scholarly journals Simultaneous Measurements of Temperature and Viscosity for Viscous Fluids Using an Ultrasonic Waveguide

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5543
Author(s):  
Jinrui Huang ◽  
Frederic Cegla ◽  
Andy Wickenden ◽  
Mike Coomber
Keyword(s):  
Viscous Liquid ◽  
Viscous Fluids ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Wave Propagation Velocity ◽  
Temperature Detector ◽  
Elastic Shear ◽  
Surrounding Fluid ◽  
Commercial Resistance ◽  
Measurement Repeatability ◽  
Better Than

The characterisation and monitoring of viscous fluids have many important applications. This paper reports a refined ‘dipstick’ method for ultrasonic measurement of the properties of viscous fluids. The presented method is based on the comparison of measurements of the ultrasonic properties of a waveguide that is immersed in a viscous liquid with the properties when it is immersed in a reference liquid. We can simultaneously determine the temperature and viscosity of a fluid based on the changes in the velocity and attenuation of the elastic shear waves in the waveguide. Attenuation is mainly dependent on the viscosity of the fluid that the waveguide is immersed in and the speed of the wave mainly depends on the surrounding fluid temperature. However, there is a small interdependency since the mass of the entrained viscous liquid adds to the inertia of the system and slows down the wave. The presented measurements have unprecedented precision so that the change due to the added viscous fluid mass becomes important and we propose a method to model such a ‘viscous effect’ on the wave propagation velocity. Furthermore, an algorithm to correct the velocity measurements is presented. With the proposed correction algorithm, the experimental results for kinematic viscosity and temperature show excellent agreement with measurements from a highly precise in-lab viscometer and a commercial resistance temperature detector (RTD) respectively. The measurement repeatability of the presented method is better than 2.0% in viscosity and 0.5% in temperature in the range from 8 to 300 cSt viscosity and 40 to 90 °C temperature.

Longitudinal Waves in a Submerged Cylindrical Rod 1

2010 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Iosilevskii
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Analytical Relation ◽  
Velocity Of Sound ◽  
Longitudinal Displacement ◽  
Wave Propagation Velocity ◽  
Longitudinal Waves ◽  
Short Waves ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Surrounding Fluid

This study is concerned with longitudinal displacement waves propagating in an elastic cylindrical rod submerged in a viscous fluid. Provided that the wave propagation velocity in the rod is small compared with the velocity of sound in the surrounding fluid and the wavelength is large compared with the thickness of the boundary layer around the rod, an analytical relation is obtained between the wave number and the frequency. The presence of the fluid makes the waves disperse—the short waves become faster than the long ones.

Effects of Temperature Rise on the Flow of a Viscous Liquid through a Concentric Annulus with an Inner Cylinder Rotating

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Newbery
Keyword(s):  
Exact Solution ◽  
Viscous Liquid ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Forced Flow ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Concentric Annulus ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

An exact solution is presented for the forced flow of a viscous liquid through a concentric annulus in which the fluid temperature is increased and the viscosity decreased by rotation of the inner boundary. Such a solution has not previously appeared in the published literature. Some practical applications are mentioned.

Paper 4: Terminal Laminar Convection in a Uniformly Heated Rectangular Duct

1967 ◽  
Vol 182 (8) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
W. D. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Exact Solution ◽  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Rectangular Duct ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Weighted Mean Temperature ◽  
Laminar Convection ◽  
Better Than

For the laminar flow of a fluid with constant properties in a uniformly heated rectangular duct with no viscous dissipation and internal heat release, an exact solution for the fluid temperature field is presented in the form of rapidly convergent infinite series. Expressions are subsequently derived for the variation of limiting Nusselt number, based on unweighted and weighted mean temperature differences, with duct aspect ratio. It is shown that previously published approximate solutions for the weighted Nusselt number—determined using numerical techniques—are in agreement with the more versatile exact solution to better than 1 per cent.

scholarly journals On the instability of a cylindrical thread of a viscous liquid surrounded by another viscous fluid

1935 ◽  
Vol 150 (870) ◽  
pp. 322-337 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Viscous Fluid ◽  
Viscous Liquid ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Viscous Drag ◽  
Disruptive Effect ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
Viscous Forces ◽  
Cylindrical Column ◽  
Surrounding Fluid

