Design, Implementation, and Empirical Validation of an IoT Smart Irrigation System for Fog Computing Applications Based on LoRa and LoRaWAN Sensor Nodes

Climate change is driving new solutions to manage water more efficiently. Such solutions involve the development of smart irrigation systems where Internet of Things (IoT) nodes are deployed throughout large areas. In addition, in the mentioned areas, wireless communications can be difficult due to the presence of obstacles and metallic objects that block electromagnetic wave propagation totally or partially. This article details the development of a smart irrigation system able to cover large urban areas thanks to the use of Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) sensor nodes based on LoRa and LoRaWAN. IoT nodes collect soil temperature/moisture and air temperature data, and control water supply autonomously, either by making use of fog computing gateways or by relying on remote commands sent from a cloud. Since the selection of IoT node and gateway locations is essential to have good connectivity and to reduce energy consumption, this article uses an in-house 3D-ray launching radio-planning tool to determine the best locations in real scenarios. Specifically, this paper provides details on the modeling of a university campus, which includes elements like buildings, roads, green areas, or vehicles. In such a scenario, simulations and empirical measurements were performed for two different testbeds: a LoRaWAN testbed that operates at 868 MHz and a testbed based on LoRa with 433 MHz transceivers. All the measurements agree with the simulation results, showing the impact of shadowing effects and material features (e.g., permittivity, conductivity) in the electromagnetic propagation of near-ground and underground LoRaWAN communications. Higher RF power levels are observed for 433 MHz due to the higher transmitted power level and the lower radio propagation losses, and even in the worst gateway location, the received power level is higher than the sensitivity threshold (−148 dBm). Regarding water consumption, the provided estimations indicate that the proposed smart irrigation system is able to reduce roughly 23% of the amount of used water just by considering weather forecasts. The obtained results provide useful guidelines for future smart irrigation developers and show the radio planning tool accuracy, which allows for optimizing the sensor network topology and the overall performance of the network in terms of coverage, cost, and energy consumption.

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A Study on the Impact of Nodes Density on the Energy Consumption of LoRa

International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) ◽

10.3991/ijim.v15i14.19825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (14) ◽

pp. 157

Author(s):

Aizat Faiz Ramli ◽

Muhammad Ikram Shabry ◽

Mohd Azlan Abu ◽

Hafiz Basarudin

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Low Power ◽

Large Scale ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Area Network ◽

Wide Area Network ◽

Consumption Ratio ◽

The Impact

LoRaWAN is one of the leading Low power wide area network (LPWAN) LPWAN technologies that compete for the formation of big scale Internet of Things (IoT). It uses LoRa protocol to achieve long range, low bit rate and low power communication. Large scale LoRaWAN based IoT deployments can consist of battery powered sensor nodes. Therefore, the energy consumption and efficiency of these nodes are crucial factors that can influence the lifetime of the network. However, there is no coherent experimental based research which identifies the factors that influence the LoRa energy efficiency at various nodes density. In this paper, results on measuring the packet delivery ratio, packet loss, data rate and energy consumption ratio ECR to gauge the energy efficiency of LoRa devices at various nodes density are presented. It is shown that the ECR of LoRa is inversely proportional to the nodes density and that the ECR of the network is smaller at higher traffic indicating better network energy efficiency. It is also demonstrated that at high node density, spreading factor SF of 7 and 9 can improve the energy efficiency of the network by 5 and 3 times, respectively, compare to SF 11.

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Design and Empirical Validation of a LoRaWAN IoT Smart Irrigation System

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/ecsa-6-06540 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 62 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paula Fraga-Lamas ◽

Mikel Celaya-Echarri ◽

Leyre Azpilicueta ◽

Peio Lopez-Iturri ◽

Francisco Falcone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Irrigation Schedule ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Sensor Data ◽

