scholarly journals Advanced Methods for Detection of Bacillus cereus and Its Pathogenic Factors

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nalini Ramarao ◽  
Seav-Ly Tran ◽  
Marco Marin ◽  
Jasmina Vidic
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Dna Biosensors ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Pathogenic Factors ◽  
User Friendly

Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen causing food intoxication and infectious diseases. Different toxins and pathogenic factors are responsible for diarrheal syndrome, like nonhemolytic enterotoxin Nhe, hemolytic enterotoxin Hbl, enterotoxin FM and cytotoxin K, while emetic syndrome is caused by the depsipeptide cereulide toxin. The traditional method of B. cereus detection is based on the bacterial culturing onto selective agars and cells enumeration. In addition, molecular and chemical methods are proposed for toxin gene profiling, toxin quantification and strain screening for defined virulence factors. Finally, some advanced biosensors such as phage-based, cell-based, immunosensors and DNA biosensors have been elaborated to enable affordable, sensitive, user-friendly and rapid detection of specific B. cereus strains. This review intends to both illustrate the state of the B. cereus diagnostic field and to highlight additional research that is still at the development level.

scholarly journals Further Insights into the Toxicity of Bacillus cytotoxicus Based on Toxin Gene Profiling and Vero Cell Cytotoxicity Assays

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Johanna Burtscher ◽  
Danai Etter ◽  
Michael Biggel ◽  
Janine Schlaepfer ◽  
Sophia Johler
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Vero Cell ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Cell Cytotoxicity ◽  
Cytotoxic Potential ◽  
Cytotoxicity Assays

Bacillus cytotoxicus belongs to the Bacillus cereus group that also comprises the foodborne pathogen Bacillus cereus sensu stricto, Bacillus anthracis causing anthrax, as well as the biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis. The first B. cytotoxicus was isolated in the context of a severe food poisoning outbreak leading to fatal cases of diarrheal disease. Subsequent characterization of the outbreak strain led to the conclusion that this Bacillus strain was highly cytotoxic and eventually resulted in the description of a novel species, whose name reflects the observed toxicity: B. cytotoxicus. However, only a few isolates of this species have been characterized with regard to their cytotoxic potential and the role of B. cytotoxicus as a causative agent of food poisoning remains largely unclear. Hence, the aim of this study was to gain further insights into the toxicity of B. cytotoxicus. To this end, 19 isolates were obtained from mashed potato powders and characterized by toxin gene profiling and Vero cell cytotoxicity assays. All isolates harbored the cytK1 (cytotoxin K1) gene and species-specific variants of the nhe (non-hemolytic enterotoxin) gene. The isolates exhibited low or no toxicity towards Vero cells. Thus, this study indicates that the cytotoxic potential of B. cytotoxicus may be potentially lower than initially assumed.

scholarly journals DETECTION OF HBLD TOXIN GENE BY BACILLUS CEREUS ISOLATED FROM MEAT CURRY FOOD SAMPLES IN MALAYSIAN RESTAURANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Marwan Msarah ◽  
Ahmed Alsier ◽  
Sahilah, A.M.
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Isolation Medium ◽  
Hemolysin Bl

Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous foodborne pathogen, can cause food poisoning, leading to infections, have two major types of food poisoning emetic and diarrheal. Foods rich in protein such as meat are associated with foodborne outbreaks of diarrhea caused by B. cereus. The aim of this study is to isolate and identify B. cereus from ready to eat (RTE) meat curry from restaurants in Malaysia and to detect hblD pathogenic gene of B. cereus isolates. Mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar was used as a selective isolation medium. Commercially available kits and boiling methods were used for DNA extraction, samples acquired from restaurants were examined for the presence of Hemolysin BL gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among all isolates, twenty-four of B. cereus isolates detected for HBL enterotoxin production by the discontinuous pattern on HBL sheep blood agar then confirmed by biochemical tests. More than 58.33 % of the isolate showed discontinuous hemolysis pattern on HBl blood agar and 29.16% of the samples were shown positive for hblD gene that can cause diarrhea with the size of 807bp on gel. This study demonstrated that RTE meat curry was a potential source for entero-toxigenic B. cereus and the presence of the hblD toxin genes for the HBL complex in the isolates tested were highly associated. Therefore, these meat curry isolates should be regarded as potential toxin producers.

Incidence, toxin gene profiling, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genetic diversity of Bacillus cereus isolated from quick-frozen food in China

LWT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 110824
Author(s):  
Hui Guo ◽  
Pengfei Yu ◽  
Shubo Yu ◽  
Juan Wang ◽  
Junhui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Frozen Food

scholarly journals Toxin gene profiling of enterotoxic and emetic Bacillus cereus

2006 ◽  
Vol 260 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Ehling-Schulz ◽  
Marie-Hélène Guinebretiere ◽  
Amanda Monthán ◽  
Odile Berge ◽  
Martina Fricker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
Toxin Gene

scholarly journals Psychrotrophic properties, toxigenic characteristics, and PFGE profiles of Bacillus cereus isolated from different foods and spices

2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayriye Yeşim Can ◽  
Mehmet Elmalı ◽  
Alper Karagöz ◽  
Hüseyin Burak Dişli
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Raw Poultry ◽  
Pfge Profiles ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

