Selenium Distribution and Translocation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Different Naturally Seleniferous Soils

Selenium (Se) accumulation in plant foods may be providing dietary Se to minimize the health problems related to Se deficiency. In this study, rice plants were cultivated in different naturally seleniferous soils (0.5–1.5 mg Se kg−1). Se concentration in rice plant tissues was analysed, and the distribution and translocation of Se in rice were also studied. The effect of exogenous Se on yield and Se concentration in rice grain was also investigated by spraying Na2SeO3 (15 mg L−1, 15 g ha−1). Results show that Se concentration in root, straw and grain of rice was increased with increased concentrations of Se in seleniferous soils. The root accumulated higher Se than straw and grain under the same naturally seleniferous soil. Spraying Se significantly increased Se concentration in grain, hull, brown rice and polished rice compared with spraying water. Se concentration in the grain fractions was in the following order: Bran > brown rice > whole grain > polished rice > hull. About 13.7% Se in wholegrain was discarded by milling process if about 6.9% of it was polished as bran. Se-enriched rice could be produced in naturally seleniferous soils with Se concentration from 0.5 to 1.0 mg kg−1, and this polished rice would provide enough Se (60–80 μg day−1) to satisfy the human requirement. Therefore, naturally seleniferous soils may be an effective way to produce Se-enriched rice without spraying Se fertilizer, which will be more economically feasible and environmentally friendly for without exogenous Se added to the soils or plants. However, the polished rice and brown rice, produced by spraying Na2SeO3 (15 g ha−1) or grown in soil with total Se upto 1.5 mg kg−1 was not suitable for daily human consumption, unless diluted with Se-deficient rice to meet the standard (≤0.3 mg Se kg−1). This study imparted a better understanding of the utilization of seleniferous soils and Se-enriched rice for human health and food safety.

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Rough Rice Grain Drying (BRSMG CONAI) at Temperatures of 60 and 80°C in Oven

Defect and Diffusion Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.369.148 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 369 ◽

pp. 148-151

Author(s):

J.V. Silva ◽

C.M.R. Franco ◽

E.M.A. Pereira ◽

T.H.F. Andrade ◽

A.G. Barbosa de Lima

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Brown Rice ◽

Practical Method ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Rice Grains ◽

Mass Transfer Processes ◽

Rough Rice ◽

Grain Drying ◽

Drying Conditions

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a greatly important socio-economic crop. Immediate threshing and drying of wet harvested grains, to reach 18–19% (w.b) moisture content, is a practical method used by individual farmers to slow deterioration and increase selling prices. However, rough rice grain is different from other grains because it has an outer cover shell (palea and lemma) and a bran layer. Thus, the heat and mass transfer processes that take place during grain drying are different from those of other cereal grains, so understanding the effect of different treatments, drying temperature, moisture content and the gradients in rice grains is essential to optimize the drying conditions. In this sense, the current study aims to analyze the moisture removal and its effects on the stress cracking and the number of brown rice grains (BRSMG CONAI variety) at the temperatures of 60 and 80°C.

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Manufacturing Organic Embryo Red Rice using Sugawa Machine at Lombok Kulon, Wonosari Subdistrict Bondowoso Regency, East Java

Kontribusia (Research Dissemination for Community Development) ◽

10.30587/kontribusia.v3i1.1040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 233

Author(s):

Rohimatush Shofiyah ◽

Mochamad Alfan ◽

Wiwik Suharso

Keyword(s):

