scholarly journals Drought Stress Alleviation by Potassium-Nitrate-Containing Chitosan/Montmorillonite Microparticles Confers Changes in Spinacia oleracea L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9903
Author(s):  
Syed Abubkar Haider ◽  
Irfana Lalarukh ◽  
Syeda Fasiha Amjad ◽  
Nida Mansoora ◽  
Maliha Naz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Global Constraints ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L

Drought and low amounts of mineral nutrients in the soil are the two leading global constraints in arid and semiarid regions. Their detrimental effects on soils and crops can be alleviated by applying controlled release and biodegradable fertilizers to better and sustain the crops. On a global scale, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an essential leafy green vegetable that is biologically considered a reliable source of essential nutrients and minerals for human health. A comprehensive approach is needed to manage water stress to mitigate the impacts of stress-caused damage and to examine this for better and increased plant production. An experiment was conducted using potassium-nitrate-containing chitosan/montmorillonite microparticles (150 mg) under mild and severe drought stress (MDS: 50% and SDS: 35% FC, respectively). The treatments include control (no KNO3 and 70% FC as normal irrigation (NI)), KNO3 + NI, 50% FC as mild drought stress (MDS), KNO3 + MDS, 35% FC as severe drought stress (SDS) and KNO3 + SDS. Results revealed that drought stress decreased all studied physiological parameters and increased oxidative stress indicators in spinach. Applying KN significantly increased root (122%) and shoot length (4%), shoot fresh weight (32%) and shoot dry weight (71%), chlorophyll a (88%), carotenoids (39%), total soluble proteins (50%), soluble sugars (51%), potassium (80%), and phosphorous (32%) concentrations over No KN at severe drought. While stress indicators, like glycine betaine, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, electrolyte leakage, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbic acid levels, were increased in stress. Treatment KN was proved efficient and effective in improving spinach physiological status in both MDS and SDS.

scholarly journals Foliar Supplementation of Clove Fruit Extract and Salicylic Acid Maintains the Performance and Antioxidant Defense System of Solanum tuberosum L. Under Deficient Irrigation Regimes

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
El-Sayed M. Desoky ◽  
Eman Selem ◽  
Mohamed F. Abo El-Maati ◽  
Asem A. S. A. Hassn ◽  
Hussein E. E. Belal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Irrigation Regimes

A field trial was conducted twice (in 2020 and 2021) to evaluate the effect of clove fruit extract (CFE) and/or salicylic acid (SA), which were used as a foliar nourishment, on growth and yield traits, as well as physiological and biochemical indices utilizing potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants irrigated with deficient regimes in an arid environment. Three drip irrigation regimes [e.g., well watering (7400 m3 ha−1), moderate drought (6200 m3 ha−1), and severe drought (5000 m3 ha−1)] were designed for this study. The tested growth, yield, and photosynthetic traits, along with the relative water content, were negatively affected, whereas markers of oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide), electrolyte leakage, and peroxidation of membrane lipids (assessed as malondialdehyde level) were augmented along with increased antioxidative defense activities under drought stress. These effects were gradually increased with the gradual reduction in the irrigation regime. However, under drought stress, CFE and/or SA significantly enhanced growth characteristics (fresh and dry weight of plant shoot and plant leaf area) and yield components (average tuber weight, number of plant tubers, and total tuber yield). In addition, photosynthetic attributes (chlorophylls and carotenoids contents, net photosynthetic and transpiration rates, and stomatal conductance) were also improved, and defensive antioxidant components (glutathione, free proline, ascorbate, soluble sugars, and α-tocopherol levels, and activities of glutathione reductase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase) were further enhanced. The study findings advocate the idea of using a CFE + SA combined treatment, which was largely efficient in ameliorating potato plant growth and productivity by attenuating the limiting influences of drought stress in dry environments.

scholarly journals Effects of mild and severe drought stress on the biomass, phenolic compounds production and photochemical activity of Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.

