scholarly journals Security Assessment of Taiwan Solid Wood Product Supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5292
Author(s):  
Chyi-Rong Chiou ◽  
Wei-Hsun Chan ◽  
Meng-Shan Wu ◽  
Jiunn-Cheng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Product ◽  
Security Assessment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Solid Wood Product

Taiwan is highly dependent on imports of solid wood materials. In the past ten years (2009–2018), it imported raw materials for solid wood products from 117 countries. Therefore, the diversity of raw material sources is a serious concern. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the risks of solid wood product supplies. The dispersion and concentration of supply sources are the measures. The SWI and HHI models are used to calculate the six major imported solid wood products. The results show that from the beginning of 2009 to the end of 2018, wood chips and pellets with the highest average annual import quantity had the lowest average performance in SWI and with the highest average HHI value, which indicates that wood chips and pellets are the riskiest items among the 6 solid wood products. While the sawn wood has the highest average SWI value and the lowest HHI value, it offers the smallest supply risk.

Raw material factors affecting the quota of structural wood in sawmill production

2019 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
MAREK WIERUSZEWSKI ◽  
RADOSŁAW MIRSKI ◽  
ADRIAN TROCIŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Research Technology ◽  
Main Indicator ◽  
Round Wood

Construction wood has to meet high requirements for loads capacity. Thanks to the selection and adequate classification of raw materials it is possible to decide how specific wood products can and should be used. The usage of solid wood for structural elements purposes has been precisely classified and specified in standardized requirements. Twelve classes of structural timber, ranging from C14 to C50, have been identified for softwood. Only part of Polish raw wood meets the standards of strength classes required in the building industry, as its strength corresponds to classes C24 and C30. A conclusion from research on the assortment structure of the raw materials in Poland was formed that it is particularly important to sort wood effectively according to its quality and intended use during processing. The material and strength efficiency is the main indicator of rational use of wood. The research resulted in setting the initial classification limits of selected round wood groups according to its strength. Properties determining the possibilities of obtaining a high quality product from the available raw wood material were taken into account in the research. Crucial factor was to select the proper research technology of determining dependencies between the applied research methodology and the defined wood quality, sorting class and strength class. The lower limit of availability of raw material with appropriate technical characteristics is determined during the selection of the research formula.

Calculation of the Glaze Recipe for Porcelain Feldspar Products Based on their Molecular Formula Rationalization

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Ion Teoreanu ◽  
Roxana Lucia Dumitrache ◽  
Stefania Stoleriu
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Design Equation ◽  
Material Sources

Any change of the raw material sources for glazes, economically, ecologically motivated, and also from the glaze quality point of view, is conditioned by the molecular formula rationalization and by the variation limits of the molecular formula, respectively. The proper glaze compositions are placed within their limit variation intervals with optimized processing and utilization properties. For this purpose, the rationalization criteria and procedures of molecular formulas are summarized in the present paper, as well as the results referring to their rationalization obtained in the authors� previous work. Thus, one starts from a base of raw materials that are selected, usable and also accessible for the design and producing of the glazes. On these bases the groundwork and the design equation for the glaze recipes are developed, exemplified for a single glaze. For an easy access to results, computer programs are used for an easy access to results.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

scholarly journals A Review of Cottonseed Protein Chemistry and Non-Food Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-274
Author(s):  
H. N. Cheng ◽  
Zhongqi He ◽  
Catrina Ford ◽  
Wade Wyckoff ◽  
Qinglin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Soy Protein ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Protein Chemistry ◽  
Cottonseed Protein ◽  
Fiber Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sustainable Products ◽  
Food Applications

There has been increasing interest in recent years in the use of agro-based raw materials for the production of bio-friendly and sustainable products. Plant-based proteins are among the popular materials being studied. In particular, cottonseed protein (a byproduct of cotton fiber production) is widely available and has useful properties. Although not as well-known as soy protein, cottonseed protein has been shown to be a potentially valuable raw material for numerous applications. In this review, the latest developments in isolation, composition and molecular weight, chemical and enzymatic modifications, and non-food applications are delineated. Among these applications, films and coatings, interfacial and emulsifying applications, adhesives, and bioplastics seem to attract the most attention. A particular effort has been made to cover the literature on these topics in the past 10 years.

