scholarly journals Red Mud from the Aluminium Industry: Production, Characteristics, and Alternative Applications in Construction Materials—A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12741
Author(s):  
Nathália C. G. Silveira ◽  
Maysa L. F. Martins ◽  
Augusto C. S. Bezerra ◽  
Fernando G. S. Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Red Mud ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Disposal Area ◽  
High Basicity ◽  
Manufacture Process ◽  
Industrial Solution ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Production Characteristics

About 120 million tons of red mud is produced worldwide each year. Due to its high basicity and potential leaching, its storage is a critical environmental problem. This material is typically stored in dams, which demands prior care of the disposal area and includes monitoring and maintenance throughout its useful life. Consequently, it is crucial to figure out an industrial solution able to consumes large volumes of this material. At this moment, there are several studies, the majority in metallurgical procedures, building materials, and in the chemical industry, discussing how to reuse red mud. This paper provides a review of the aluminium process, including metal importance, its global production, and the environmental impact due to its manufacture process. It presents a review of the potential application of red mud showing its overall generation, some relevant characterisation results collected from the literature, and its utilisation in diverse areas of engineering. The study aimed to highlight applications where red mud characteristics may be favourable.

scholarly journals Radiological and physico-chemical characterization of red mud as an Al-containing precursor in inorganic binders for the building industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-191
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Kljajevic ◽  
Miljana Mirkovic ◽  
Sabina Dolenec ◽  
Katarina Ster ◽  
Mustafa Hadzalic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Natural Radioactivity ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Silica Alumina ◽  
Alkali Activated

The potential re-use of red mud in the building and construction industry has been the subject of research of many scientists. The presented research is a contribution to the potential solution of this environmental issue through the synthesis of potential construction materials based on red mud. A promising way of recycling these secondary raw materials is the synthesis of alkali-activated binders or alkali activated materials. Alkali-activated materials or inorganic binders based on red mud are a new class of materials obtained by activation of inorganic precursors mainly constituted by silica, alumina and low content of calcium oxide. Since red mud contains radioactive elements like 226Ra and 232Th, this may be a problem for its further utilization. The content of naturally occurring radionuclides in manufactured material products with potential application in the building and construction industry is important from the standpoint of radiation protection. Gamma radiation of the primordial radionuclides, 40K and members of the uranium and thorium series, increases the external gamma dose rate. However, more and more precedence is being given to limiting the radiological dose originating from building materials on the population these days. The aim of this research was to investigate the possible influence of alkali activation-polymerization processes on the natural radioactivity of alkali activated materials synthesized by red mud (BOKSIT a. d. Milici, Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina) and their structural properties. This research confirmed that during the polymerization process the natural radioactivity was reduced, and that the process of alkali activation of raw materials has an influence on natural radioactivity of synthesized materials.

scholarly journals Physicochemical, mineralogical and radiological properties of red mud samples as secondary raw materials

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snezana Nenadovic ◽  
Gabor Mucsi ◽  
Ljiljana Kljajevic ◽  
Miljana Mirkovic ◽  
Milos Nenadovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Mud ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Absorbed Dose Rate ◽  
Radium Equivalent Activity

The main goal of the presented research was the preliminary investigation of possibility of red mud - Hungarian dump sites Almasfuzito (sample A) and Ajka (sample B) - application as a pigment or as a raw material for use in the construction materials industry. Also, the aim of this work was the characterization of red mud as industrial waste generated by the Bayer process in the aluminum industry - which may cause environmental problems if appropriate treatment is not carried out. The main mineral phases of both red mud are hematite (Fe2O3), calcite (CaCO3), gibbsite (Al(OH)3) and they consists of particles of median particle size 2.1 mm (sample A) and 2.5 mm (sample B) and have a characteristic red color, which was the reason for its testing for use in the industry of building materials as a pigment for standard concrete mixtures. The radionuclides content in the samples was determined by gamma spectrometry, and the radiological hazards originating from 238U, 232Th, 40K in the samples, were assessed through the radium equivalent activity, and the external radiation hazard index. The absorbed dose rate and the annual effective dose were calculated in accordance with the UNSCEAR 2010 report and the results are presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Utilization of metallurgical solid by-products for the development of inorganic polymeric construction materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Aluminium Production ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties

This paper deals with the geopolymerization of the red mud generated in the primary aluminium production and the slag generated in the ferronickel production, in order to develop inorganic polymeric materials with advanced mechanical and physical properties. In particular, the effect of the main synthesis parameters of the inorganic polymeric materials on their mechanical strength and water absorption was investigated. Moreover, the structure of the inorganic polymeric materials was studied according to X-ray Diffraction analysis, Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy and Scanning Electronic Microscopy. The inorganic polymeric materials produced by the geopolymerization of the red mud developed compressive strength up to 21 MPa and presented water absorption lower than 3 %, while the geopolymerization of the ferronickel slag resulted in materials with compressive strength higher than 110 MPa and extremely low water absorption (< 1 %). According to these results, the developed materials may be viewed as alternatives in the industrial sectors of construction and building materials.

scholarly journals Plasma Technology for Producing Coverings on Building Materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 06005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Lykov ◽  
Nataliya Mokrova
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Plasma Processing ◽  
Plasma Generator ◽  
Plasma Technology ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Production Characteristics

Results of plasma processing of construction materials are presented in the article. The article also covers the plasma generator construction and technology of receiving protectively decorative covering on concrete that were developed by the authors. This plasma generator construction and technology provide coverings on concrete with strength and production characteristics that are superior to the existing alternatives. Results of the calculation and experimental research of the surface layer are presented. The technological parameters that influence the characteristics of the covering are given.

scholarly journals Radiological and physico-chemical characterization of red mud as an Al-containing precursor in inorganic binders for the building industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-191
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Kljajevic ◽  
Miljana Mirkovic ◽  
Sabina Dolenec ◽  
Katarina Ster ◽  
Mustafa Hadzalic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Natural Radioactivity ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Silica Alumina ◽  
Alkali Activated

The potential re-use of red mud in the building and construction industry has been the subject of research of many scientists. The presented research is a contribution to the potential solution of this environmental issue through the synthesis of potential construction materials based on red mud. A promising way of recycling these secondary raw materials is the synthesis of alkali-activated binders or alkali activated materials. Alkali-activated materials or inorganic binders based on red mud are a new class of materials obtained by activation of inorganic precursors mainly constituted by silica, alumina and low content of calcium oxide. Since red mud contains radioactive elements like 226Ra and 232Th, this may be a problem for its further utilization. The content of naturally occurring radionuclides in manufactured material products with potential application in the building and construction industry is important from the standpoint of radiation protection. Gamma radiation of the primordial radionuclides, 40K and members of the uranium and thorium series, increases the external gamma dose rate. However, more and more precedence is being given to limiting the radiological dose originating from building materials on the population these days. The aim of this research was to investigate the possible influence of alkali activation-polymerization processes on the natural radioactivity of alkali activated materials synthesized by red mud (BOKSIT a. d. Milici, Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina) and their structural properties. This research confirmed that during the polymerization process the natural radioactivity was reduced, and that the process of alkali activation of raw materials has an influence on natural radioactivity of synthesized materials.

scholarly journals Application of modified red mud in environmentally-benign applications: A review paper

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 795-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collin G. Joseph ◽  
Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap ◽  
Vigneswar Krishnan ◽  
Gianluca Li Puma
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Novel Applications

Red mud (RM) is a waste product that results from bauxite refining via the Bayer process. Its disposal remains an issue which raises significant environmental concerns, particularly if disposed on land or water bodies. Much research has been done on the use of red mud for environmentally-benign applications such as wastewater treatment, catalysis, the production of construction materials and glass ceramics, and for the recovery of metals. This paper reviews the current efforts made in the utilization of red mud as a valuable industrial by-product, which in turn should minimize its harmful impact on the environment. This detailed review compiles and highlights a variety of novel applications of modified red mud as a coagulant, an adsorbent for wastewater treatment, as well as, its use in catalytic processes and in building materials. The physico-chemical properties of red mud can be tuned by a range of treatment methods include acidification, neutralization and heat treatment. As revealed from the literature reviewed, modifications on red mud for the removal of various types of contaminants have shown promising results. However, further amendment and modifications on red mud are needed to utilize this industrial waste in many other industrial applications.

scholarly journals Mortars with Recycled Aggregates from Building-Related Processes: A ‘Four-Step’ Methodological Proposal for a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2756
Author(s):  
Federica Vitale ◽  
Maurizio Nicolella
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Mix Design ◽  
Recycled Aggregates ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Natural Aggregates ◽  
By Products