1—The dynamical theory of the instability of a long cylindrical column of an incompressible perfect liquid under the action of capillary force has been given by Rayleigh, neglecting the effect of the surrounding fluid. According to his results, if the column becomes varicose with wave-length λ , the equilibrium of the column is unstable, provided λ exceed the circumference 2π a of the cylinder, in accordance with the result of Plateau’s statical theory; and the degree of instability, as indicated by the value of q in the exponential e qt to which the motion is assumed to be proportional, depends upon the value of λ reaching a maximum when λ = 4.51 × 2 a . The case of a long cylindrical column of an incompressible viscous liquid has also been discussed by Rayleigh, again leaving out of consideration the effect of the surrounding fluid. Assuming the viscosity to be very great compared with the inertia and neglecting the effect of the latter, he has shown that for a very viscous liquid column the maximum instability occurs when the wave-length of the varicosity is very large in comparison with the radius of the cylinder, i. e ., when λ = ∞ theoretically. Quite recently G. I. Taylor has made interesting experimental researches, together with some theoretical investigations, upon the mode of formation of the cylindrical thread by the disruptive effect of the viscous drag of one fluid on the other, by putting a small drop of a viscous liquid in definable shearing fields of flow of another viscous liquid. He has thus thrown much light upon the mechanism of the formation of emulsions. In the course of his experiments he observed an interesting phenomenon, in one case when the ratio of the viscosity of the liquid forming the thread to that of the surrounding liquid is 0.91, that after the apparatus which was used to produce the field of flow was stopped the final thread gradually broke up into a number of small drops spaced at nearly regular intervals, although it had seemed quite stable while the apparatus was in motion. In connection with this interesting phenomenon, Professor G. I. Taylor kindly suggested to the writer a problem of investigating the character of the equilibrium of a long cylindrical thread of a viscous liquid surrounded by an­other viscous fluid under the action of interfacial surface tension as well as under the effect of viscous forces acting on the liquid inside the column by the surrounding viscous fluid. The effect of the latter is expected to play some important role in the phenomenon under con­sideration, although, as mentioned already, its effect had been neglected by Rayleigh in his investigation.

scholarly journals Numerical and Analytical Investigation for Darcy-Forchheimer Flow of a Williamson Fluid over a Riga Plate with Double Stratification and Cattaneo-Christov Dual Flux

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
S. Eswaramoorthi ◽  
Nazek Alessa ◽  
M. Sangeethavaanee ◽  
Ngawang Namgyel
Keyword(s):  
Nusselt Number ◽  
Skin Friction ◽  
Local Nusselt Number ◽  
Viscous Fluids ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Williamson Fluid ◽  
Injection Parameter ◽  
Riga Plate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Forchheimer Flow

The Darcy-Forchheimer flow of a Williamson fluid over a Riga plate was analyzed in this paper. Energy and mass equations are modeled with Cattaneo-Christov theory and double stratifications. The governing PDE models are altered into ODE models. These models are numerically solved by MATLAB bvp4c and analytically solved by the homotopy analysis method. The impact of governing flow parameters on fluid velocity, fluid temperature, fluid concentration, skin-friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, and local Sherwood number is scrutinized via graphs and tables. We acknowledged that the speed of the fluid becomes diminishes for more presence of porosity parameter. Also, we noted that the thermal and solutal boundary layer thicknesses are waning due to their corresponding stratification parameters. In addition, the maximum decreasing percentage of skin friction is obtained when the suction/injection parameter varies from 0.0 to 0.4 for Williamson and viscous fluids. The maximum increasing percentage of local Nusselt number occurs when the suction/injection parameter varies from 0.4 to 0.8 for Williamson and viscous fluids.

Local Heat Transfer Coefficients Measurement Under Micro Jet Impinging Using Nitrogen Gas (N2)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong-Heon Shin ◽  
Tomer Rozenfeld ◽  
Ashwin Vutha ◽  
Yingying Wang ◽  
Gennady Ziskind ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Local Heat Transfer ◽  
Local Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Temperature Detector

Experimental and simulation studies were performed to reveal local heat transfer coefficients under jet impinging in micro domain with Nitrogen gas. The experimental device was made of a 500 μm thick Pyrex and 400 μm thick silicon wafers. On the Pyrex wafer, four 100 nm thick resistance temperature detector (RTD) thermistors and a heater were fabricated from titanium. Jet orifices were etched by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) on a silicon wafer, which was attached to the Pyrex wafer through a vinyl sticker (250 μm thick). A 1.9 mm × 14.8 mm × 250 μm micro channel was formed by laser drilling into the sticker. Varying flow rates of Nitrogen gas and heat fluxes of the heater, temperatures of the four thermistors were collected and local heat transfer coefficients were inferred enabling to divulge the jet impinging cooling characteristics. Initial simulations were used to complement experiments and to obtain detailed flow patterns of the jet, temperature distribution on the heater area, and fluid temperature distribution.