Green gold of Africa – Can growing native bamboo in Ethiopia become a commercially viable business?

2014 ◽  
Vol 90 (05) ◽  
pp. 628-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Böck
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
Subtropical Zone ◽  
New Construction ◽  
Increasing Demand

With concerns about climate change and the search for sustainable construction materials, significant attention is now being paid to Africa's natural resources. Ethiopia, known as Africa's political capital, has a rapidly expanding economy with increasing demand for new construction materials. Through public private partnerships projects the country is developing a sustainable business model to promote bamboo as a raw material. The subtropical zone of Ethiopia is home to approximately 65% of Africa's bamboo resources, an area of over 1 million hectares. Bamboo is potentially an ideal source of local, sustainable purpose-engineered building materials for growing cities not only in Ethiopia but across Africa. Production of conventional construction materials such as steel and concrete is expensive, highly energy intensive and unsustainable, requiring large quantities of water and is strongly dependent on imported raw materials. Bamboo is a renewable building material widely cultivated in Ethiopia but not yet utilized in modern construction. Structural Bamboo Products (SBP), similar to engineered wood products, have excellent potential to partially replace the use of more energy-intensive materials. Projects such as African Bamboo are taking steps in managing, cultivating and using Ethiopian bamboo species to help mitigate rapid deforestation in East Africa by creating alternative “wood” sources and sustainable business opportunities.

scholarly journals Factors of achieving and ensuring energy security in the context of national and EuroAtlantic security

2021 ◽  
Vol 342 ◽  
pp. 04011
Author(s):  
Nicolae Daniel Fîţă ◽  
Emilia Grigorie
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Final Conclusion ◽  
Material Sources

Energy security, alongside with industrial, food, societal, environmental and sustainable development, information, cyber, economic, defense and national order security, etc., is part of the concept of national security of a state. The level of security of a state is the ability of that state to aggregate resources internally and gain or maintain access to external economic resources. Energy security means being ensured in terms of raw material sources, control of transportation and distribution routes and alternatives. Sufficient and available raw material resources are an urgent prerequisite for achieving energy security. Any longer interruption of energy supply has a negative effect on the economic growth, the political stability and the welfare of the citizens of a state. The following elements of energy security instability can endanger a state’s energy security: risks (physical, economic, geopolitical, geostrategic, social, environmental protection, etc.); threats (terrorist action, political, industrial, economic and national instability, armed conflicts, piracy, etc.); dangers (lack of energy supply and/or raw materials, the finite nature of energy resources, use of energy as a pressure instrument or energy weapon, use of energy revenues to support undemocratic regimes, high energy costs for developing countries and global climate change) and vulnerabilities (natural and/or anthropogenic hazards). For the purpose to ensure the stability of national and EuroAtlantic security, the following factors are proposed by authors to achieve and ensure energy security: 25 proposed way to achieving energy security; 8 proposed way to ensuring energy security, and 9 proposed scenarios to quantification energy security almost complete. The final conclusion is: the energy security of a state is in fact the national security of that state.

scholarly journals PENDAPATAN USAHA DAN PERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU INDUSTRI BAWANG GORENG (Studi Kasus Industri Bawang Goreng “Uda Saprudin”)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Herlena Bidi Astuti ◽  
Yesmawati Y ◽  
Linda Harta ◽  
Reswita R
Keyword(s):  
Lead Time ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Operating Income ◽  
Inventory Costs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Total Inventory ◽  
C Value

Processing shallots into fried onions is one of the agro-industry businesses with the main raw material of shallots. The fried onion home industry is a downstreaming of agricultural commodities by providing added value from the raw materials of shallots, in the process of production competition the industry must conduct management that will produce raw materials to ensure obtaining products. The purpose of this study was to determine the operating income of fried onions and determine the management of raw materials in the "Uda Saprudin" fried onion industry in Bengkulu City. The method used in this study is the calculation of income, R / C ratio, and management of raw materials using EOQ, Safety Stock, Reorder Points, lead time and total inventory costs. This research is a case study conducted in February 2019 with the data used is the data of the past year (2018). From the research results obtained R / C value of 1.36 and the management of raw material requirements recognized EOQ value: 6.546 Kg, Reorder Point value: 6.329 Kg / Month, lead time: 0.5 months and Total inventory costs: Rp. 163,676,047 per year.

