scholarly journals Analysing Challenges and Strategies in Land Productivity in Sikkim Himalaya, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 11112
Author(s):  
Prabuddh Kumar Mishra ◽  
Aman Rai ◽  
Kamal Abdelrahman ◽  
Suresh Chand Rai ◽  
Anuj Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Sikkim Himalaya ◽  
The Government

Agriculture is the major source of livelihood in rural areas and is considered the backbone of the Indian economy. In Sikkim, agriculture is being practiced by 80% of the rural population, and having no other major livelihood options has created immense pressure on the farmers and agricultural land. Agriculture sector is under great stress as the farmers are being confronted by various challenges in Sikkim Himalaya in recent years, such as land degradation, climate change and socio-economic problems. Despite the number of indigenous agriculture management methods being practised in Sikkim Himalaya, the agricultural production system is weakening. In this context, this paper presents an analysis of challenges faced by indigenous communities, local farmers and potential sustainable strategies for their management in Rani Khola watershed of Sikkim Himalaya. Data and information were collected by field observation, questionnaire surveys of 300 households, key informant interviews and focus group discussions conducted during 2017–18. Data processing and analysis were carried out with a combination of techniques, such as the application of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS)-based data processing and descriptive statistics. Major challenges identified in the watershed are water scarcity (80%), climate change (88%), soil erosion and runoff (72%), higher investment cost (100%), lack of irrigation facilities (77%), fragmentation and size of landholdings (100), human–wildlife conflict (59%) and pests and disease (60%). Some possibilities and innovations that could address these problems are the use and retaining of various indigenous soil and water conservation (SWC) measures, diversified farming systems, community involvement in the government development process, better irrigation facilities, strengthening the local economy, coordinated planning between stakeholders and development of market feedback mechanism within the system.

scholarly journals The Local Economy and Rural Development in Berambai Hamlet, East Kalimantan

Society ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 506-516
Author(s):  
Arman Arman ◽  
Asep Saefuddin
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
The Government ◽  
Depth Interviews

The role of the local economy gets eroded due to the inclusion of capitalization in rural areas. This research examines the coal mining industry's influence on the local economy's existence in Berambai Hamlet, Bukit Pariaman Village, Tenggarong Seberang Sub-district, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. This research uses qualitative research methods; meanwhile, data collection methods use field observation and in-depth interviews. Interviews were conducted in stages through a snowball sampling to strengthen the observations' results. The results show that the local economy and livelihood in Berambai Hamlet are under pressure and eroded due to coal mining activities. Livelihood products shrank drastically, especially fish and rice, due to mining waste polluting rivers and agricultural land conversion to mining areas. Furthermore, other sources of income from farmworkers are not enough to fulfill the needs. The government needs to protect their livelihoods as a driving force for the local economy by integrating nature-based life. The government needs to develop local economic potentials, such as tourism areas, crafts, and artworks. The government also needs to strengthen village institutions. It must be carried out together with mining companies seriously. Furthermore, the government needs to maintain the unity of rural spatial and spatial planning.

scholarly journals Assessing the Opportunity Cost of Carbon Stock Caused by Land-Use Changes in Taiwan

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1240
Author(s):  
Ming-Yun Chu ◽  
Wan-Yu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Market Price ◽  
The Government

As compared with conventional approaches for reducing carbon emissions, the strategies of reducing emissions from deforestations and forest degradation (REDD) can greatly reduce costs. Hence, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change regards the REDD strategies as a crucial approach to mitigate climate change. To respond to climate change, Taiwan passed the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act to control the emissions of greenhouse gases. In 2021, the Taiwan government has announced that it will achieve the carbon neutrality target by 2050. Accordingly, starting with focusing on the carbon sink, the REDD strategies have been considered a recognized and feasible strategy in Taiwan. This study analyzed the net present value and carbon storage for various land-use types to estimate the carbon stock and opportunity cost of land-use changes. When the change of agricultural land to artificial forests generated carbon stock, the opportunity cost of carbon stock was negative. Contrarily, restoring artificial forests (which refer to a kind of forest that is formed through artificial planting, cultivation, and conservation) to agricultural land would generate carbon emissions, but create additional income. Since the opportunity cost of carbon storage needs to be lower than the carbon market price so that landlords have incentives to conduct REDD+, the outcomes of this study can provide a reference for the government to set an appropriate subsidy or price for carbon sinks. It is suggested that the government should offer sufficient incentives to reforest collapsed land, and implement interventions, promote carbon trading policies, or regulate the development of agricultural land so as to maintain artificial broadleaf forests for increased carbon storage.