2018 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghader HABIBI
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Photochemical Activity ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Mild Drought

<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In this study, the biomass, compatible solutes, PSII functioning and phenolic profiles of <em>Aloe vera</em> (<a title="Carl Linnaeus" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus">L.</a>) <a title="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Laurens_Burman">Burm.f.</a> leaves were investigated at different time intervals after drought stress (20, 40 and 80 % of the field capacity). While the impaired ability of leaves for synthesis of assimilates caused growth inhibition in <em>A. vera</em> under severe drought stress, we observed that the content of proline, soluble sugars, total phenolic and flavonoids tended to increase in plants treated with mild drought stress. Under mild drought stress, the increased leaf thickness correlated with the higher productivity in terms of leaf biomass and gel production. Also, mild drought stress enhanced photochemical activity in <em>Aloe</em> leaves,<strong> </strong>and<strong> </strong>changed the entire quantity of secondary metabolite of vanillic acid produced, which may be considered to obtain better growth and considerable secondary metabolite of the medicinal <em>Aloe</em> plants treated with mild drought stress.</span></span></p>

scholarly journals Drought Tolerance Responses in Vegetable-Type Soybean Involve a Network of Biochemical Mechanisms at Flowering and Pod-Filling Stages

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1502
Author(s):  
Makoena Joyce Moloi ◽  
Rouxlene van der Merwe
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
H2o2 Production ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Tolerance Response ◽  
Total Seed

Severe drought stress affects the production of vegetable-type soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), which is in infancy for Africa despite its huge nutritional benefits. This study was conducted under controlled environmental conditions to establish the effects of severe drought stress on ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities as well as proline, total soluble sugars (TSS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents of five vegetable-type soybean cultivars (UVE8, UVE14, UVE17, AGS354, AGS429) at flowering and pod-filling stages. Drought induced significant increases in the contents of proline (selectively at pod filling for AGS429), TSS (at both stages for AGS429, and only at pod filling for UVE14), and malondialdehyde (AGS354 at flowering; UVE17 at pod filling). UVE8 and AGS354 had the highest H2O2 levels at flowering under drought stress, while AGS429 had the lowest. However, AGS429 was the only cultivar with significantly increased H2O2 under drought stress. Furthermore, drought stress induced significant increases in APX, GPX, and GR activities at flowering for AGS429. AGS354 recorded the highest decline for all antioxidative enzymes, while UVE17 decreased for GPX only. All biochemical parameters, except H2O2, were significantly higher at pod filling than at the flowering stage. The relationship between H2O2 and total seed mass (TSMP) or total seed per plant (TSP) was significantly positive for both stages, while that of TSS (at flowering) and proline (at pod filling) were significantly related to total pods per plant (TPP). The study suggests that during drought, the tolerance responses of vegetable-type soybean, APX, GPX, and GR (especially at the flowering stage), function in concert to minimize H2O2 production and lipid peroxidation, thereby allowing H2O2 to function in the signaling events leading to the induction of drought tolerance. The induction of TSS at flowering and proline at pod filling is important in the drought tolerance response of this crop.

scholarly journals Mycorrhiza Fungus Rhizophagus intraradices Mediates Drought Tolerance in Eleusine coracana Seedlings

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaagriti Tyagi ◽  
Neeraj Shrivastava ◽  
A. K. Sharma ◽  
Ajit Varma ◽  
Ramesh Namdeo Pudake
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Rhizophagus Intraradices

Under abiotic stress conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi help plants by improving nutrient and water uptake. Finger millet is an arid crop having soils with poor water holding capacity. Therefore, it is difficult for the plants to obtain water and mineral nutrients from the soil to sustain life. To understand the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in water and mineral up-take from the soil, we studied the role of Rhizophagus intraradices colonization and its beneficial role for drought stress tolerance in finger millet seedling. Under severe drought stress condition, AM inoculation led to the significant increase in plant growth (7%), phosphorus, and chlorophyll content (29%). Also, the level of osmolytes including proline and soluble sugars were found in higher quantities in AM inoculated seedlings under drought stress. Under water stress, the lipid peroxidation in leaves of mycorrhized seedlings was reduced by 29%. The flavonoid content of roots in AM colonized seedlings was found 16% higher compared to the control, whereas the leaves were accumulated more phenol. Compared to the control, ascorbate level was found to be 25% higher in leaf tissue of AM inoculated seedlings. Moreover, glutathione (GSH) level was increased in mycorrhiza inoculated seedlings with a maximum increment of 182% under severe stress. The results demonstrated that AM provided drought tolerance to the finger millet seedlings through a stronger root system, greater photosynthetic efficiency, a more efficient antioxidant system and improved osmoregulation.

scholarly journals Different Drought-Tolerant Mechanisms in Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.) Based on Physiological Analysis

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2279
Author(s):  
Pin-Hua Lin ◽  
Yun-Yang Chao
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar

The purpose of this experiment is to study the effects of treatment with 90% (28.5% volumetric water content (VWC)), 75% (24% VWC), 50% (16% VWC), and 25% (8% VWC) of water requirements on the growth of two djulis (Chenopodium formosana Koidz) varieties (red: RP and yellow: OR) and one quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) varieties (PI). The results showed that drought stress (8% VWC) significantly reduced plant growth and relative water content, and increased H2O2 and MDA content in C. formosana and C. quinoa. The most significant increase in these parameters was detected in the OR variety. The antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, APX, and GR activities of PI variety under drought treatment (8% VWC), are significantly increased, while GR activity of C. formosana also increased significantly. Additionally, C. formosana and PI variety remained at a stable AsA/DHA ratio, but the GSH/GSSG ratio decreased during drought treatment. Moreover, drought stress increased total soluble sugars and proline content in the PI variety. However, C. formosana proline content was extremely significantly enhanced, and only the OR variety increased the total soluble sugar content at the same time during the vegetative growth period. In summary, C. formosana and C. quinoa have different drought tolerance mechanisms to adapt to being cultivated and produced under severe drought conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Suillus variegatus) on the growth, hydraulic function, and non-structural carbohydrates of Pinus tabulaeformis under drought stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxing Wang ◽  
Haoqiang Zhang ◽  
Jing Gao ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Yaqin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Forest Decline ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Pinus Tabulaeformis ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Moderate Drought ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate

Abstract Background A better understanding of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) dynamics in trees under drought stress is critical to elucidate the mechanisms underlying forest decline and tree mortality from extended periods of drought. This study aimed to assess the contribution of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus (Suillus variegatus) to hydraulic function and NSC in roots, stems, and leaves of Pinus tabulaeformis subjected to different water deficit intensity. We performed a continuous controlled drought pot experiment from July 10 to September 10, 2019 using P. tabulaeformis seedlings under 80, 40, and 20% of the field moisture capacity that represented the absence of non-drought, moderate drought, and severe drought stress, respectively. Results Results indicated that S. variegatus decreased the mortality rate and increased height, root biomass, and leaf biomass of P. tabulaeformis seedlings under moderate and severe drought stress. Meanwhile, the photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates of P. tabulaeformis were significantly increased after S. variegatus inoculation. Moreover, the inoculation of S. variegatus also significantly increased the NSC concentrations of all seedling tissues, enhanced the soluble sugars content, and increased the ratios of soluble sugars to starch on all tissues under severe drought. Overall, the inoculation of S. variegatus has great potential for improving the hydraulic function, increasing the NSC storage, and improving the growth of P. tabulaeformis under severe drought. Conclusions Therefore, the S. variegatus can be used as a potential application strain for ecological restoration on arid regions of the Loess Plateau, especially in the P. tabulaeformis woodlands.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Salinity, Temperature, and Drought Stress in Grafted Watermelon Seedlings Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Kyeong Shin ◽  
Shiva Ram Bhandari ◽  
Jun Gu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Effective Quantum Yield ◽  
Salinity Levels

Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) is used to measure the physiological status of plants affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, we aimed to identify the changes in CF parameters in grafted watermelon seedlings exposed to salt, drought, and high and low temperatures. Grafted watermelon seedlings at the true three-leaf stage were subjected to salinity levels (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM) and temperature [low (8°C), moderate (24°C), and high (40°C)] stresses for 12 days under controlled environmental conditions independently. Eight CF parameters were measured at 2-day intervals using the FluorCam machine quenching protocol of the FluorCam machine. The seedlings were also exposed to drought stress for 3 days independent of salinity and temperature stress; CF parameters were measured at 1-day intervals. In addition, growth parameters, proline, and chlorophyll content were evaluated in all three experiments. The CF parameters were differentially influenced depending on the type and extent of the stress conditions. The results showed a notable effect of salinity levels on CF parameters, predominantly in maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), the ratio of the fluorescence decrease (Rfd), and quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation in PSII [Y(NO)]. High temperature had significant effects on Rfd and NPQ, whereas low temperature showed significant results in most CF parameters: Fv/Fm, Y(NO), NPQ, Rfd, the efficiency of excitation capture of open photosystem II (PSII) center (Fv′/Fm′), and effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in PSII [Y(PSII)]. Only NPQ and Rfd were significantly influenced by severe drought stress. Approximately, all the growth parameters were significantly influenced by the stress level. Proline content increased with an increase in stress levels in all three experiments, whereas the chlorophyll (a and b) content either decreased or increased depending upon the stressor. The results provided here may be useful for understanding the effect of abiotic stresses on CF parameters and the selection of index CF parameters to detect abiotic stresses in grafted watermelon seedlings.

scholarly journals Implications of ectomycorrhizal inoculation for drought stress tolerance of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière) seedlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamida Gaba Chahboub ◽  
Mohamed Sghir Lamhamedi ◽  
Ouzna Abrous-Belbachir
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Cedrus Atlantica ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Transplant Shock ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Survival And Growth

