scholarly journals Household Social Expenditure in Ghana: Examining the Ex-Post Effects and Vulnerability to Poverty

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Richard Kwabena Nkrumah ◽  
Samuel Kobina Annim ◽  
Benedict Afful
Keyword(s):  
Least Square ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Poor Household ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Vulnerability To Poverty ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
Transient Poverty

We estimate the effect of household social expenditure on vulnerability to poverty using the four latest cross-sectional waves of Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS) from 1999 to 2017. Using a 3-Stage Least Square and Quantile Regression, our results show a widening consumption ex-post welfare gap between the poorest households and the non-poor households in a per-dollar social expenditure. Further, we estimate the probability of an ex-ante poverty using vulnerability to expected poverty. The results, however, indicate that regardless of poverty status, household vulnerability to poverty increased consistently between 1999 and 2017, and the very poor households showing the severest vulnerability. Hence, it is concluded that social expenditure increases the chances of a poor household falling into chronic poverty a non-poor household into transient poverty in the future.

scholarly journals Household Social Expenditure in Ghana: Examining the Ex-post Effects and Vulnerability to Poverty

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kwabena Nkrumah ◽  
Samuel Kobina Annim ◽  
Benedict Afful Jr
Keyword(s):  
Least Square ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Poor Household ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Vulnerability To Poverty ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
Transient Poverty

We estimate the effect of household social expenditure on vulnerability to poverty using the four latest cross-sectional waves of Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS) from 1999 to 2017. Using a 3-Stage Least Square and Quantile Regression, our results show a widening consumption ex-post welfare gap between the poorest households and the non-poor households in a per-cedi social expenditure. Also, we estimate the probability of an ex-ante poverty using vulnerability to expected poverty. The results, however, indicate that regardless of poverty status, household vulnerability to poverty increased consistently between 1999 and 2017, and the very poor households showing the severest vulnerability. Hence, it is concluded that social expenditure increases the chances of a poor household falling into chronic poverty a non-poor household into transient poverty in the future.

scholarly journals The nature of chronic and transient poverty: analyzing poverty dynamics in Nepal

2015 ◽  
pp. 103-115
Author(s):  
Prabin Khanal
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Poverty Dynamics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Welfare Level ◽  
Chronic Poverty ◽  
Transient Nature ◽  
Transient Poverty

Cross sectional data are widely applied for studying and analyzing poverty at a particular point in time. However, it does not incorporate the changes in welfare level of an individual over a period in time. This paper uses the concept of poverty dynamics for studying the chronic and transient nature of poverty in different areas of Nepal. Using the data of Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS) of 1995/96 and 2003/04, this study reveals that the concentration of chronic poverty is larger than the transient poverty. Policies required for taking out chronic and transient poor from the state of poverty should be applied in a different way.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ejdi.v15i1-2.11870Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 15 & 16 No. 1-2, pp. 102-115

Social network

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Okello Candiya Bongomin ◽  
John C. Munene ◽  
Joseph Mpeera Ntayi ◽  
Charles Akol Malinga
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test for the predictive power of each of the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Design/methodology/approach The study employed a cross-sectional research design and data were collected from a total of 400 poor households located in Northern, Eastern, Central and Western Uganda. The authors adopted ordinary least square hierarchical regression analysis to test for the predictive power of each of the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. The effects were determined by calculating the significant change in coefficient of determination (R2) between the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion. In addition, analysis of variance was also used to test for variation in perceptions of the poor about being financially included. Findings The findings revealed that the dimensions of ties and interaction significantly explain financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Contrary to previous studies, the results indicated that interdependence as a dimension of social network is not a significant predictor of financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Combined together, the dimensions of social network explains about 16.6 percent of the variation in financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Research limitations/implications The study was purely cross-sectional, thus, ignoring longitudinal survey design, which could have investigated certain characteristics of the variable over time. Additionally, although a total sample amounting to 400 poor households was used in the study, the results cannot be generalized since other equally marginalized groups such as the disabled persons, refugees, and immigrants were not included in this study. Furthermore, the study used only the questionnaire to elicit responses from the respondents. The use of interview was ignored during data collection. Practical implications Policy makers, managers of financial institutions, and financial inclusion advocates should consider social network dimensions of ties and interaction as conduits for information flow and sharing among the poor including the women and youth about scarce financial resources like loans. Advocacy towards creation of societal network that brings the poor together in strong and weak ties is very important in scaling up access to and use of scarce financial services for improving economic and social well-being. Originality/value Contrary to previous studies, this particular study test the predictive power of each of the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Thus, it methodologically isolates the individual contribution of each of the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion of the poor. The authors found that only ties and interaction are significant predictors of financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Therefore, the findings suggest that not all dimensions of social network are significant predictors of financial inclusion as opposed to previous empirical findings.