Direct Access ◽

Planning Tool ◽

Long Distance ◽

Radio Planning

In some parts of the world, climate change has led to periods of drought that require managing efficiently the scarce water and energy resources. This paper proposes an IoT smart irrigation system specifically designed for urban areas where remote IoT devices have no direct access to the Internet or to the electrical grid, and where wireless communications are difficult due to the existence of long distances and multiple obstacles. To tackle such issues, this paper proposes a LoRaWAN-based architecture that provides long distance and communications with reduced power consumption. Specifically, the proposed system consists of IoT nodes that collect sensor data and send them to local fog computing nodes or to a remote cloud, which determine an irrigation schedule that considers factors such as the weather forecast or the moist detected by nearby nodes. It is essential to deploy the IoT nodes in locations within the provided coverage range and that guarantee good speed rates and reduced energy consumption. Due to this reason, this paper describes the use of an in-house 3D-ray launching radio-planning tool to determine the best locations for IoT nodes on a real medium-scale scenario (a university campus) that was modeled with precision, including obstacles such as buildings, vegetation, or vehicles. The obtained simulation results were compared with empirical measurements to assess the operating conditions and the radio planning tool accuracy. Thus, it is possible to optimize the wireless network topology and the overall performance of the network in terms of coverage, cost, and energy consumption.

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Energy-efficient hierarchical routing in wireless sensor networks based on Fog Computing

10.21203/rs.3.rs-22873/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ademola Abidoye ◽

Boniface Kabaso

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Data Transmission ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Fog Computing ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Hierarchical Routing

Abstract Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been recognized as one of the most essential technologies of the 21st century. The applications of WSNs are rapidly increasing in almost every sector because they can be deployed in areas where cable and power supply are difficult to use. In the literature, different methods have been proposed to minimize energy consumption of sensor nodes so as to prolong WSNs utilization. In this article, we propose an efficient routing protocol for data transmission in WSNs; it is called Energy-Efficient Hierarchical routing protocol for wireless sensor networks based on Fog Computing (EEHFC). Fog computing is integrated into the proposed scheme due to its capability to optimize the limited power source of WSNs and its ability to scale up to the requirements of the Internet of Things applications. In addition, we propose an improved ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm that can be used to construct optimal path for efficient data transmission for sensor nodes. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in comparison with P-SEP, EDCF, and RABACO schemes. The results of the simulations show that the proposed approach can minimize sensor nodes’ energy consumption, data packet losses and extends the network lifetime

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Automatic Remote Farm Irrigation System with WSN and Weather Forecasting

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2161/1/012075 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 2161 (1) ◽

pp. 012075

Author(s):

Aditya Sai Kilaru ◽

Prem Madishetty ◽

Harsha Vardhan Naidu Yamala ◽

C V Giriraja

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Wireless Sensor Network ◽

Sensor Network ◽

Weather Forecasting ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Weather Prediction ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Reliable Data ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor

Abstract The paper showcases the system used for automating agriculture using wireless sensor network (WSN) and weather prediction. WSN, is more efficient than IoT as it avoids connecting all the sensor nodes directly to Internet, thus reducing the traffic over Internet and energy consumption of the sensor network. The system consists of a clustered tree topology to increase the range of operation, connectivity and easily connect new nodes dynamically. The sensor nodes being the leaves, local gateways being the branches and the global gateway being the root node. The system is implemented using cost effective micro-controllers, robust communication modules and reliable data showcasing platforms. Our implementation uses weather prediction to minimize the water needed for irrigation. Thereby minimizing cost and increasing efficient usage of resources.

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Equalized Energy Consumption in Wireless Body Area Networks for a Prolonged Network Lifetime

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing ◽

10.1155/2017/4157858 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Maryam El Azhari ◽

Nadya El Moussaid ◽

Ahmed Toumanari ◽

Rachid Latif

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Network Lifetime ◽

Wireless Body Area Network ◽

Residual Energy ◽

Base Station ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Physiological Data ◽

