Measuring the Benefits of the “One Belt, One Road” Initiative for Manufacturing Industries in China

China has shifted its focus from export-led growth to technology-driven growth. The “One Belt, One Road” initiative (OBOR) is aimed at promoting economic integration with the rest of the world that might boost China’s ability to upgrade its manufacturers. We evaluate the impact of the OBOR initiative on the manufacturing industries of China. In other words, we examine whether the greater openness entailed by the initiative has been a catalyst for upgrading China’s export portfolio. We demonstrate that the proposition has been such a catalyst formally and adduce some empirical support for the proposition by using a panel of the top 80 exporting countries in the world during the period from 2002–2017 to evaluate the impact of the economic integration brought by the OBOR in terms of upgrades to Chinese manufacturers. Meanwhile, when domestic R&D generates knowledge spillover, the benefits of greater openness become partly indeterminate, thus counterfactual analysis was adopted to preclude potential endogeneity. By relating the values of exports at the two-digit harmonized system level to data on sectors to conduct integration within global production networks, we find that the greater openness brought by the OBOR initiative has actively increased manufacturing complexity and facilitated industrial upgrading in China.

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Asian Trade and Supply Chain Linkages

Covid-19 in Asia ◽

10.1093/oso/9780197553831.003.0027 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 395-410

Author(s):

Dan Ciuriak ◽

Philip Calvert

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Supply Chains ◽

Economic Integration ◽

Emergency Preparedness ◽

Medical Equipment ◽

Production Networks ◽

Global Production Networks ◽

System P ◽

The Impact

This chapter begins with an overview of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on economies of Asia generally, before turning to its impact on supply chains specifically, using the medical equipment sector as a case study to illustrate the practical complexities. It then considers the pandemic’s implications for the multilateral trade system and its impact on Asian economic integration and regionalism. The pandemic has motivated attempts to increase robustness of supply chains through diversification away from excessive dependence on China and into Southeast and South Asia, in an incremental rather than revolutionary way; no wholesale departure from manufacturing in China is anticipated. For most countries, the most efficient response is to continue to rely on international trade and global production networks, while addressing the strategic concerns through improved emergency-preparedness stockpiles. The increased pressure for reshoring, however, is part of a larger disaffection with globalization and the erosion of the rules-based international trade system.

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Terrorist campaigns and the growth of the Muslim population: a reply

Japanese Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s1468109921000165 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Clara Egger ◽

Raul Magni-Berton

Keyword(s):

Political Violence ◽

Religious Conversion ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Terrorist Attacks ◽

Muslim Population ◽

Terror Attacks ◽

Terrorist Groups ◽

The One ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Abstract A recently published paper in this journal (Choi, 2021) establishes a statistical link between, on the one hand, Islamist terrorist campaigns – including terrorist attacks and online propaganda – and, on the other the growth of the Muslim population. The author explains this result by stating that successful campaigns lead some individuals to convert to Islam. In this commentary, we intend to reply to this article by focusing on the impact of terrorist attacks on religious conversion. We first show that Choi's results suffer from theoretical flaws – a failure to comprehensively unpack the link between violence and conversion – and methodological shortcomings – a focus on all terrorist groups over a period where Islamist attacks were rare. This leads us to replicate Choi's analysis by distinguishing Islamist and non-Islamist terror attacks on a more adequate timeframe. By doing so, we no longer find empirical support for the relationship between terror attacks and the growth of the Muslim population. However, our analyses suggest that such a hypothesis may hold but only in contexts where the level and intensity of political violence are high.

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A Survey of Techniques for Constructing Chinese Knowledge Graphs and Their Applications

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10093245 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 3245 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Tianxing Wu ◽

Guilin Qi ◽

Cheng Li ◽

Meng Wang

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Question Answering ◽

Knowledge Representation And Reasoning ◽

Knowledge Graph ◽

Development History ◽

One Belt One Road ◽

History Of ◽

Knowledge Graphs ◽

The One ◽

The Impact

With the continuous development of intelligent technologies, knowledge graph, the backbone of artificial intelligence, has attracted much attention from both academic and industrial communities due to its powerful capability of knowledge representation and reasoning. In recent years, knowledge graph has been widely applied in different kinds of applications, such as semantic search, question answering, knowledge management and so on. Techniques for building Chinese knowledge graphs are also developing rapidly and different Chinese knowledge graphs have been constructed to support various applications. Under the background of the “One Belt One Road (OBOR)” initiative, cooperating with the countries along OBOR on studying knowledge graph techniques and applications will greatly promote the development of artificial intelligence. At the same time, the accumulated experience of China in developing knowledge graphs is also a good reference to develop non-English knowledge graphs. In this paper, we aim to introduce the techniques of constructing Chinese knowledge graphs and their applications, as well as analyse the impact of knowledge graph on OBOR. We first describe the background of OBOR, and then introduce the concept and development history of knowledge graph and typical Chinese knowledge graphs. Afterwards, we present the details of techniques for constructing Chinese knowledge graphs, and demonstrate several applications of Chinese knowledge graphs. Finally, we list some examples to explain the potential impacts of knowledge graph on OBOR.

