scholarly journals The Nature of the Technosols on the Waste from Nickel Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 406
Author(s):  
Eva Michaeli ◽  
Vladimír Solár ◽  
Matúš Maxin ◽  
Jozef Vilček ◽  
Martin Boltižiar
Keyword(s):  
Loose Material ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Soil Group ◽  
Nickel Production ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
Sludge Waste ◽  
C And N ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Given ◽  
Lateritic Ore

The aim of the study was to investigate the properties of the metallurgical sludge—waste from nickel production—on the landfill of a former nickel plant in Sereď, Slovakia, in relation to the technosols soil group. The sludge is a loose material which is a toxic industrial technological anthropogenic sediment of an unnatural black colour which originated from the crushing, washing, and leaching of poor iron–nickel lateritic ore in ammoniac solution and other caustics substances. The terrain reconnaissance enabled us to identify the points for the location of the probes. Here we dug seven probes and took 17 samples. In the samples the pH levels, the content of heavy metal and iron TOC, IC, C, and N, and the C:N ratio were determined. This study provides substantial empirical data on the properties of the metallurgical sludge. The results of the analyses clearly demonstrate that the sludge is a strongly alkaline material and contains toxic amounts of heavy metals (Cr, Ni). It is an artefact whose properties are unfavourable to living organisms and their communities. On the basis of the results of the probes analysis we identified the nature of the technosols on the given locality.

scholarly journals Elevation Gradient Altered Soil C, N, and P Stoichiometry of Pinus taiwanensis Forest on Daiyun Mountain

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1089
Author(s):  
Lan Jiang ◽  
Zhongsheng He ◽  
Jinfu Liu ◽  
Cong Xing ◽  
Xinguang Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Driving Factors ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Elevation Gradients ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil P ◽  
C And N

Researches focused on soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) content and the stoichiometry characteristics along elevation gradients are important for effective management of forest ecosystems. Taking the soil of different elevations from 900 to 1700 m on Daiyun Mountain as the object, the elevation distribution of total C, N, and P in soil and their stoichiometry characteristics were studied. Also, the driving factors resulting in the spatial heterogeneity of soil stoichiometry are presented. The results show the following: (1) The average soil C and N content was 53.03 g·kg−1 and 3.82 g·kg−1, respectively. The content of C and N at high elevation was higher than that of at low elevation. Soil phosphorus fluctuated with elevation. (2) With increasing elevation, soil C:N ratio increased initially to 17.40 at elevation between 900–1000 m, and then decreased to 12.02 at elevation 1600 m. The changing trends of C:P and N:P were similar, and they all fluctuated with elevation. (3) Elevation, soil bulk density, and soil temperature were the main factors influencing the variation of soil C, N, and C:N. Soil pH and slope position were the driving factors for soil P, C:P, and N:P. The soil is rich in C and N, and has less total phosphorus on Daiyun Mountain. Raising the level of phosphate fertilizer appropriately can help to improve soil fertility and promote plant growth as well. In light of this information, in the near future, it will be necessary to conduct separation management of C, N, and P with regular monitoring systems to maintain favorable conditions for soil.

Poached lives, traded forms: Engaging with animal trafficking around the globe

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jaclin
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
First Century ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Wildlife Trafficking ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Given

From the depths of the Borneo jungle to private ménageries through the dark web, this article investigates the expansion of contemporary wildlife trafficking and maps an early twenty-first-century booming trade in living organisms, dead animal parts and metempsychic imaginaries. Fuelled by a multiplicity of emergent relational entanglements, such traffic involves life and death matters, big money interests, coveted commercial routes (and their extensive influence over land, people and spirits) as well as deep affective states infused with apocalyptic narratives, blood and bullets, tourism and terrorism. Here I concentrate on the curious case of pangolin poaching and identify problems pertaining to the characterization of life forms when such forms are massively poached, extensively traded and, overall, continuously transfigured along various registers of activities. Concomitantly, I detect in today’s so-called ‘multispecies-turn’ a problematic conceptualization of what an animal (individual or species) is – be this animal alive or dead, whether it should be hunted, protected, consumed, reproduced, mourned, or even held responsible for a new geological epoch. Rather than assuming the given of an already individuated form (from which to consider either pre-conceived or post-confirmed developmental stages), I draw on individuating processes that actually enable individuals to emerge (and emergence to individuate). While distinguishing between dynamics of concrescence and indetermination, I offer positive, operative and alternative concepts to re-engage with mo(ve)ment of shared becomings. Here, the animal is approached as an event.

scholarly journals Ab-Initio Computational Study on Fe2NiP schreibersite: Bulk and Surface Characterization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Pantaleone ◽  
Marta Corno ◽  
Albert Rimola ◽  
Nadia Balucani ◽  
Piero Ugliengo
Keyword(s):  
Ab Initio ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Ab Initio Simulations ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Phosphorous Compounds ◽  
Simple Interaction