Area Network ◽

Body Area ◽

Distributed Sensors

The phenomenal advances in electronics contributed to a widespread use of distributed sensors in wireless communications. A set of biosensors can be deployed or implanted in the human body to form a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), where various WBAN PHY layers are utilized. The WBAN allows the measurement of physiological data, which is forwarded by the gateway to the base station for analysis purposes. The main issue in conceiving a WBAN communication mechanism is to manage the residual energy of sensors. The mobile agent system has been widely applied for surveillance applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). It consists in dispatching one or more mobile agents simultaneously to collect data, while following a predetermined optimum itinerary. The continuous use of the optimal itinerary leads to a rapid depletion of sensor nodes batteries, which minimizes the network lifetime. This paper presents a new algorithm to equalize the energy consumption among sensor motes. The algorithm exploits all the available paths towards the destination and classifies them with respect to the end-to-end delay and the overall energy consumption. The proposed algorithm performs better compared to the optimal routing path. It increases the network lifetime to the maximum by postponing routing of data via the most-recently used path, and it also maintains data delivery within the delay interval threshold.

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QoS Analysis Of Kinematic Effects For Bluetooth HC-05 And NRF24L01 Communication Modules On WBAN System

Kinetik Game Technology Information System Computer Network Computing Electronics and Control ◽

10.22219/kinetik.v4i2.826 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 187-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mahar Faiqurahman ◽

Diyan Anggraini Novitasari ◽

Zamah Sari

Keyword(s):

Human Body ◽

Packet Loss ◽

Sensor Node ◽

Wireless Body Area Network ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Experimental Result ◽

Area Network ◽

Gateway Node ◽

Average Value ◽

The Impact

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) consists of a number of sensor nodes that are attached to the human body, and intended for monitor the human body condition. The WBAN system has several wireless communication modules that are used for sending or exchanging data between sensor nodes and gateway nodes or gateway nodes. There are some factors that are used to decide which communication modules should be implemented on WBAN system, including communication efficiency, distance range, power consumption, and the effect of mobility on QoS. In this study, we analyze the impact of the kinematic movement of sensor nodes on QoS parameter of HC-05 Bluetooth and NRF25L01 communication modules, during sending and receiving process among nodes. We assume that the sensor node and gateway node are attached on the limbs to catch the movement. We use Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as delay, jitter, and packet loss, to analyze the impact of movement on communication modules. Based on the experimental result, it was found that the average value of delay and jitter for booth communication modules was slightly influenced by the speed of the sensor node movement. During the sensor node movement and data transmission, we found that the NRF24L01 module have a lower delay and jitter value than Bluetooth HC-05 module. The percentage of packet loss tends to be stable at 0% value, even though the speed value becomes higher.

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An Artificial Bee Colony-Based Green Routing Mechanism in WBANs for Sensor-Based E-Healthcare Systems

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18103268 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 3268 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jian Yan ◽

Yuhuai Peng ◽

Dawei Shen ◽

Xinxin Yan ◽

Qingxu Deng

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Artificial Bee Colony ◽

Ant Colony Algorithm ◽

Optimal Path ◽

Wireless Body Area Network ◽

Energy Difference ◽

Healthcare Systems ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Area Network ◽

Bee Colony

At present, sensor-based E-Healthcare systems are attracting more and more attention from academia and industry. E-Healthcare systems are usually a Wireless Body Area Network (WBANs), which can monitor or diagnose human health by placing miniaturized, low-power sensor nodes in or on patient’s bodies to measure various physiological parameters. However, in this process, WBAN nodes usually use batteries, and especially for implantable flexible nodes, it is difficult to accomplish the battery replacement, so the energy that the node can carry is very limited, making the efficient use of energy the most important problem to consider when designing WBAN routing algorithms. By considering factors such as residual energy of node, the importance level of nodes, path cost and path energy difference ratios, this paper gives a definition of Optimal Path of Energy Consumption (OPEC) in WBANs, and designs the Optimal Energy Consumption routing based on Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) for WBANs (OEABC). A performance simulation is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the OEABC. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with the genetic algorithm and ant colony algorithm, the proposed OEABC has a better energy efficiency and faster convergence rate.