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Is Transportation Infrastructure Important to the One Belt One Road (OBOR) Initiative? Empirical Evidence from the Selected Asian Countries

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10114131 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 4131 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Kwang-Jing Yii ◽

Kai-Ying Bee ◽

Wei-Yong Cheam ◽

Yee-Lee Chong ◽

Ching-Mei Lee

Keyword(s):

Central Asia ◽

Panel Data Analysis ◽

Fixed Effect Model ◽

Transportation Infrastructure ◽

Annual Data ◽

Kyrgyz Republic ◽

Asian Countries ◽

One Belt One Road ◽

The One ◽

The Impact

The One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative is implemented to improve the linkage between China and its neighboring countries in terms of economic ties, connectivity, partnership, and security cooperation. The crucial challenge encountered in OBOR initiative is the different gauge standards from different countries in the development of railway along the Silk Road. Another issue arose from the regulation of education sector in the aspect of quality, cost, and efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, there is still lack of study on the transportation infrastructure and education towards the GDP in the selected Asian countries, especially for Central Asia. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of OBOR initiative and its importance towards economic growth by further investigating the determinants such as transportation infrastructure, education, labor, trade, and inflation rate. This study employs panel data analysis using the annual data from the period of 2000–2015. The selected Asian countries are divided into three regions, namely Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), ASEAN (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia), and East Asia (China, Mongolia). Besides, we use fixed effect model (FEM) to obtain the results based on the support of Hausman test and Poolability F-test. The findings reveal that transportation infrastructure possess a positive effect on GDP. Surprisingly, education is negatively related to GDP. With this, policy makers are suggested to encourage OBOR countries to expand and upgrade their system in terms of transportation infrastructure, human capital, culture, and education. In future studies, the advanced model is recommended to investigate the pre- and post-efficiency of OBOR initiative.

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KAZAKHSTAN-CHINESE RELATIONS AND CHALLENGE OF FOREIGN FORCES

BULLETIN Series Historical and socio-political sciences ◽

10.51889/2020-3.1728-5461.23 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Kanat Kakar ◽

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Central Asia ◽

International Organizations ◽

The United States ◽

Rich Country ◽

One Belt One Road ◽

Road Project ◽

The One ◽

External Forces ◽

The Impact

In 2013, China's Silk Road Initiative, the One Belt One Road project, was first mentioned in Kazakhstan and has been widely discussed by major countries and international organizations. Kazakhstan's participation in this project, a resource-rich country in Central Asia, has attracted world attention, and the impact of external forces on Central Asia will have its own impact on the implementation of this project. The interests of countries such as Russia and the United States in Central Asia and the views of international organizations are important factors in the implementation of this project. This article examines the relations between China and Kazakhstan in the framework of the "One Belt - One Road" initiative and the competition of external forces influencing it, their views on the project, their interests, the project and competing projects, and highlights important international organizations and agreements. and the toothed conclusion is pronounced.

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Chemical industry and value-added trade – A comparative study on Hungary and Poland

Acta Oeconomica ◽

10.1556/032.2019.69.1.5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 81-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pawel Folfas ◽

Beáta Udvari

Keyword(s):

Economic Policy ◽

World Economy ◽

New Products ◽

Value Added ◽

Value Chains ◽

Production Networks ◽

Input Output ◽

Global Production Networks ◽

The World ◽

Chemical Products

Nowadays, global production networks (GPN) and global value chains (GVC) play an important role in the world economy intensifying the trade and production networks and resulting in products having value-added in different countries. The analysis of how many intermediate products a country imports in order to produce a product and of how many products a country exports to another country in order to produce new products draws the attention to value-added trade. In the present study, we compare the Hungarian and Polish value-added trade of chemicals and chemical products. We use the OECD-WTO data of value-added trade, which is based on an input-output table. By calculating numerous indices, we reveal that the domestic value-added of chemicals and chemical products in the two countries was relatively low and should be increased by adequate economic policy.

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ASEAN Economic Integration and Physical Connectivity

Asian Economic Papers ◽

10.1162/asep_a_00438 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 198-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Siow Yue Chia

Keyword(s):

Economic Integration ◽

Investment Bank ◽

Geographically Dispersed ◽

Regulatory Frameworks ◽

One Belt One Road ◽

Physical Infrastructure ◽

Economic Integration Agreements ◽

Asean Economic Community ◽

The One ◽

Trade And Investment

Although the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) was established at the end of 2015, some of the objectives remain for it to be fully realized, and many of the actions and measures in the AEC Blueprint have not been fully implemented and have to be carried forward to future years. Among these “works in progress” is transport and other physical infrastructure, which is necessary for the physical flows of goods and people. Analysis of free trade and economic integration agreements do not usually place emphasis on the importance of the physical delivery of the goods and people flows made possible by trade and investment liberalizations, particularly in geographically dispersed and diverse regions such as ASEAN. This paper examines the importance of physical connectivity to implement the AEC. It explores the various dimensions of land, maritime, and aviation connectivity with the complex agreements, national policies and regulatory frameworks and challenges of implementation and infrastructure financing, including the Chinese initiative of the One Belt-One Road and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.