scholarly journals To the question of raw material sources of mining and smelting centers of the Paleometal Epoch in Central Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Darkhan Aitzhanuly Baitileu ◽  
Maksim Nikolaevich Ankushev
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Smelting Process ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Copper Deposits ◽  
Mineral Raw Materials ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Mining And Smelting

The subject of this research is the copper deposits, copper-ore resource, and sources of alloying raw materials for mining and smelting production of the Paleometal Epoch in Central Kazakhstan, namely within the Kazakhstan mining and smelting region and Zhezkazgan-Ulytau mining and smelting center. The article provides the interim results of comprehensive research of geoarchaeological production facilities in the territory of copper deposits within the Zhezkazgan-Ulytau mining and smelting center, which allow determining the peculiarities of metallogenic complexes that used to be potential objects of the development of copper-ore reserves during the establishment of copper metallurgy, as well as making a predictive assessment of mineral raw materials potential of the region. The initial premise of this research lies in the authors' pursuit to integrate natural scientific methods of research into the field of humanities to the maximum effect via studying smelting slags and ore relics from the ancient settlements of the region for the purpose of reconstructing the mining and smelting process of the Bronze Age in Central Kazakhstan. The authors offer the variants of localization of the mineral raw materials complex of Zhezkazgan-Ulytau mining and smelting center within the Kazakhstan mining and smelting region. Based on examination of the ores and smelting slags of Bronze Age settlements in Central Kazakhstan, the authors believe that the main copper raw materials in the Zhezkazgan-Ulytau region were the oxidized malachite-azurite and rich sulfide ores, as well as the zones of secondary sulfide enrichment of copper sandstones of the Zhezkazgan ore region. The conducted research allow to get closer to establishing patterns of localization of various types of copper deposits and development of copper-ore resources for mining and smelting production of Zhezkazgan-Ulytau region during the Paleometal Epoch.

Industrial, Ecological and Resource-Efficient Aspects of Vanadium Production and Use of Technogenic Vanadium Sources

2017 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 994-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.S. Makhotkina ◽  
M.V. Shubina
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydrometallurgical Processing ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Vanadium Extraction ◽  
Extraction Degree ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Applications

The causes of the global vanadium consumption increase are described and new applications of this metal are given in the article. The main natural sources of vanadium are titanomagnetite, which is a strategic mineral raw material. The current volumes of vanadium extraction from natural raw materials do not match the demand of the market. Therefore there is an urgent need for recycling of secondary and technogenic sources. Partially the basic existing technologies processing vanadium-containing waste are reviewed. The effect of these wastes on the environment and human health is analyzed. The importance of vanadium steel slag recycling for the ecological state of industrial regions, resource-efficiency in expanding the raw material sources of vanadium and reducing the cost of steel production in general is shown. The results of studies on the extraction of vanadium in the form of soluble vanadate of metallurgical vanadium slag using hydrometallurgical processing are demonstrated. The analysis of the received values of the vanadium extraction degree was conducted. The influence of various factors on the completeness of extraction was examined. A significant influence on the vanadium extraction degree of slag chemical composition, the ratio of slag and alkaline additives in the charge, conditions of roasting and leaching was revealed.

scholarly journals Scarcity and Environmental Impact of Mineral Resources—An Old and Never-Ending Discussion

Resources ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Environmental Study ◽  
World Population ◽  
Product Systems ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Drying Up

A historical overview shows that mankind has feared the scarcity of mineral resources, especially metals, for many centuries. In the first half of the 20th century, this discussion was marked by the great military demand for raw materials, followed by the growing world population, increasing consumption and environmental awareness. From then on, there was less talk of regional shortages, but more discussion of a global scarcity or even a drying up of raw material sources worldwide. Although these forecasts are still controversially discussed today, the assessment of resource depletion has become an integral element of Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) or Life Cycle Impact Assessments (LCIA) of product systems. A number of methodological approaches are available for this purpose, which are presented and applied in a series of articles as part of a special issue of ”Resources”. The fundamental question is also addressed, namely to what extent the assessment of resource depletion in the context of an environmental study such as LCA is appropriate.

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