scholarly journals Econometrics Analysis of the Relationship between Climate Change and Economic Growth in Selected West African Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Ebrima K. Ceesay ◽  
Hafeez O. Oladejo ◽  
Prince Abokye ◽  
Ogechi N. Ugbor
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
West African ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
The Government

Linkages between Climate Change, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction have become increasingly popular in local and international communities. This is due to the fact that we are currently facing pressing issues about climate change and poverty reduction effects in our planet. In this paper an empirical testing of the effects of Climate Change, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction was carried out. Panel estimation methods of fixed effect, random effect, and panel unit root test-fisher type with trend and constant were applied. From the results, shows that economic growth has a negative and highly significant effect on the growth of poverty in the selected West African countries. Using growth rate of economics as dependent variable, the result shows that growth of poverty is highly significant. The population living in rural areas is significant with growth of poverty and highly significant with growth of food security. The policy recommendation is that the government of the west African countries should put in place strategies to reduce poverty, climate change effects on economics growth by following measures; to have strong institution and avoidance of corruption.Such strategies contain to counter climate change effects and increase the resilience of the economy, society and country in general.

scholarly journals The Concept of Muzāra‘ah and Its Implications on Socio-Economic of Society in Cianjur, West Java

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Ahmad Maulidizen ◽  
Mohammad Anton Athoillah
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
West Java ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Complex Needs ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Government

Indonesia is an agricultural country because most of the population has a livelihood in agriculture. In addition, agriculture is the second largest contributor to national economic growth and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Rural areas have vast agricultural land, but not all communities have land so most farmers work on land owned by other people and then get a share of the results by a variety of methods. The research objective is to analyze the implementation of muẓāraʻah contract based on Law No. 2 of 1960 and Islamic law and It’s implications for the socio-economic life of the society in Cianjur. Data collection was carried out using the method of observation, interview and documentation (library) and data analysis deductively, inductively and comparatively, then presented in a qualitative descriptive manner. The population in this study was 120 people, and the study sample was 12 people (10%) who were selected by purposive sampling method. The results of the research are (1) the implementation of muẓāraʻah contract in Cianjur, West Java is not fully in accordance with Law No. 2 of 1960 and Islamic law, (2) The implications of muẓāraʻah on the economic life of farmers are the fulfillment of ḍarūriyyah needs, namely consumption and secondary education, while landowners can meet more complex needs., including fulfillment of ḍarūriyyah, can allocate part of the funds to go on pilgrimage, charity to other people in need. And (3) The Implications of muẓāraʻah contract on the social life of society is a concern between landowners and farmers that is realized by helping each other when in trouble. However, attention from the government is still needed to ensure good relations between the two parties that are cooperating.[Indonesia merupakan negara agraris karena sebagian besar penduduk mempunyai pencaharian di bidang pertanian. Selain itu, pertanian merupakan kontributor kedua terbesar terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional dan Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB). Daerah pedesaan mempunyai lahan pertanian yang sangat luas, namun tidak semua masyarakat mempunyai lahan sehingga sebagian besar petani menggarap lahan milik orang lain kemudian mendapatkan bagi hasil dengan metode yang beragam. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis pelaksanaan konsep muẓāraʻah berdasarkan UU No. 2 Tahun 1960 dan hukum Islam dan implikasinya terhadap kehidupan social ekonomi masyarakat di Cianjur. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi (perpustakaan) dan analisis data secara deduktif, induktif dan komparatif, kemudian disajikan secara deskriptif kualitatif. Jumlah populasi dalam penelitian ini 120 orang, dan sampel penelitian sebanyak 12 orang (10%) yang dipilih dengan metode purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian adalah (1) pelaksanaan perjanjian bagi hasil akad muẓāraʻah di Cianjur belum sepenuhnya sesuai dengan UU No. 2 Tahun 1960 tentang perjanjian bagi hasil lahan pertanian dan hukum Islam dalam kerjasama pertanian. Hambatan dalam melaksanakan peraturan No 2 Tahun 1960 dan hukum Islam dalam kerjasama pertanian adalah tidak ada sosialisasi dari pihak manapun terkait UU No. 2 Tahun 1960 tentang perjanjian bagi hasil tanah pertanian dan hukum Islam dalam kerjasama pertanian. Adanya kebiasaan-kebiasaan yang telah berlangsung turun temurun. (2) Implikasi akad muẓāraʻah terhadap kehidupan ekonomi petani adalah pemenuhan kebutuhan ḍarūriyyah yaitu konsumsi dan pendidikan keturunanya, sedangkan pemilik lahan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan yang lebih kompleks, antaranya pemenuhan ḍarūriyyah, dapat mengalokasikan sebagian dana untuk pergi haji, bersedekah dan zakat kepada orang lain yang membutuhkan. Dan (3) Implikasi akad muẓāraʻah kehidupan sosial adalah adanya kepedulian antara pemilik lahan dan petani yang diwujudkan dengan saling membantu ketika dalam kesulitan. Namun demikian, perhatian dari pemerintah tetap diperlukan untuk menjamin hubungan baik antara kedua belah pihak yang bekerjasama.]

