; P=9.215E-29) composition of the milk samples from the different regions. It was observed that δ2H and δ18O composition is helpful in elucidating milk products from different regions on the Chinese market (P<0.05).

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Inferring the flood frequency distribution for an ungauged basin using a spatially distributed rainfall-runoff model

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/hessd-5-1-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 1-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

G. Moretti ◽

A. Montanari

Keyword(s):

Frequency Distribution ◽

River Flow ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Flood Frequency ◽

Rainfall Runoff ◽

Ungauged Catchments ◽

Wide Range ◽

Spatially Distributed ◽

Rainfall Runoff Model ◽

Runoff Model

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Total Water-Soluble Choline Concentration Does Not Differ in Milk from Vegan, Vegetarian, and Nonvegetarian Lactating Women

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxz257 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 150 (3) ◽

pp. 512-517

Author(s):

Maryanne T Perrin ◽

Roman Pawlak ◽

Lindsay H Allen ◽

Daniela Hampel

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

The United States ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Total Water ◽

Maternal Plant ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Wide Range ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Background Choline is an essential nutrient for brain growth and other processes in the developing neonate. The impact of a maternal plant-based diet on the choline composition of breast milk is unknown. Objective We assessed the water-soluble choline content of milk from lactating women in the United States following 3 dietary patterns: vegan, vegetarian, and nonvegetarian. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 74 healthy lactating women who provided a single breast-milk sample using a standardized collection protocol. Participants completed a food-frequency screener and were classified as follows: nonvegetarians (NONVEG) consumed meat; vegetarians (VEGT) consumed milk, dairy, and/or fish; and vegans (VEGAN) consumed animal products less than monthly. Primary outcomes measured were the concentration (in milligrams per liter) and distribution (percentage) of choline from the following water-soluble forms: free choline, phosphocholine (PCho), and glycerophosphocholine (GPC). Differences between diet groups were evaluated with ANOVA. Results There was a wide range in breast-milk total water-soluble choline (4–301 mg/L), with no significant difference (P > 0.05) by maternal diet pattern. There were differences in choline forms, with VEGAN having a greater mean ± SD concentration and distribution of choline derived from GPC (62.7 ± 25.3 mg/L) than VEGT (47.7 ± 21.2 mg/L) and NONVEG (42.4 ± 14.9 mg/L) (P = 0.0052). There was a lower mean ± SD percentage of choline from PCho (P = 0.0106) in VEGAN (32.5% ± 18.3%) than in VEGT (46.1% ± 18.3%) and NONVEG (44.8% ± 15.7%). Lactation stage and maternal BMI were significantly associated with some choline forms. Conclusions There was a wide range of water-soluble choline concentrations in the milk of healthy lactating women following vegan, vegetarian, and nonvegetarian diets, with no observed difference in total water-soluble choline concentration by maternal diet. This suggests that maternal plant-based diet by itself is not a risk factor for low breast-milk choline.

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The Lower Palaeozoic shale gas play in Denmark

Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin ◽

10.34194/geusb.v31.4640 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 19-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Niels H. Schovsbo ◽

Arne T. Nielsen ◽

Donald L. Gautier

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

Best Practice ◽

The United States ◽

United States Geological Survey ◽

The North ◽

Alum Shale ◽

Wide Range ◽

The North Sea ◽

Potential Resource ◽

Lower Palaeozoic

The unconventional gas resources in the Lower Palaeozoic shale of Denmark were recently assessed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS; Gautier et al. 2013). Assuming unrestricted application of best practice current technology, recoverable gas resources of 0 to 130 × 109 Nm3 gas were estimated onshore (mean = 67 × 109 Nm3 gas) and 0 to 228 × 109 Nm3 gas were estimated offshore (mean = 119 × 109 Nm3 gas), i.e. a total estimated mean of 186 × 109 Nm3 gas (Nm3: normal cubic metre, unit used for natural gas at 0°C and 101.325 kPa). Nearly all of this potential resource is assumed to be contained in the Cambro-Ordovician Alum Shale. The wide range of estimates reflects the sparse data and the geological uncertainty inherent in the still untested play. The estimated mean quantity of gas resource is comparable to the total volume of gas produced from the Danish part of the North Sea during 1972–2011 and twice the amount of the estimated remaining reserves of conventional gas in the Danish part of the North Sea.