Background: Ectomycorrhizal inoculation is a promising strategy to minimise the initial transplant shock and increase plant survival and growth during the first years of out-planting in the field. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of sporal inoculum of three ectomycorrhizal fungi: Cortinarius cedretorum, Amanita vaginata and Inocybe geophylla on tolerance levels of Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière) seedlings subjected to applied drought stress in nursery conditions. Methods: Carpophores, seeds and organic forest soil were collected under pure stands of Atlas cedar. After fifteen months of growth, seedlings were subjected to drought stress by withholding water for thirty days; we assessed morphological and physiological variables of all seedling batches (inoculated and uninoculated, controlled and stressed seedlings) Results: All roots of inoculated stressed seedlings were mycorrhizal. The mycorrhization rates were 67%, 64.6% and 53.6% for stressed seedlings inoculated with Cortinarius cedretorum, Amanita vaginata, Inocybe geophylla, respectively. This root mycorrhization was accompanied by a significant improvement in seedling growth, especially height and length of the main root (10.2 cm, 52 cm) reached in stressed seedlings inoculated with Cortinarius cedretorum. There was a significant increase in relative water content, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, soluble sugars and starch, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxydase enzyme activities in inoculated stressed seedlings compared with uninoculated seedlings. Conclusions: Inoculation of Atlas cedar seedlings with spores of ectomycorrhizal fungi remains a very effective alternative for improving growth and the morphological and physiological status of seedlings under drought conditions. Cortinarius cedretorum appears to be consistently advantageous followed by Amanita vaginata and Inocybe geophylla.

scholarly journals Effect of Rhizophagus intraradices on growth and physiological performance of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.) under drought stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaagriti Tyagi ◽  
Neeraj Shrivastava ◽  
AK Sharma ◽  
Ajit Varma ◽  
Ramesh Pudake
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Eleusine Coracana ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Rhizophagus Intraradices

Under abiotic stress conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi help plants by improving nutrient and water uptake. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) is an arid crop having soils with poor water holding capacity. Therefore, it is difficult for the plants to obtain water and mineral nutrients from such soil to sustain life. To understand the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in water and mineral up-take from the soil, we studied the role of Rhizophagus intraradices colonization and its beneficial role for drought stress tolerance in finger millet seedlings. Under severe drought stress condition, AM inoculation led to the significant increase in plant growth (7 %), phosphorus and chlorophyll content (29 %). Also, under drought stress the level of osmolytes such as proline and soluble sugars were found to be increased in AM inoculated seedlings. Under water stress, the lipid peroxidation in leaves of mycorrhized seedlings was reduced by 29 %. The flavonoid content of roots in AM colonized seedlings was found 16 % higher compared to the control, whereas the leaves were accumulated more phenol. Compared to the control, ascorbate level was found to be 25 % higher in leaf tissue of AM inoculated seedlings. Moreover, glutathione (GSH) level was also increased in mycorrhiza inoculated seedlings with a maximum increment of 182 % under severe stress. The results demonstrated that AM provided drought tolerance to the finger millet seedlings through a stronger root system, greater photosynthetic efficiency, a more efficient antioxidant system and improved osmoregulation.

scholarly journals Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Invasive Species Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth to Drought Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5976
Author(s):  
Liye Zhou ◽  
Xun Tian ◽  
Beimi Cui ◽  
Adil Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

The invasive plant Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth exhibits strong adaptability to stress, especially drought. When newly introduced certain plant species can become invasive and quickly spread in an area due to lack of competition, potentially disturbing the ecological balance and species diversity. C. pauciflorus has been known to cause huge economic losses to agriculture and animal husbandry. Thus, understanding the physiological responses of C. pauciflorus to drought stress could help explore the role of C. pauciflorus in population expansion in sandy land environments. In this study, we evaluated the response of C. pauciflorus to induced low, moderate, and severe drought stress conditions. Results showed a linear reduction in the fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and relative water content (RWC) of the aboveground parts of C. pauciflorus following drought stress as compared to the control plants (no drought stress). Chemical analyses showed that the drought treatments significantly induced the production of proline, soluble proteins, soluble sugars, MDA, and free amino acids as compared to the control treatment (no drought stress). On the other hand, the starch content was significantly reduced in drought-treated plants. This was also accompanied by a significant linear increase in the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) in plants subjected to drought stress. On the basis of physiological and biochemical analyses, we propose that C. pauciflorus has evolved to survive harsh drought stress conditions of the desert via sophisticated biochemical adjustment and antioxidant reprograming that allows protection against damage caused by drought stress.

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