Community Health Center ◽

Brown Rice ◽

Milling Process ◽

The Body ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Red Rice ◽

Organic Rice ◽

Cooked Rice ◽

Materials Used ◽

Village Government

Gapoktan Al-Barokah of Lombok Kulon, Wonosari Subdistrict, in Bondowoso Regency has started milling organic rice using husking machine thus produced raw red rice. Raw red rice is rice grain that has its husks removed. The study established that raw red rice is actually covered by hard husk which contains Phytic Acid that could obstruct nutrition absorption to the body. Other drawbacks from raw red rice is that soaking is required before cooking, the texture of the cooked rice is hard to eat, and its nutrition is difficult to digest. These make it less favorable among society therefore it is not in a good sale so far, resulting in low revenue of the organic rice farmers. Therefore, this program was initiated to enrich the quality of red rice products through adding a step into the milling process which is milling using sugawa machine to remove the hard husks. The final product expected from the program was organic embryo red rice that is easy for cooking, soft textured cooked rice, and digestable rice in order to increase the chance of optimal nutrition absorption to the body. Among several solutions offered in the program include supplying and testing a milling machine, production training and guidance, socializing and marketing. The first solution administered was supplying and testing a Sugawa machine to mill raw rice into embryo red and brown rice. Then, it was followed by providing a Sugawa pressure cooker tool to mix derived product from the materials used such as embryo rice and bran, that is embryo porridge and bran cereal. The training conducted in the program contains guidance for applying the SOP of producing embryo rice and its derivatives. While socialization was administered specifically to the board and partners of Gapoktan Al-Barokah, village government, field trainers, and muspika (council for local government) of Wonosari aiming to achieve a collective and sustainable movement, as well as a group of patients of degenerative illnesses from Community Health Center of Wonosari. Finally, it was followed by marketing that was performed during the socialization by providing samples of embryo red rice, embryo brown rice, and its derivatives. The embryo rice was packaged in a 1kg-vacuum bag, labelled with Botanik Beras Embrio Merah and Botanik Beras Embrio Coklat and thereby distributed to nearby stores around Wonosari subdistrict area.

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Nitrogen Application Practices to Reduce Cd Concentration in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Grains

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1112845/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qingyun Zhou ◽

Hui Wang ◽

Chao Xu ◽

Shen Zheng ◽

Meiyan Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transport Coefficient ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Brown Rice ◽

Fertilizer Treatment ◽

Rice Grain ◽

N Application ◽

Cd Accumulation ◽

Rice Roots ◽

Rice Grains ◽

Cd Transport

Abstract Cd pollution in paddy soils creates challenges in rice grain production, thereby threatening food security. The effectiveness of different base-tillering-panicle urea application ratio and the combined basal application of urea and Chinese milk vetch (CMV, Astragalus sinicus L.) in minimizing Cd accumulation in rice grains was explored in a Cd-contaminated acidic soil via a field experiment. The results indicated that under similar N application rates, an appropriate amount of urea applied at the panicle stage or the combined basal application of urea and CMV decreased Cd absorption by rice roots and its accumulation in rice grains, as compared with that of conventional N application (control). Furthermore, under a 3:4:3 base-tillering-panicle urea application ratio or for basal application of CMV at high levels, Cd concentrations in brown rice were significantly lower (40.7% and 34.1%, respectively) than that of control. Cd transport coefficient from root to straw was significantly higher than that of control when an appropriate amount of urea was applied at the panicle stage or urea and CMV were applied basally, whereas the Cd transport coefficient from straw to brown rice was relatively lower. Moreover, soil pH, or the concentrations of CEC and CaCl2-Cd under different N fertilizer treatment was not significantly different. However, rice grain yield increased by 29.4% with basal application of a high amount of CMV compared with that of control. An appropriate amount of urea applied at the panicle stage or the combined basal application of urea and CMV decreased Cd absorption by rice roots and inhibited its transport from straw to brown rice, thus reducing Cd concentration in brown rice. Therefore, combined with the key phase of Cd accumulation in rice, a reasonable urea application ratio or a basal application of high amounts of CMV can effectively reduce Cd concentration in brown rice.

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Quantification and Tissue Localization of Selenium in Rice (Oryza sativa L., Poaceae) Grains: A Perspective of Agronomic Biofortification

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9121670 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1670

Author(s):

Ana Coelho Marques ◽

Fernando C. Lidon ◽

Ana Rita F. Coelho ◽

Cláudia Campos Pessoa ◽

Inês Carmo Luís ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Total Protein ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Sodium Selenate ◽

Total Protein Content ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Nutrient Deficiencies ◽

Worldwide Production ◽

Agronomic Biofortification

In worldwide production, rice is the second-most-grown crop. It is considered a staple food for many populations and, if naturally enriched in Se, has a huge potential to reduce nutrient deficiencies in foodstuff for human consumption. This study aimed to develop an agronomic itinerary for Se biofortification of Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae) and assess potential physicochemical deviations. Trials were implemented in rice paddy field with known soil and water characteristics and two genotypes resulting from genetic breeding (OP1505 and OP1509) were selected for evaluation. Plants were sprayed at booting, anthesis and milky grain phases with two different foliar fertilizers (sodium selenate and sodium selenite) at different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 g Se·ha−1). After grain harvesting, the application of selenate showed 4.9–7.1 fold increases, whereas selenite increased 5.9–8.4-fold in OP1509 and OP1505, respectively. In brown grain, it was found that in the highest treatment selenate or selenite triggered much higher Se accumulation in OP1505 relatively to OP1509, and that no relevant variation was found with selenate or selenite spraying in each genotype. Total protein increased exponentially in OP1505 genotype when selenite was applied, and higher dosage of Se also increased grain weight and total protein content. It was concluded that, through agronomic biofortification, rice grain can be enriched with Se without impairing its quality, thus highlighting its value in general for the industry and consumers with special needs.