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A Sigfox Energy Consumption Model

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19030681 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 681 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Carles Gomez ◽

Juan Carlos Veras ◽

Rafael Vidal ◽

Lluís Casals ◽

Josep Paradells

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Area Network ◽

Wide Area Network ◽

Development Organizations ◽

Current Consumption ◽

Energy Consumption Model ◽

Device Lifetime ◽

The Impact

Sigfox has become one of the main Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies, as it has attracted the attention of the industry, academy and standards development organizations in recent years. Sigfox devices, such as sensors or actuators, are expected to run on limited energy sources; therefore, it is crucial to investigate the energy consumption of Sigfox. However, the literature has only focused on this topic to a very limited extent. This paper presents an analytical model that characterizes device current consumption, device lifetime and energy cost of data delivery with Sigfox. In order to capture a realistic behavior, the model has been derived from measurements carried out on a real Sigfox hardware module. The model allows quantifying the impact of relevant Sigfox parameters and mechanisms, as well as frame losses, on Sigfox device energy performance. Among others, evaluation results show that the considered Sigfox device, powered by a 2400 mAh battery, can achieve a theoretical lifetime of 1.5 or 2.5 years while sending one message every 10 min at 100 bit/s or 600 bit/s, respectively, and an asymptotic lifetime of 14.6 years as the message transmission rate decreases.

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A Novel Energy-Efficient, Static Scenario-Oriented Routing Method of Wireless Sensor Network Based on Edge Computing

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing ◽

10.1155/2022/3450361 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 2022 ◽

pp. 1-25

Author(s):

Gang Liu ◽

Zhaobin Liu ◽

Victor S. Sheng ◽

Liang Zhang ◽

Yuanfeng Yang

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Wireless Sensor Network ◽

Sensor Network ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Base Station ◽

Edge Computing ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Area Network ◽

Routing Method

In wireless sensor network (WSN), the energy of sensor nodes is limited. Designing efficient routing method for reducing energy consumption and extending the WSN’s lifetime is important. This paper proposes a novel energy-efficient, static scenario-oriented routing method of WSN based on edge computing named the NEER, in which WSN is divided into several areas according to the coverage of gateway (or base station), and each of the areas is regarded as an edge area network (EAN). Each edge area network is abstracted into a weighted undirected graph model combined with the residual energy of the sensor nodes. The base station (or a gateway) calculates the optimal energy consumption path for all sensor nodes within its coverage, and the nodes then perform data transmission through their suggested optimal paths. The proposed method is verified by the simulations, and the results show that the proposed method may consume about 37% less energy compared with the conventional WSN routing protocol and can also effectively extend the lifetime of WSN.

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Evaluation of Energy Consumption of LPWAN Technologies

10.21203/rs.3.rs-343897/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Husam Rajab ◽

Tibor Cinkler ◽

Taoufik Bouguera

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Low Power ◽

Sensor Node ◽

Minimum Energy ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Sleep Mode ◽

Area Network ◽

Wide Area Network ◽

Battery Lifetime ◽

Minimum Energy Consumption

Abstract The modern technological innovations provide small radios with ability to broadcast over vast areas with minimum energy consumption that will significantly influence the future of the Internet of Things (IoT) communications. The majority of IoT implementations demand sensor nodes run reliably for an extended time. Furthermore, the radio settings can endure a high data rate transmission while optimizing the energy-efficiency. The LoRa/LoRaWAN is one of the primary Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology that has highly enticed much concentration recently from the community. The energy limits is a significant issue in wireless sensor networks since battery lifetime that supplies sensor nodes have a restricted amount of energy and neither expendable nor rechargeable in most cases. A common hypothesis in previous work is that the energy consumed by sensors in sleep mode is negligible. With this hypothesis, the usual approach is to consider subsets of nodes that reach all the iterative targets. These subsets also called coverage sets, are then put in the active mode, considering the others are in the low-power or sleep mode. In this paper, we address this question by proposing an energy consumption model based on LoRa and LoRaWAN, that model optimizes the energy consumption of the sensor node for different tasks for a period of time. The proposed analytical approach permits considering the consumed power of every sensor node element; furthermore, it can be used to analyse different LoRaWAN modes to determine the most desirable sensor node design to reach its energy autonomy.

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