<p>Phosphorous is ubiquitous in planet Earth and plays a fundamental role in all living systems. Finding a reasonable prebiotic source of phosphorous is not trivial, as common sources where it is present nowadays are in the form of phosphate minerals, which are rather insoluble and non-reactive materials, and, accordingly, unavailable for being readily incorporated in living organisms. A possible source of phosphorous is from the exogenous meteoritic bombardment and, in particular, in iron/nickel phosphites. These materials, by simple interaction with water, produce oxygenated phosphorous compounds, which can easily react with organic molecules, thus forming C-O-P bonds. In the present work, periodic ab-initio simulations at PBE level (inclusive of dispersive interactions) have been carried out on metallic Fe<sub>2</sub>NiP-schreibersite, as a relative abundant component of metallic meteorites, in order to characterize structural, energetics and vibrational properties of both bulk and surfaces of this material. The aim is to study the relative stability among different surfaces, to characterize both the nanocrystal morphology and the reactivity towards water molecules. </p>

scholarly journals More than stoichiometry: the molecular composition of inorganic and organic substrates controls ammonium regeneration by bacteria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Guo ◽  
M. Cherif
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
List Type ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Mixed Substrates ◽  
C And N ◽  
Ammonium Regeneration

AbstractThe mineralization of nitrogen (N) and especially the regeneration of ammonium are critical processes performed by bacteria in aquatic ecosystems. Quantifying these processes is complicated because bacteria simultaneously consume and produce ammonium. Here we use experimental data on the effects of the molecular composition of the supplied substrates, combined with a classical stoichiometric model of ammonium regeneration, to demonstrate how the quantification of these processes can be improved. We manipulated a batch culture experiment with an isolated bacterial community by adding three different types of N substrates: dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, nitrate), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON, amino acid) and a mixture of DIN and DON. With such experiment set-up, the ammonium regeneration per se could be easily tracked without using complicated methods (e.g. isotope dilution). We compared the experimental data with the predictions of Goldman et al’ model (1987) as well as with a revised version, using the measured consumption carbon:nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio), rather than an estimated consumption ratio. We found that, for all substrates, and in particular, mixed substrates where C and N are partially dissociated between different molecules, estimates of ammonium regeneration rates can be improved by measuring the actual consumption C: N ratio.ImportanceMeasuring bacterial ammonium regeneration in natural aquatic ecosystem is difficult because bacteria in the field simultaneously consume and produce ammonium. In our experimental design, we used nitrate as the inorganic nitrogen substrate. This way, we could measure separately the uptake and excretion of inorganic nitrogen by bacteria without incorporating cumbersome methods such as isotope dilution. Our experiment allowed us to evaluate the accuracy of various stoichiometric models for the estimation of net bacterial nitrogen regeneration. We found that:The exact distribution of C and N among the various molecules that make the bulk of DOM is a crucial factor to consider for bacterial net nitrogen regeneration.For all substrates, and in particular, mixed substrates where C and N are partially dissociated between different molecules, estimates of net nitrogen regeneration rates can be improved by measuring the actual C: N ratio of bacterial consumption.

X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of High-Temperature Super Alloys — Calibration and Standards

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. J. Heinrich ◽  
S. D. Rasberry
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
The Given ◽  
Analytical Errors ◽  
Calibration Equations ◽  
Correction Equations

AbstractThe current experimental work extends our calibration concept of separating the effects of absorption and fluorescence to the high - temperature superalloys. The new calibration procedure produces calibration equations which are valid over wide ranges of composition — a feature which is useful in the analysis of high - temperature superalloys . For the specimens considered, the elements iron, nickel, chromium, cobalt and molybdenum can be present at levels greater than 10%; while tantalum, aluminum, titanium, manganese, silicon and vanadium may be present at levels between 1 and 6%. The calibration for this group of alloys has required, in the past, a large number of standards; the number is reduced by judicious application of the given correction equations. Analytical errors can be limited to 1 to 2% in the use of this method.

scholarly journals Effect of mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) on nitrogen and Escherichia coli reductions in soils: a field experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sky Halford ◽  
María J. Gutiérrez-Ginés ◽  
Andrew Rees ◽  
Izzie Alderton ◽  
Kolja Schaller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Agricultural Catchments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
C And N ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Leptospermum Scoparium

Abstract Purpose Planting strategies can be effective mechanisms to reduce diffuse pollution from agricultural catchments reaching water bodies. Plants with antimicrobial properties such as mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) demonstrated in controlled conditions the ability to inhibit nitrification and growth of pathogens in soils. This potential in a real on-farm setting was still to be investigated. Methods In a stock-excluded riparian area, planted with mānuka on a dry stock farm, synthetic excrement patches high in urea (950 kg N ha−1 equiv.) and Escherichia coli (7.9 × 109 cfu plant-1) underneath mānuka saplings and pasture were applied. Soil was sampled at three depths over 21 days after the excrement application and analysed for total C and N, inorganic N, pH, soil moisture and E. coli. Results There was no significant difference between the pasture and mānuka for total C and N, C:N ratio, and soil moisture. E. coli was only different between both at 20–30 cm deep. NO3− - N and NH4+ - N concentrations were significantly lower under mānuka compared to pasture for the upper two soil depths (NO3− - N: 109 mg kg−1 vs 205 mg kg−1 in the topsoil). Conclusions The results of this study indicate that mānuka may inhibit urease activity and nitrification and could reduce on-farm nitrate leaching, while also highlighting that field conditions make quantifying such phenomenon more complex.

