scholarly journals Assessment of Nitrogen Flows at Farm and Regional Level When Developing the Manure Management System for Large-Scale Livestock Enterprises in North-West Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6614
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Briukhanov ◽  
Eduard Vasilev ◽  
Natalia Kozlova ◽  
Ekaterina Shalavina
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Nitrogen Surplus ◽  
Animal Density ◽  
Nitrogen Flows

Arranging efficient manure management is the major environmental challenge in livestock farming in the Leningrad Region, with manure nitrogen being regarded as the main pollution source. The study aimed to identify the baselines for taking integrated manure management decisions towards reducing nitrogen losses applying nitrogen surplus and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) as indicators calculated at the regional and municipal district level. At the regional level, NUE was found to be 34% and N surplus was 103 kg ha−1. Eleven “environmentally friendly” districts had a mean NUE of 59%, a mean N surplus 39.6 kg ha−1 and a mean animal density 0.89 LSU ha−1. Four districts were identified as “hot spots”, with an animal density in the range from 2.6 to 67 LSU ha−1, NUE from 1 to 37% and N surplus from 87 to 3082 kg ha−1. A scenario was suggested for the redistribution of organic fertilisers between “hot spots” and “environmentally friendly” districts, allowing each district to increase the N surplus to the regional value. Nitrogen flows and measures improving NUE at the farm level through organisational activity and advanced practices were considered with the help of the “N input − N output” diagram and the example of the nitrogen flows on a pilot dairy farm.

Contribution of livestock farming systems to the nitrogen cascade and consequences for farming regions

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (s1) ◽  
pp. 8-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cellier ◽  
P. Rochette ◽  
P. Durand ◽  
P. Faverdin ◽  
P. J. Kuikman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Livestock Farming Systems ◽  
Animal Density ◽  
Animal Excreta ◽  
Nitrogen Flows

This article describes the nitrogen flows in the environment and points to the specificities of the livestock production. Till the beginning of the 20th century, the symbiotic fixation and the recycling of animal excreta supplied the nitrogen necessary for the fertility of soil. In 1913, the Haber-Bosch process allowed the industrial synthesis of ammonia and made possible the fertilisation without association of crop production with the livestock farming. The efficiency of the nitrogen in livestock farming is low with nearly half or more of the inputs losses to the environment. These losses have diverse impacts that intervene at various spatial scales owing to the nitrogen cascade. Quantitative assessment of nitrogen flows at the scale of regions started in the early 1980s in Western Europe and North America. These studies provided estimates of the spatial variability of nitrogen discharge within a region. They confirmed the differences between areas with a high animal density such as Brittany (western region, France) and other regions. It was also found that the same nitrogenous losses could lead to different levels of environmental impacts according to the sensibility of a given environment and its capacity to cope with nitrogen excess. Climate, soils characteristics, animal density, and proportions of agricultural land under annual and perennial crops are drivers of this sensibility.

Carbon Footprint Assessment of a Large-Scale Pig Production System in Northern China: A Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 1121-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanqing Zhou ◽  
Hongmin Dong ◽  
Hongwei Xin ◽  
Zhiping Zhu ◽  
Wenqiang Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Traditional Practice ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Transport Distance ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Crop Planting

Abstract. China raises 50% of global live pigs. However, few studies on the carbon footprint (CF) of large-scale pig production based on China’s actual production conditions have been carried out. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) and actual production data of a typical large-scale pig farm in northern China were used to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or CF associated with the whole process of pig production, including feed production (crop planting, feed processing, and transportation), enteric fermentation, manure management, and energy consumption. The results showed a CF of 3.39 kg CO2-eq per kg of live market pig and relative contributions of 55%, 28%, 13%, and 4% to the total CF by feed production, manure management, farm energy consumption, and enteric fermentation, respectively. Crop planting accounted for 66% of the feed production CF, while feed processing and transportation accounted for the remaining 34%. Long-distance transport of semi-raw feed materials caused by planting-feeding separation and over-fertilization in feed crop planting were two main reasons for the largest contribution of GHG emissions from feed production to the total CF. The CF from nitrogen fertilizer application accounted for 33% to 44% of crop planting and contributed to 16% of the total CF. The CF from the transport of feed ingredients accounted for 17% of the total CF. If the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used for producing the main feed ingredients is reduced from 209 kg hm-2 (for corn) and 216 kg hm-2 (for wheat) to 140 kg hm-2 (corn) and 180 kg hm-2 (wheat), the total CF would be reduced by 7%. If the transport distance for feed materials decreased from 325 to 493 km to 30 km, along with reducing the number of empty vehicles for transport, the total CF would be reduced by 18%. The combined CF mitigation potential for over-fertilization and transport distance is 26%. In addition, the use of pit storage, anaerobic digestion, and lagoon for manure management can reduce GHG emissions from manure management by 76% as compared to the traditional practice of pit storage and lagoon. This case study reveals the impact of planting-feeding separation and over-fertilization on the CF of the pig supply chain in China. The manure management practice of pit storage, anaerobic digestion, and lagoon is much more conductive to reducing the CF as compared to the traditional practice of pit storage and lagoon. Keywords: Greenhouse gas, Life cycle assessment, Mitigation, Pig.