Study on Dynamic Measurement of Plane Distance

2014 ◽  
Vol 625 ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
Wei Chen Wang ◽  
Ding Chen ◽  
Hong Tang Gao ◽  
Zi Ben Yang
Keyword(s):  
Laser Interferometer ◽  
Optical Probe ◽  
Dynamic Measurement ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Multiple Target ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Continuous Dynamic ◽  
Measurement Repeatability ◽  
Better Than

Step gauge is the most typical multiple target standard of plane distance with a wide range of applications. The calibration of step gauge is, however, difficult because of its unique structure. In this paper, a new method for measuring plane distance is presented. The principle of light-section microscope is used in accurate positioning of the planes being measured. Then the optical interferometry techniques are used to realize continuous dynamic measurement of the plane distance. Based on this method, a novel optical probe is built and installed on a laser interferometer for length measurements. A series of experiments were carried out for determining the accuracy of positioning the optical probe and repeatability of the measuring system. Experimental results show that measurement repeatability is better than 16 nm, and measurement uncertainty (k=2) is less than 0.03 μm + 1.0×10-6L, for a total length of L being measured in micrometers.

Air Flow

1932 ◽  
Vol 36 (258) ◽  
pp. 451-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Farren
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Viscous Fluids ◽  
Engineering Profession ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
Scientific Curiosity ◽  
Aircraft Engineering ◽  
Practical Effect ◽  
Hydrodynamical Theory ◽  
Better Than

Aircraft engineering has been described as “ordinary engineering made more difficult.” Probably most of you will agree that our difficulties are often greater than those that confront other branches of the engineering profession, and that the chief source of them is our inability to forecast with entire confidence what air will do under any given circumstances. Our position in this matter is much better than it was, for instance, at the end of the war. During the last thirteen years we have seen the theories associated with the name of Professor Prandtl receive general acceptance, with a profound effect upon our attitude towards some of the most important practical problems of air-flow with which we have to deal, namely, those associated with the production of lift. The boundary layer, then little more than a scientific curiosity, has become a matter of common concern. It achieved a striking practical success in the rationalisation of the international tests of airship models, which led to a marked advance in our attitude towards the whole problem of scale effect. But in many respects we are still greatly hampered. In so far as there has been any advance in the pure hydrodynamical theory of the flow of viscous fluids, it is hardly too much to say that its practical effect has been negligible. What then are we to do?

Emulsion flow in the transition zone of tube-capillary

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
S.V. Khabirov ◽  
A.T. Akhmetov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Viscous Liquid ◽  
Stationary Flow ◽  
Viscous Fluids ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Water Droplets ◽  
Emulsion Flow ◽  
The Mathematical Model

On the basis of experimental data describes the movement of the emulsion at the entrance of the capillary. In the area of maximum pressure gradients is the deformation of water droplets, which causes the elastic tension of water droplets, hindering the flow. There are the mathematical model of the transition from viscous fluids to viscoelastic movement, and from it to the filtration motion inside the emulsion. Considered quasi-stationary flow of viscous liquid near the capillary, which can be used to determine the line current.

Numerical Study of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Plate-Fin Heat Transfer Exchanger of HTGR

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Peng ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Xiaoyong Yang ◽  
Gang Zhao ◽  
Jie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Steady State Solution ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Heat Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Inlet Velocity ◽  
Exchange Performance ◽  
Flow And Heat Transfer ◽  
Better Than

This paper numerically study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of fluids within the plate-fin heat exchangers with plain and serrated fins. The calculation result is steady-state solution. Effects of the parameters such as inlet velocity and fin type on heat exchange performance are analyzed. The result indicates that under the same inlet velocity, the fluid temperature would be more uniform for the serrated fins. Whereas for the plain fins, the stratified distribution of the fluid temperature is more obvious. Being different from the plain fins, the serrated fins can destroy the boundary layer periodically and strengthen the disorder of the flow field, so its heat exchange performance is better than the plain fins’, however, the pressure drop with serrated fins increases correspondingly.

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