scholarly journals Ab-Initio Computational Study on Fe2NiP Schreibersite: Bulk and Surface Characterization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Pantaleone ◽  
Marta Corno ◽  
Albert Rimola ◽  
Nadia Balucani ◽  
Piero Ugliengo
Keyword(s):  
Ab Initio ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Ab Initio Simulations ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Phosphorous Compounds ◽  
Simple Interaction

<p>Phosphorous is ubiquitous in planet Earth and plays a fundamental role in all living systems. Finding a reasonable prebiotic source of phosphorous is not trivial, as common sources where it is present nowadays are in the form of phosphate minerals, which are rather insoluble and non-reactive materials, and, accordingly, unavailable for being readily incorporated in living organisms. A possible source of phosphorous is from the exogenous meteoritic bombardment and, in particular, in iron/nickel phosphites. These materials, by simple interaction with water, produce oxygenated phosphorous compounds, which can easily react with organic molecules, thus forming C-O-P bonds. In the present work, periodic ab-initio simulations at PBE level (inclusive of dispersive interactions) have been carried out on metallic Fe<sub>2</sub>NiP-schreibersite, as a relative abundant component of metallic meteorites, in order to characterize structural, energetics and vibrational properties of both bulk and surfaces of this material. The aim is to study the relative stability among different surfaces, to characterize both the nanocrystal morphology and the reactivity towards water molecules. </p>

scholarly journals Diagenetic alterations of amino acids and organic matter in the upper Pearl River Estuary surface sediments

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zhang ◽  
R. Zhang ◽  
Q. Wu ◽  
N. Xu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Pearl River Estuary ◽  
Pearl River ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Diagenetic Alteration ◽  
C And N

Abstract. The objective of this study was to investigate the diagenetic alteration of sediment organic matter (OM) in the upper Pearl River Estuary. Sediment analyses were conducted for three size fractions of OM, including coarse particulate OM (CPOM), fine particulate OM (FPOM), and ultrafiltered dissolved OM (UDOM). Results showed that the highest and lowest carbon (C): nitrogen (N) ratios were in CPOM and UDOM, respectively, indicating that CPOM was relatively enriched in organic C. The highest average total N content in the FPOM fraction showed that FPOM was enriched in N-containing molecules. Our study showed that the "size-reactivity continuum" model was applicable to sediment particulate and dissolved OM. Distributions of amino acids and their D-isomers among the sediment fractions indicated that the amino acid-based diagenetic index, C:N ratio, and percentage of total N represented by total hydrolysable amino acids could be used as diagenetic indicators. Furthermore, the diagenetic state of sediment OM could also be characterized by C- and N-normalized yields of total D-amino acids, and C- and N-normalized yields of D-alanine, D-glutamic acid, and D-serine.

Soil properties in organic olive orchards following different weed management in a rolling landscape of Andalusia, Spain

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
María-Auxiliadora Soriano ◽  
Sonia Álvarez ◽  
Blanca B. Landa ◽  
José A. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C And N

AbstractThis study evaluated the most significant physical, chemical and biological soil properties from a group of organic olive farms located in a typical olive-growing area of Andalusia, Spain, after 5 or more years since the shift from conventional to organic farming, and compared soils with those in nearby undisturbed (U) natural areas. Two soil management systems implemented in these organic olive farms to control weeds, tillage (T), characterized by non-inverting-shallow tillage in spring, and mechanical mowing (M), were compared and evaluated against the U areas. Organic olive orchards showed similar productivity (average fruit yield of 3130 kg ha−1 yr−1) as the conventional, rain-fed olive groves in the same area, with no significant differences due to soil management systems. Soil properties in the olive orchards (i.e. texture, pH, organic carbon (C), organic nitrogen (N), C:N ratio, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable potassium) were in the suitable range for olive farming in both soil managements, although organic C and N, saturated hydraulic conductivity and available water-holding capacity (AWC) of the soil were lower than in the U areas. A principal component analysis (PCA) for soil properties in topsoil (0–10 cm depth) distinguished the T from M olive orchards and U areas, and determined organic C and N as the most significant soil properties to characterize them. Average values of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks for the surface layer (0–10 cm depth) were 18.6, 59.3 and 67.8 Mg ha−1, for T and M soil management systems and U areas, respectively. This indicates that the sustainability of organic olive orchards could be significantly improved by shifting to M soil management to decrease soil erosion and depletion of SOC.

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