Because the production of aggregates for mortar and concrete is no longer sustainable, many attempts have been made to replace natural aggregates (NA) with recycled aggregates (RA) sourced from factories, recycling centers, and human activities such as construction and demolition works (C&D). This article reviews papers concerning mortars with fine RA from C&D debris, and from the by-products of the manufacturing and recycling processes of building materials. A four-step methodology based on searching, screening, clustering, and summarizing was proposed. The clustering variables were the type of aggregate, mix design parameters, tested properties, patents, and availability on the market. The number and the type of the clustering variables of each paper were analysed and compared. The results showed that the mortars were mainly characterized through their physical and mechanical properties, whereas few durability and thermal analyses were carried out. Moreover, few fine RA were sourced from the production waste of construction materials. Finally, there were no patents or products available on the market. The outcomes presented in this paper underlined the research trends that are useful to improve the knowledge on the suitability of fine RA from building-related processes in mortars.

scholarly journals Application of Plastic Wastes in Construction Materials: A Review Using the Concept of Life-Cycle Assessment in the Context of Recent Research for Future Perspectives

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3549
Author(s):  
Tulane Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo ◽  
Daiane Cecchin ◽  
Markssuel Teixeira Marvila ◽  
Mugahed Amran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Plastic Wastes ◽  
Solid Waste Generation ◽  
Alternative Processes

The urbanization process contributes to the growth of solid waste generation and causes an increase in environmental impacts and failures in the management of solid waste. The number of dumps is a concern due to the limited implementation and safe disposal of this waste. The interest in sustainable techniques has been growing in relation to waste management, which is largely absorbed by the civil construction sector. This work aimed to review plastic waste, especially polyethylene terephthalate (PET), that can be incorporated with construction materials, such as concrete, mortars, asphalt mixtures, and paving. The use of life-cycle assessment (LCA) is related, as a tool that allows the sustainability of products and processes to be enhanced in the long term. After analyzing the recent literature, it was identified that studies related to plastic wastes in construction materials concentrate sustainability around the alternative destination of waste. Since the plastic waste from different production chains are obtained, it was possible to affirm the need for a broader assessment, such as the LCA, providing greater quantification of data making the alternative processes and products more sustainable. The study contributes to enhance sustainability in alternative building materials through LCA.

scholarly journals Fire Resistance Behaviour of Geopolymer Concrete:An Overview

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Salmabanu Luhar ◽  
Demetris Nicolaides ◽  
Ismail Luhar
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Flexural Behavior ◽  
Thermal Shrinkage ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Loss Of Strength

Even though, an innovative inorganic family of geopolymer concretes are eye-catching potential building materials, it is quite essential to comprehend the fire and thermal resistance of these structural materials at a very high temperature and also when experiencing fire with a view to make certain not only the safety and security of lives and properties but also to establish them as more sustainable edifice materials for future. The experimental and field observations of degree of cracking, spalling and loss of strength within the geopolymer concretes subsequent to exposure at elevated temperature and incidences of occurrences of disastrous fires extend an indication of their resistance against such severely catastrophic conditions. The impact of heat and fire on mechanical attributes viz., mechanical-compressive strength, flexural behavior, elastic modulus; durability—thermal shrinkage; chemical stability; the impact of thermal creep on compressive strength; and microstructure properties—XRD, FTIR, NMR, SEM as well as physico-chemical modifications of geopolymer composites subsequent to their exposures at elevated temperatures is reviewed in depth. The present scientific state-of-the-art review manuscript aimed to assess the fire and thermal resistance of geopolymer concrete along with its thermo-chemistry at a towering temperature in order to introduce this novel, most modern, user and eco-benign construction materials as potentially promising, sustainable, durable, thermal and fire-resistant building materials promoting their optimal and apposite applications for construction and infrastructure industries.

scholarly journals Self-Cleaning Concrete for Landscaping Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 289 ◽  
pp. 05004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana-Maria Mircea
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Catalytic Material ◽  
Self Cleaning ◽  
Agriculture Water

Negative effects of environmental pollution pose a significant risk to agriculture, water resources and human health. This can however be reduced by selecting appropriate materials in construction and landscape architecture. It is well-known that strong sunlight or ultraviolet light decomposes many organic materials in a slow natural process. Photocatalytic substances accelerate this process and when used in concrete (which is one of the most widely used construction materials), permit the treatment of pollutants close to their source by applying a self-cleaning principle: decomposing organic materials, biological materials and pollutants into molecules like oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, nitrates, and sulphates. Catalytic material activation will start due to energy that is received from sunlight (it also can be activated using artificial lights), and self-cleaning begins when this material is activated. Beside other properties, this innovative self-cleaning concrete also keeps its colour for far longer than other traditional building materials, making it a desirable solution for landscaping applications.

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