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Consumer Prices for Surgical Management of Ankle Arthritis

Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics ◽

10.1177/2473011418s00456 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 2473011418S0045

Author(s):

Niall Smyth ◽

Brody Dawkins ◽

Joshua Goldstein ◽

Jonathan Kaplan ◽

Amiethab Aiyer

Keyword(s):

Surgical Management ◽

Operative Management ◽

The United States ◽

Ankle Arthrodesis ◽

Ankle Arthritis ◽

Consumer Prices ◽

Wide Range ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Private Center ◽

The Mean

Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: In the United States alone there are over 50,000 new cases of ankle arthritis every year. The financial healthcare burden for surgical management of ankle arthritis likely continues to rise with the volume of total ankle replacements (TAR) increasing 100-fold over the last 20 years. Healthcare consumers however are generally unaware of the costs of the services they use. Understanding the costs associated with operative management of ankle arthritis is an important facet of patient care although access to this information may not be readily available. The purpose of this study was to determine the access to the surgical cost of TARs and ankle arthrodesis and the variability of the cost between the two procedures. Methods: 50 foot and ankle centers (25 academic, 25 private) that perform TARs and ankle arthrodeses were contacted using a standardized patient script. The described patient was a healthy 63-year-old male who had failed conservative treatment of ankle arthritis. Each institution was contacted up to three times to attempt to obtain a full bundled operative quote for a TAR and an ankle arthrodesis. Results: 21 centers (42%, 14 academic, 7 private) were able to provide a quote for a TAR and ankle arthrodesis. The mean bundled price for a TAR was $50,332 (SD +/- $25,744) with the mean academic and private center quote being $56,529 and $37,937 respectively. The mean bundled price for an ankle arthrodesis was $41,756 (SD +/- $26,033) with the mean academic and private center quote being $48,116 and $29,037 respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the bundled price for TAR and ankle arthrodesis. Conclusion: There was limited availability of consumer prices for TAR and ankle arthrodesis thus hindering healthcare consumers’ decision making. When comparing different institutions for surgical management of ankle arthritis, there was a wide range of quotes for both TAR and ankle arthrodesis. When comparing the choice of surgical management for ankle arthritis, there was no difference in price between TAR and ankle arthrodesis.

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Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Chlorite Minerals

Journal of Spectroscopy ◽

10.1155/2018/6958260 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Min Yang ◽

Meifang Ye ◽

Haihui Han ◽

Guangli Ren ◽

Ling Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Near Infrared ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Remote Sensing Data ◽

The United States ◽

United States Geological Survey ◽

Infrared Spectroscopic Study ◽

Diagnostic Features ◽

Band Formation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Combination Bands

The mineral chemistry of twenty chlorite samples from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) spectral library and two other regions, having a wide range of Fe and Mg contents and relatively constant Al and Si contents, was studied via infrared (IR) spectroscopy, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. Five absorption features of the twenty samples near 4525, 4440, 4361, 4270, and 4182 cm−1 were observed, and two diagnostic features at 4440 and 4280 cm−1 were recognized. Assignments of the two diagnostic features were made for two combination bands (ν+δAlAlO−OH and ν+δSiAlO−OH) by regression with IR fundamental absorptions. Furthermore, the determinant factors of the NIR band position were found by comparing the band positions with relative components. The results showed that Fe/(Fe + Mg) values are negatively correlated with the two NIR combination bands. The findings provide an interpretation of the NIR band formation and demonstrate a simple way to use NIR spectroscopy to discriminate between chlorites with different components. More importantly, spectroscopic detection of mineral chemical variations in chlorites provides geologists with a tool with which to collect information on hydrothermal alteration zones from hyperspectral-resolution remote sensing data.

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Inferring the flood frequency distribution for an ungauged basin using a spatially distributed rainfall-runoff model

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-12-1141-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1141-1152 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

G. Moretti ◽

A. Montanari

Keyword(s):

Frequency Distribution ◽

River Flow ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Flood Frequency ◽

Rainfall Runoff ◽

River Flows ◽

Wide Range ◽

Spatially Distributed ◽

Rainfall Runoff Model ◽

Runoff Model

Abstract. The estimation of the peak river flow for ungauged river sections is a topical issue in applied hydrology. Spatially distributed rainfall-runoff models can be a useful tool to this end, since they are potentially able to simulate the river flow at any location of the watershed drainage network. However, it is not fully clear to what extent these models can provide reliable simulations over a wide range of spatial scales. This issue is investigated here by applying a spatially distributed, continuous simulation rainfall-runoff model to infer the flood frequency distribution of the Riarbero River. This is an ungauged mountain creek located in northern Italy, whose drainage area is 17 km2. The hydrological model is first calibrated by using a 1-year record of hourly meteorological data and river flows observed at the outlet of the 1294 km2 wide Secchia River basin, of which the Riarbero is a tributary. The model is then validated by performing a 100-year long simulation of synthetic river flow data, which allowed us to compare the simulated and observed flood frequency distributions at the Secchia River outlet and the internal cross river section of Cavola Bridge, where the basin area is 337 km2. Finally, another simulation of hourly river flows was performed by referring to the outlet of the Riarbero River, therefore allowing us to estimate the related flood frequency distribution. The results were validated by using estimates of peak river flow obtained by applying hydrological similarity principles and a regional method. The results show that the flood flow estimated through the application of the distributed model is consistent with the estimate provided by the regional procedure as well as the behaviors of the river banks. Conversely, the method based on hydrological similarity delivers an estimate that seems to be not as reliable. The analysis highlights interesting perspectives for the application of spatially distributed models to ungauged catchments.