scholarly journals Effects of Exposure to Risks on Household Vulnerability in Developing Countries: A New Evidence From Urban and Rural Areas of Nigeria

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824402110022
Author(s):  
Peter Nwachukwu Mba ◽  
Emmanuel O. Nwosu ◽  
Anthony Orji
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Poor Household ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Household Vulnerability ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Exposure to risk may be seen as one of the many dimensions of poverty. Household exposure to risk consequent upon different types of shocks often leads to undesirable welfare outcomes. A shock can push an already income-poor household further into poverty or drive a non-poor household below the income poverty line. Risk appears to be one of the major challenges many households face in developing economies especially in the Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, these issues have become central in the policy agenda not only in these countries but also in the international multilateral institutions. This study examines the exposure to risks in urban and rural areas and its effect on household vulnerability to poverty in Nigeria. The study applied the framework that computes vulnerability as expected poverty on the Nigeria General Household Survey for 2015 and the cross-sectional data and three-stage feasible generalized least squares analysis were employed. Findings show that exposure to risks such as job loss, business failure, harvest failure, livestock death, dwelling demolition, increase and decrease in input and output prices, and other similar risks significantly drive households into poverty but differ across households in rural and urban areas, both in characteristics and regions. These findings suggest that social safety nets should be designed to take care of not only the current poor households but also the non-poor households who are likely to be vulnerable in the future.

scholarly journals Indikator Karakteristik Fisik Rumah Dominan dalam Penentuan Status Kemiskinan untuk Program Rehab Rumah tidak Layak Huni di Kabupaten Sidoarjo

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Anita Diyanti Puteri ◽  
Hari Basuki Notobroto
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Poverty is a problem in the construction of the Sidoarjo district. Sidoarjo regency government has conducted several policies in the poverty reduction process. Somethings that should be known by the government in poverty alleviation is the physical characteristics of homes in poor households in the Sidoarjo district. Physical characteristics of the house into one of the house into one of the measures in view of poverty and enable government in the process of poverty reduction policies. This study intended to determine dominant house physical characteristics indicator in poverty status for Unliveable House Rehabilitation Program located in Sidoarjo district. This study was observational with cross sectional design which cross sectional data was describing facts over a time period. The secondary data that being used was 99,492 household in Sidoarjo district from PPLS (2011). Data analyzed bivariabel, followed by multivariabel and logistic regression multinomial. The results showed that the significant variables poverty status is ownership status, roof type and quality, wall type and quality, and fl oor type. The dominant house physical characteristics indicator toward poverty status is fl oor type.

scholarly journals ACCESS TO CREDIT AND SUSTAINABILITY OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS POVERTY STATUS: A CASE FROM CÔTE D'IVOIRE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zrakpa Melaine Ouoya
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Rural Environment ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Vulnerability To Poverty ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
The Impact

Based on data from the Households Living Standard Survey (ENV2015), we analyze the impact of credit on poverty status stability (ex-post and ex-ante poverty) and then study the regional gaps between poverty and vulnerability to poverty in the rural environment in Côte d'Ivoire. We slightly modified the model of Chaudhuri et al. (2002) to estimate the vulnerability to poverty and consider the poverty index as our measure of poverty. We construct a latent variable that is equal to the square of the gap between poverty and vulnerability to poverty and then use a tobit model to estimate the influence of credit on that variable. Our results show that credit makes poverty status unstable by widening the gap between ex-post and ex-ante poverty (poverty and vulnerability to poverty). We also find that the regional distribution of poverty is different from that of vulnerability to poverty in the rural environment in Côte d'Ivoire.

Freedom Indices and Capital Asset Pricing Model: Some Malaysian Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Ying Tay Lee ◽  
Devinaga Rasiah ◽  
Ming Ming Lai
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Asset Pricing ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Press Freedom ◽  
Capital Asset Pricing ◽  
Capital Asset ◽  
Cross Sectional

Human rights and fundamental freedoms such as economic, political, and press freedoms vary widely from country to country. It creates opportunity and risk in investment decisions. Thus, this study is carried out to examine if the explanatory power of the model for capital asset pricing could be improved when these human rights movement indices are included in the model. The sample for this study comprises of 495 stocks listed in Bursa Malaysia, covering the sampling period from 2003 to 2013. The model applied in this study employed the pooled ordinary least square regression estimation. In addition, the robustness of the model is tested by using firm size as a controlled variable. The findings show that market beta as well as the economic and press freedom indices could explain the cross-sectional stock returns of the Malaysian stock market. By controlling the firm size, it adds marginally to the explanation of the extended CAP model which incorporated economic, political, and press freedom indices.