scholarly journals The Shift of Staple Food from Sago to Rice: A Study about Food Security and Indigenous Communities

Society ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Lengga Pradipta
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Development ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The Government ◽  
Vulnerable Households

Food security is still becoming a crucial issue in developing countries nowadays, either in urban or rural areas. There are many factors triggered this condition, such as the increase in population pressure and conflict, privatization and changing tenure arrangements, poverty, social differentiation and also environmental degradation. It’s undeniable that food security is a multidimensional problem, especially for people who lived in rural or isolated areas. In Mentawai Islands, a district located in the western part of Indonesia, the indigenous people depend on forest product (sago) as their main source of food. However, since 2012, the government has destroyed their food culture by establishing the ‘National Food Security Improvement Program’ and conducting the agricultural intensification as well as establishing 600 hectares of new rice fields in six sub - districts; South Pagai, North Pagai, Sikakap, South Sipora, North Sipora, and South Siberut. This study is conducted comprehensively using the Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (FSVA) to understand and describe the exact profiles of food-insecurities and vulnerable households. Furthermore, it also identified the risks and vulnerabilities of food consumption in Mentawai communities. Findings depict that shifting or transforming the food culture from sago to rice is a serious issue because socio-cultural aspects influence it and surely the government has to make a parallel policy that can accommodate the people needs, not only prioritize the national development agenda.

Mexico City. The marginal communities: social and ethnic segregation of the native population

TERRITORIO ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
Emanuela Saporito
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Exclusion Process ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Cultural Bias ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban Marginality ◽  
The City

The article focuses on persistent ethnic and social problems in Mexico City's indigenous communities. While the city is considered one of the most ethnically mixed and cosmopolitan in the world, its indigenous communities are marginalised and suffer the consequences of a discrimination and exclusion process that began during the colonial period. It can actually be said that because of ingrained cultural bias and conditions of extreme poverty, Mexico City's indigenous population lives in a situation of ‘urban marginality' (Wacquant, 2008). The first part describes the historical roots of these ethnic minorities and describes the migration from rural areas to the metropolis. The second part explores the question of marginality, analysing data for the labour market, education and accessibility to services urban indigenous communities, with the aim of understanding whether an integration process has been triggered in recent decades. The third part examines how the government and other institutions are dealing with this problem and proposals for integration policies.