Railway fuel and its impact on the forests in colonial India: The case of the Punjab, 1860–1884

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1283-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
PALLAVI V. DAS
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
State Response ◽  
The Impact

AbstractRecent studies have stressed the need for micro-histories of the environment so that important differences and similarities at local, regional and national level might be revealed. This paper analyses the process and patterns of environmental degradation at regional level by taking the case of deforestation in colonial Punjab by studying its implication at the level of empire. More specifically, it examines three aspects of how the operation and expansion of railways from 1869 to 1884, a peak period of railway expansion, affected the forests of the Punjab's plains. First, the paper analyses the reasons for large-scale railway expansion in the Punjab by discussing spatial and temporal expansion. Secondly, the impact of the railway firewood demand on the Punjab's forests between 1860 and 1884 is examined, specifically, the conditions that facilitated the increased dependence of the railways on firewood. Next follows an examination of the temporally varying nature of deforestation, given that railway firewood demand was determined by railway line openings. This section also includes a discussion on the nature of the colonial state response to the deforestation crisis and its role in maintaining the fuel supply to the railways. Finally, in the context of deforestation in the Punjab, the paper discusses how and why railway fuel changed from firewood to coal.

Large-scale Aqueous Synthesis of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro Martins ◽  
Alec P LaGrow ◽  
Gabriela L Botelho ◽  
Laura M. Salonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Degradation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Contaminants Of Emerging Concern ◽  
Aqueous Synthesis ◽  
Cigs Nanoparticles

Environmentally friendly synthesis of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) nanoparticles (NPs) is pivotal for producing sustainable photocatalytic compounds to be applied in the remediation of contaminants of emerging concern from water. To this...

scholarly journals Preparation of Hydrophobic Film by Electrospinning for Rapid SERS Detection of Trace Triazophos

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4120
Author(s):  
Fei Shao ◽  
Jiaying Cao ◽  
Ye Ying ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Dan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Sers Substrate ◽  
Ag Nps ◽  
Electrospinning Technique ◽  
Heterocyclic Molecules ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman ◽  
Sers Detection

For real application, it is an urgent demand to fabricate stable and flexible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates with high enhancement factors in a large-scale and facile way. Herein, by using the electrospinning technique, a hydrophobic and flexible poly(styrene-co-butadiene) (SB) fibrous membrane is obtained, which is beneficial for modification of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) colloid in a small region and then formation of more “hot spots” by drying; the final SERS substrate is designated as Ag/SB. Hydrophobic Ag/SB can efficiently capture heterocyclic molecules into the vicinity of hot spots of Ag NPs. Such Ag/SB films are used to quantitatively detect trace triazophos residue on fruit peels or in the juice, and the limit of detection (LOD) of 2.5 × 10−8 M is achieved. Ag/SB films possess a capability to resist heat. As a case, 6-mercaptopurine (6MP) that just barely dissolves in 90 °C water is picked for conducting Ag/SB-film-based experiments.

scholarly journals Prediction of hot spots in protein–DNA binding interfaces based on supervised isometric feature mapping and extreme gradient boosting

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (S13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Li ◽  
Sijia Zhang ◽  
Di Yan ◽  
Yannan Bin ◽  
Junfeng Xia
Keyword(s):  
Feature Selection ◽  
Manifold Learning ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Feature Mapping ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
Extreme Gradient Boosting ◽  
Isometric Feature Mapping

Abstract Background Identification of hot spots in protein-DNA interfaces provides crucial information for the research on protein-DNA interaction and drug design. As experimental methods for determining hot spots are time-consuming, labor-intensive and expensive, there is a need for developing reliable computational method to predict hot spots on a large scale. Results Here, we proposed a new method named sxPDH based on supervised isometric feature mapping (S-ISOMAP) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) to predict hot spots in protein-DNA complexes. We obtained 114 features from a combination of the protein sequence, structure, network and solvent accessible information, and systematically assessed various feature selection methods and feature dimensionality reduction methods based on manifold learning. The results show that the S-ISOMAP method is superior to other feature selection or manifold learning methods. XGBoost was then used to develop hot spots prediction model sxPDH based on the three dimensionality-reduced features obtained from S-ISOMAP. Conclusion Our method sxPDH boosts prediction performance using S-ISOMAP and XGBoost. The AUC of the model is 0.773, and the F1 score is 0.713. Experimental results on benchmark dataset indicate that sxPDH can achieve generally better performance in predicting hot spots compared to the state-of-the-art methods.

Nitrogen flows and livestock farming: lessons and perspectives

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (s1) ◽  
pp. 68-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-L. Peyraud ◽  
P. Cellier ◽  
F. Aarts ◽  
F. Béline ◽  
C. Bockstaller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Nitrogen Flows

scholarly journals Large Scale Emission from Radio Galaxies

1982 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
H. Andernach ◽  
R. Wielebinski
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Radio Galaxies ◽  
Emission Region ◽  
Diffuse Emission ◽  
Transfer Energy ◽  
Break Up

Radio galaxies are known to exhibit a variety of scales in their structure. First we have the nuclear sources, which so far have not been completely resolved even on the scale of 1/10 milliarcsecond with VLBI observing methods (e.g. Preuss, 1981). Then we have the ‘jets’ (which at some stage break up into ‘blobs’) which are considered to transfer energy from the ‘nuclear engine’ to the outer heads. The latter appear to be the sites of transfer of the collimated jet energy into a diffuse emission region. Despite their usually low brightness these diffuse emission regions dominate the internal energy content in particles and fields, even for the collimated doubles. Note that only 1% of the total energy in Cyg A is in the hot spots (Perola, 1981).

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