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Evidence of antigenic imprinting in sequential Sarbecovirus immunization

10.1101/2020.10.14.339465 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Huibin Lv ◽

Ray T. Y. So ◽

Meng Yuan ◽

Hejun Liu ◽

Chang-Chun D. Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Vaccination Strategy ◽

Vaccine Effectiveness ◽

Major Focus ◽

The World ◽

The One ◽

The Impact

SUMMARYAntigenic imprinting, which describes the bias of antibody response due to previous immune history, can influence vaccine effectiveness and has been reported in different viruses. Give that COVID-19 vaccine development is currently a major focus of the world, there is a lack of understanding of how background immunity influence antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. This study provides evidence for antigenic imprinting in Sarbecovirus, which is the subgenus that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to. Specifically, we sequentially immunized mice with two antigenically distinct Sarbecovirus strains, namely SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. We found that the neutralizing antibodies triggered by the sequentially immunization are dominantly against the one that is used for priming. Given that the impact of the background immunity on COVID-19 is still unclear, our results will provide important insights into the pathogenesis of this disease as well as COVID-19 vaccination strategy.

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The School Library as An Active Support for Educational Achievements: A Survey Led in Secondary Schools

European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research ◽

10.26417/744ywe88u ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 15

Author(s):

Azzedine Bouderbane ◽

Bentayeb Zineb

Keyword(s):

School Library ◽

Descriptive Study ◽

School Libraries ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Educational Process ◽

Educational Achievements ◽

The World ◽

The One ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

Several things have been said in the field of pedagogy. But, this does not prevent the appearance of new educational concepts. The world of pedagogy has practically no limit. In our study, we attempted to identify the impact that school libraries could have on educational achievements. The statement of the problem was strengthened by two main questions: Could school libraries play a fundamental role in improving educational achievements? Could school libraries integrate their resources as pedagogical supports in the educational process? In our visits to thirty school libraries in the city of Constantine, we were able to conduct a descriptive study and collect interesting data that we analyzed through a qualitative approach. Significant results were obtained. The latter globally showed via several indicators that the school library, on the one hand, contributed concretely to educational achievements, and, on the other hand, played an efficient role in the learning process by providing a variety of supports and services to the users.

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External Labor Migration from Ukraine: the Impact of COVID-19

Demography and social economy ◽

10.15407/dse2020.04.025 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 25-40

Author(s):

E. M. LIBANOVA ◽

O. V. POZNIAK

Keyword(s):

Labor Migration ◽

Western Europe ◽

Migration Policy ◽

Labor Migrants ◽

Foreign Countries ◽

Political Relations ◽

Business Support ◽

The World ◽

The One ◽

The Impact

The article is devoted to the assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on the tendencies of external labor migration from Ukraine. The relevance of the work is due to the limited analytical research on population migration during the pandemic. Until the beginning of 2020, changes in the formation of external labor migration flows occurred mainly under the infl uence of the internal situation in the country and the transformation of Ukraine’s political relations with certain foreign countries, but under COVID-19, the trends of external labor migration from Ukraine have changed radically for reasons independent of the socio-economic situation in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to assess the changes in the scale of labor migration due to COVID-19 and to determine the prospects for external labor migration of Ukrainians. Relevant analytical developments became the basis for the formation of recommendations for adjusting the migration policy of Ukraine in the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. The novelty of the study is to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the parameters of external labor migration from Ukraine and to assess probable perspective future transformations of migration trends. Abstract-logical and systema tic approaches, the method of expert assessments are used in the study. The analysis of the migration situation in Ukraine in recent years is carried out, the latest changes in the directions and scales of external labor migration are identifi ed. The tendencies of international population movement aft er the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic are analyzed. Prospects for external migration of the population of Ukraine are determined. The future of this process will depend on the pace of economic recovery in Europe and the world at large and the local demand for labor from other countries. It is probable that the employment structure of Ukrainian labor migrants will change by type of activity: migrants who were not employed in agriculture before the pandemic will not resume work so soon, and those who remained in the recipient countries will try to fi nd employment in agriculture and related activities. The geography of working trips will also change, and a new reorientation of some migrants is probable — from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, especially Germany and the United Kingdom, which are far ahead of traditional Ukrainian employment countries (Poland, the Czech Republic and even Italy) in terms of wages. A key element of the policy of keeping some migrants in Ukraine is a radical non-declarative change in the state’s attitude to small and medium-sized businesses. It is necessary to involve representatives of small and medium business to public policy, including policy of withdrawal from quarantine, business support. Eff ective business support programs should also be implemented, in particular following the example of EU countries. For those migrants who, even under the best conditions, are not interested in starting a business in Ukraine, a strategy is needed to ensure that, on the one hand, these people are not lost to Ukraine, and on the other hand, to get the most out of working with the diaspora. This will help both to improve the situation in the economy and to improve the image and strengthen Ukraine’s infl uence in the world.

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