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Subcellular Localization and Vesicular Structures of Anthocyanin Pigmentation by Fluorescence Imaging of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Stigma Protoplast

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040685 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 685

Author(s):

Enerand Mackon ◽

Yafei Ma ◽

Guibeline Charlie Jeazet Dongho Epse Mackon ◽

Qiufeng Li ◽

Qiong Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Subcellular Localization ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Brown Rice ◽

The Body ◽

Central Vacuole ◽

In Planta ◽

Black Rice

Anthocyanins belong to the group of flavonoid compounds broadly distributed in plant species responsible for attractive colors. In black rice (Oryza sativa L.), they are present in the stems, leaves, stigmas, and caryopsis. However, there is still no scientific evidence supporting the existence of compartmentalization and trafficking of anthocyanin inside the cells. In the current study, we took advantage of autofluorescence with anthocyanin’s unique excitation/emission properties to elucidate the subcellular localization of anthocyanin and report on the in planta characterization of anthocyanin prevacuolar vesicles (APV) and anthocyanic vacuolar inclusion (AVI) structure. Protoplasts were isolated from the stigma of black and brown rice and imaging using a confocal microscope. Our result showed the fluorescence displaying magenta color in purple stigma and no fluorescence in white stigma when excitation was provided by a helium–neon 552 nm and emission long pass 610–670 nm laser. The fluorescence was distributed throughout the cell, mainly in the central vacuole. Fluorescent images revealed two pools of anthocyanin inside the cells. The diffuse pools were largely found inside the vacuole lumen, while the body structures could be observed mostly inside the cytoplasm (APV) and slightly inside the vacuole (AVI) with different shapes, sizes, and color intensity. Based on their sizes, AVI could be grouped into small (Ф < 0.5 um), middle (Ф between 0.5 and 1 um), and large size (Ф > 1 um). Together, these results provided evidence about the sequestration and trafficking of anthocyanin from the cytoplasm to the central vacuole and the existence of different transport mechanisms of anthocyanin. Our results suggest that stigma cells are an excellent system for in vivo studying of anthocyanin in rice and provide a good foundation for understanding anthocyanin metabolism in plants, sequestration, and trafficking in black rice.

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Polymer-coated manganese fertilizer and its combination with lime reduces cadmium accumulation in brown rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Journal of Hazardous Materials ◽

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125597 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 415 ◽

pp. 125597

Author(s):

Gaoxiang Huang ◽

Changfeng Ding ◽

Naijia Guo ◽

Mingjun Ding ◽

Hua Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Brown Rice ◽

Cadmium Accumulation

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NaCl- and Na2SO4-Induced Salinity Differentially Affect Clay Soil Chemical Properties and Yield Components of Two Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) in Burundi

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11030571 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 571

Author(s):

Willy Irakoze ◽

Hermann Prodjinoto ◽

Séverin Nijimbere ◽

Jean Berchmans Bizimana ◽

Joseph Bigirimana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Tap Water ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Soil Chemical Properties ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Saline Stress ◽

Plant Responses ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Resistance Level

Salinity may strongly influence the interaction between plant roots and surrounding soil, but this has been poorly studied for sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) and Na2SO4 salinities on the soil chemical properties as well as rice physiological- and yield-related parameters of two contrasted cultivars (V14 (salt-sensitive) and Pokkali (salt-resistant)). Pot experiments were conducted using soil and electrolyte solutions, namely NaCl and Na2SO4, inducing two electrical conductivity levels (EC: 5 or 10 dS m−1) of the soil solutions. The control treatment was water with salt-free tap water. Our results showed that soil pH increased under Na2SO4 salinity, while soil EC increased as the level of saline stress increased. Salinity induced an increase in Na+ concentrations on solid soil complex and in soil solution. NaCl reduced the stomatal density in salt-sensitive cultivar. The total protein contents in rice grain were higher in V14 than in Pokkali cultivar. Saline stress significantly affected all yield-related parameters and NaCl was more toxic than Na2SO4 for most of the studied parameters. Pokkali exhibited a higher tolerance to saline stress than V14, whatever the considered type of salt. It is concluded that different types of salts differently influence soil properties and plant responses and that those differences partly depend on the salt-resistance level of the considered cultivar.

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