ABSTRACT: Bacillus cereus is an aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium, and it is found naturally in soil and poses a risk factor for the contamination of food and foodstuffs including cereals, vegetables, spices, ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, meats, milk, and dairy products. This study determined the prevalence of B. cereus in raw poultry meat, raw cow’s milk, cheese, spices, and RTE foods in Hatay province. The study also analysed the psychrotrophic properties, toxigenic characteristics, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles of the isolates. The levels of contamination with B. cereus determined for cheese, raw milk, RTE foods, spices, and raw poultry meat were 16.6%, 34.2%, 42.8%, 49%, and 55.5%, respectively. B. cereus was isolated from 84 (42%) of the 200 samples analysed and the 84 isolates were verified by PCR analysis targeting the haemolysin gene specific for B. cereus. Of the total isolates, 64 (76.1%) were psychrotrophic. The toxin gene profiling of B. cereus isolates was determined by amplifying the four genes nhe, hbl, cytK, and ces. The nhe and cytK genes were most frequently detected in the isolates, while the hbl and ces genes were not found. In addition, a high genetic relationship between the isolates was detected at a 92% similarity level by PFGE analysis. In conclusion, the occurrence of both psychrotrophic and toxigenic B. cereus strains in this study indicated a potential risk for food spoilage and food poisoning.

scholarly journals Highly Sensitive Detection of Campylobacter spp. in Chicken Meat using a Silica Nanoparticle Enhanced Dot Blot DNA Biosensor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Vizzini ◽  
Marisa Manzano ◽  
Carole Farre ◽  
Thierry Meylheuc ◽  
Carole Chaix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Silica Nanoparticle ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Dna Biosensors ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽  
Detection Probe ◽  
Highly Sensitive Detection ◽  
User Friendly

AbstractPaper-based DNA biosensors are powerful tools in point-of-care diagnostics since they are affordable, portable, user-friendly, rapid and robust. However, their sensitivity is not always as high as required to enable DNA quantification. To improve the response of standard dot blots, we have applied a new enhancement strategy that increases the sensitivity of assays based on the use of biotinylated silica-nanoparticles (biotin-Si-NPs). After immobilization of a genomic Campylobacter DNA onto a paper membrane, and addition of a biotinylated-DNA detection probe, hybridization was evidenced using streptavidin-conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the presence of luminol and H2O2. Replacement of the single biotin by the biotin-Si-NPs boosted on average a 30 fold chemiluminescent read-out of the biosensor. Characterization of biotin-Si-NPs onto a paper with immobilized DNA was done using a scanning electron microscope. A limit of detection of 3 pg/μL of DNA, similar to the available qPCR kits, is achieved, but it is cheaper, easier and avoids inhibition of DNA polymerase by molecules from the food matrices. We demonstrated that the new dot blot coupled to biotin-Si-NPs successfully detected Campylobacter from naturally contaminated chicken meat, without needing a PCR step. Hence, such an enhanced dot blot paves the path to the development of a portable and multiplex paper based platform for point-of-care screening of chicken carcasses for Campylobacter.Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Outbreaks, Germination, and Inactivation of Bacillus cereus in Food Products: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 1480-1487
Author(s):  
WON CHOI ◽  
SANG-SOON KIM
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Food Commodity

ABSTRACT Bacillus cereus has been reported as a foodborne pathogen worldwide. Although food processing technologies to inactivate the pathogen have been developed for decades, foodborne outbreaks related to B. cereus have occurred. In the present review, foodborne outbreaks, germination, inactivation, and detection of B. cereus are discussed, along with inactivation mechanisms. B. cereus outbreaks from 2003 to 2016 are reported based on food commodity, number of cases, and consequent illnesses. Germination before sporicidal treatments is highlighted as an effective way to inactivate B. cereus, because the resistance of the pathogen increases significantly following sporulation. Several germinants used for B. cereus are listed, and their efficacies are compared. Finally, recently used interventions with sporicidal mechanisms are identified, and rapid detection methods that have been developed are discussed. Combining two or more interventions, known as the hurdle technology concept, is suggested to maximize the sporicidal effect. Further study is needed to ensure food safety and to understand germination mechanisms and sporicidal resistance of B. cereus. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals Advances in Foodborne Pathogen Analysis

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1635
Author(s):  
Arun K. Bhunia ◽  
Bledar Bisha ◽  
Andrew G. Gehring ◽  
Byron F. Brehm-Stecher
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
World Population ◽  
Future Production ◽  
Dietary Choices ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Face Time

As the world population has grown, new demands on the production of foods have been met by increased efficiencies in production, from planting and harvesting to processing, packaging and distribution to retail locations. These efficiencies enable rapid intranational and global dissemination of foods, providing longer “face time” for products on retail shelves and allowing consumers to make healthy dietary choices year-round. However, our food production capabilities have outpaced the capacity of traditional detection methods to ensure our foods are safe. Traditional methods for culture-based detection and characterization of microorganisms are time-, labor- and, in some instances, space- and infrastructure-intensive, and are therefore not compatible with current (or future) production and processing realities. New and versatile detection methods requiring fewer overall resources (time, labor, space, equipment, cost, etc.) are needed to transform the throughput and safety dimensions of the food industry. Access to new, user-friendly, and point-of-care testing technologies may help expand the use and ease of testing, allowing stakeholders to leverage the data obtained to reduce their operating risk and health risks to the public. The papers in this Special Issue on “Advances in Foodborne Pathogen Analysis” address critical issues in rapid pathogen analysis, including preanalytical sample preparation, portable and field-capable test methods, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in zoonotic pathogens and non-bacterial pathogens, such as viruses and protozoa.

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