Kualitas, Kepuasan, Perawat KUALITAS KEHIDUPAN KERJA DAN KEPUASAN KERJA PERAWAT DI RUMAH SAKIT

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
Ike Nesdia Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstrak Kualitas kehidupan kerja dan kepuasan kerja perawat telah diketahui dapat mempengaruhi turnover pada tenaga kesehatan. Informasi tentang hubungan kualitas kerja dan kepuasan kerja pada perawat masih sangat minimal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kualitas kehidupan kerja dan kepuasan kerja perawat. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain penelitian survey ekspanatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Data didapatkan dari 32 perawat melalui simple random sampling dan dianalisis menggunakan partial least square (PLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antara kualitas kehidupan kerja dan kepuasan kerja perawat. Meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan kerja perawat dapat menjadi strategi untuk meningkatkan kepuasan kerja perawat.   Kata Kunci: Kualitas, Kepuasan Kerja, Manajemen, Keperawatan

scholarly journals Starchy Vegetables and Metabolic Syndrome in Costa Rica

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1639
Author(s):  
Zhongyao Li ◽  
Dongqing Wang ◽  
Edward A. Ruiz-Narváez ◽  
Karen E. Peterson ◽  
Hannia Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional

Only a few studies primarily examined the associations between starchy vegetables (other than potatoes) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). We aimed to evaluate the association between starchy vegetables consumption and MetS in a population-based sample of Costa Rican adults. We hypothesized that a higher overall intake of starchy vegetables would not be associated with higher MetS prevalence. In this cross-sectional study, log-binomial regression models were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) of MetS across quintiles of total, unhealthy, healthy starchy vegetables, and individual starchy vegetables (potatoes, purple sweet potatoes, etc.), among 1881 Costa Rican adults. Least square means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from linear regression models were estimated for each MetS component by categories of starchy vegetable variables. Higher intakes of starchy vegetables were associated with a higher prevalence of MetS in crude models, but no significant trends were observed after adjusting for confounders. A significant inverse association was observed between total starchy and healthy starchy vegetables consumption and fasting blood glucose. In this population, starchy vegetables might be part of a healthy dietary pattern.

scholarly journals Caregiver Status and Diet Quality in Community-Dwelling Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1803
Author(s):  
Sharmin Hossain ◽  
May A. Beydoun ◽  
Michele K. Evans ◽  
Alan B. Zonderman ◽  
Marie F. Kuczmarski
Keyword(s):  
Diet Quality ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective: We investigated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of diet quality with middle-aged caregiver status. Methods: Caregiving in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study (57.7% women, 62% African American (AA)) was measured at waves 3 (2009–2013) and 4 (2013–2017) (mean follow-up time 4.1 years). Diet quality was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) derived from two separate 24 h diet recalls. Multivariable ordinary least square regression was performed for cross-sectional analyses of the association of wave 4 caregiving with wave 4 HEI-2010. Wave 3 caregiving was examined both cross-sectionally and with annual rate of change in HEI using mixed-effects linear regression Models. Multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, and poverty status. Results: Cross-sectional analyses at wave 4 demonstrate an inverse association of frequent caregiving (“Daily or Weekly” vs. “Never”) for grandchildren with HEI-2010 total score (i.e., lower diet quality) among Whites (β = −2.83 ± 1.19, p = 0.03, Model 2) and AAs (β = −1.84 ± 0.79, p = 0.02,). The “cross-sectional” analysis pertaining to grandchildren caregiving frequency suggested that frequent caregiving (i.e., “Daily or Weekly” vs. “Never” (β = −2.90 ± 1.17, p = 0.04)) only among Whites was inversely related to HEI-2010 total score. Total HEI-2010 score was also related to caring (Model 1), for the elderly over “5 years vs. Never” among Whites (−7.31 ± 3.54, p = 0.04, Model 2). Longitudinally, we found slight potential improvement in diet quality over time (“Daily or Weekly” vs. Never by TIME interaction: +0.88 ± 0.38, p = 0.02) with frequent caregiving among Whites, but not so among AAs. Conclusions: Frequent caring for grandchildren had an inverse relationship with the diet quality of White and AA urban middle-aged caregivers, while caring for elderly was inversely linked to diet quality among Whites only. Longitudinal studies should address the paucity of research on caregivers’ nutritional quality.

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