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Elucidating the Origin of Milk Products on the Chinese Market Using Multi Element Stable Isotope Technique

Advances in Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.33140/anfs/02/01/00002 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Stable Isotope ◽

Southern China ◽

Northern China ◽

The United States ◽

Chinese Market ◽

Mean Values ◽

Milk Products ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Wide Range ◽

Significant Difference

Preference for foreign milk products is the cause of the economically motivated adulteration of milk products on the Chinese market. The present study was done to ascertain the feasibility of utilizing δ2 H, δ18O and δ15N stable isotope techniques in elucidating the geographical origin of milk products on the Chinese market. 42 milk samples from the United States of America, Canada, Southern China, Northern China, Australia and New Zealand were analyzed. An isotope ratio mass spectrometer with a combination of a high-temperature conversion elemental analyzer, Thermo-Fisher was used. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. The study revealed that both δ2 H and δ18O had a wide range of mean values: 13.86 to 22.25‰ and -82.86 to -28.5‰, respectively. There was a significant difference in the δ2 H (n=7; F=20880, P=7.876E-43) and δ18O (n=7; F=1399.0; P=9.215E-29) composition of the milk samples from the different regions. It was observed that δ2 H and δ18O composition is helpful in elucidating milk products from different regions on the Chinese market (P<0.05). The range of the mean δ15N values of the milk samples was very close, 3.06 to 5.61‰, indicating a possible limitation in employing δ15N isotopic technique. The nitrogen stable isotope could not provide a clear distinction for the milk products because δ15N of an animal reflects that of the diet. Hence in cases of similar diet, it may not be possible to provide a distinction between the animals using this technique.

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Assessment and Trends of the Methodological Quality of the Top 50 Most Cited Articles on Patellar Instability

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967120972016 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 232596712097201

Author(s):

Avinesh Agarwalla ◽

Kaisen Yao ◽

Christon Darden ◽

Anirudh K. Gowd ◽

Seth L. Sherman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methodological Quality ◽

Patellar Instability ◽

Treatment Options ◽

The United States ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Wide Range ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Number Of Citations

Background: Studies with a low level of evidence (LOE) have dominated the top cited research in many areas of orthopaedics. The wide range of treatment options for patellar instability necessitates an investigation to determine the types of studies that drive clinical practice. Purpose: To determine (1) the top 50 most cited articles on patellar instability and (2) the correlation between the number of citations and LOE or methodological quality. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The Scopus and Web of Science databases were assessed to determine the top 50 most cited articles on patellar instability between 1985 and 2019. Bibliographic information, number of citations, and LOE were collected. Methodological quality was calculated using the Modified Coleman Methodology Score (MCMS) and the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS). Mean citations and mean citation density (citations per year) were correlated with LOE, MCMS, and MINORS scores. Results: Most studies were cadaveric (n = 10; 20.0%), published in the American Journal of Sports Medicine (n = 13; 26.0%), published between 2000 and 2009 (n = 41; 82.0%), and conducted in the United States (n = 17; 34.0%). The mean number of citations and the citation density were 158.61 ± 59.53 (range, 95.5-400.5) and 12.74 ± 5.12, respectively. The mean MCMS and MINORS scores were 59.62 ± 12.58 and 16.24 ± 3.72, respectively. No correlation was seen between mean number of citations or citation density versus LOE. A significant difference was found in the mean LOE of articles published between 1990 and 1999 (5.0 ± 0) versus those published between 2000 and 2009 (3.12 ± 1.38; P = .03) and between 2010 and 2019 (3.00 ± 1.10; P = .01). Conclusion: There was a shift in research from anatomy toward outcomes in patellar instability; however, these articles demonstrated low LOE and methodological quality. Higher quality studies are necessary to establish informed standards of management of patellar instability.

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Music after the Fall

10.1525/california/9780520283145.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Tim Rutherford-Johnson

Keyword(s):

New Media ◽

Contemporary Music ◽

The United States ◽

Art Music ◽

Sound Art ◽

Musical Composition ◽

Western Art ◽

Wide Range ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Cold War

By the start of the 21st century many of the foundations of postwar culture had disappeared: Europe had been rebuilt and, as the EU, had become one of the world’s largest economies; the United States’ claim to global dominance was threatened; and the postwar social democratic consensus was being replaced by market-led neoliberalism. Most importantly of all, the Cold War was over, and the World Wide Web had been born. Music After The Fall considers contemporary musical composition against this changed backdrop, placing it in the context of globalization, digitization, and new media. Drawing on theories from the other arts, in particular art and architecture, it expands the definition of Western art music to include forms of composition, experimental music, sound art, and crossover work from across the spectrum, inside and beyond the concert hall. Each chapter considers a wide range of composers, performers, works, and institutions are considered critically to build up a broad and rich picture of the new music ecosystem, from North American string quartets to Lebanese improvisers, from South American electroacoustic studios to pianos in the Australian outback. A new approach to the study of contemporary music is developed that relies less on taxonomies of style and technique, and more on the comparison of different responses to common themes, among them permission, fluidity, excess, and loss.

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