Determinants of Water Conservation Practices in Rainfed Agriculture: An Empirical Analysis from an Eastern Indian State

2021 ◽  
pp. 289-297
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Rainfed Agriculture ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Binary Model ◽  
The Government

The present study attempted to determine the determinants of the water conservation practices in rainfed agriculture, especially in the watershed program Keonjhar district of Odisha state in the eastern part of India. Primary data were collected by a multi-stage random sampling method. The sample size was 125 households, and information was collected by canvassing a pre-designed schedule to the head of the households through door-to-door interviews. Focus group discussions were conducted to get qualitative information. A probit binary model was applied for analysis. The factors like awareness of the farmers, participation, the share of agriculture income to the total income of the household, the slope of agricultural land, access to information were positively influenced the water conservation practice. In contrast, the caste of SC / ST household and distance of agricultural land negatively influences soil water conservation practices. The results revealed that better awareness with the active participation of people in the government program could neutralize the influence of socio-economic factors in the adoption of soil water conservation practices.

scholarly journals CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO MALAYSIAN SUSTAINABILITY ON PALM OIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-121
Author(s):  
Sani Shehu ◽  
Prof. Dr. Mohd Afandi Salleh
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Training Schemes ◽  
Land Bank

Oil palm production serves as a leading sector which contributed a lot to the development of Malaysian economy as a great driving force for the country’s agro-industry. About a century ago, when the oil palm plantation was formed, its contribution was 71% to the national agricultural land bank. Malaysia has also received global recognition for resources allocation among its citizens and poverty alleviation within the country. Palm oil has risen as a global strategic commodity, it rose as the main source of income, which generates revenue, promotes economic development and alleviates poverty. palm oil contributed considerably to the economic growth of Malaysia through employment chances in rural areas, improvement of infrastructure which includes education, health facilities, generation of revenues for workers and the government. It raises governmental credits and training schemes and flourishes development of the agricultural sector. The primary objective of this paper is to show the contributing factors to Malaysian sustainability on palm oil, the research is qualitative in nature, it has adopted document analysis, the finds of the paper are the contributing factors towards Malaysian sustainability on palm oil.

scholarly journals STRATEGI PENGENDALIAN ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN PERTANIAN DI DESA PANDAK GEDE KABUPATEN TABANAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-337
Author(s):  
Ahmad Sidiq ◽  
Ida K Armeli ◽  
NI K A Siwalatri
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Suitability Analysis ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Socioeconomic Analysis ◽  
The Government ◽  
Spatial Plan

Abstract The Tabanan District Spatial Plan 2012-2032 states that Pandak Gede Village has a role as an environmental center that functions as the center of a residential area that serves the surrounding rural areas. The increase in population in Pandak Gede Village has caused changes in the number and distribution of settlement areas. The reduced area of ​​agricultural land can be an indication of the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land. Given these indications, research is needed to find out how the conditions of land use change in Pandak Gede Village are seen from the social, economic, cultural aspects. Are there developments that are not in accordance with the Spatial Plan for Tabanan Regency 2012-2032, is there any indication of the conversion of agricultural land in Pandak Gede Village and how alternative strategies can be taken to minimize the mismatch of regional development against the Tabanan District Spatial Plan 2012-2032. The method used in this research is the mix method. The analysis included: socioeconomic analysis, socio-cultural analysis, regional development analysis, land use suitability analysis, and analysis of agricultural land use control strategies. The results showed an indication of the conversion of agricultural land by 18.71 hectares into residential and non-agricultural land. Alternative strategies that can be done are facilitative, reeducative, persuasive and power strategies to the government, to Pandak Gede Village, to community owners and buyers of land, to environmentalists, to further research and education.  

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