scholarly journals A New Approach for Static NOx Measurement in PTI

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13424
Author(s):  
Eugenio Fernández ◽  
Alicia Valero ◽  
Juan José Alba ◽  
Abel Ortego
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Power Demand ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Engine Load ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Engine Power

NOx emissions in vehicles are currently only controlled through the homologation process. There is a lack of knowledge to assess and control real NOx emissions of vehicles reliably. Even if vehicles in EU-27 are subject to Periodical Technical Inspection (PTI), NOx are not among the pollutants currently being controlled. For PTIs, tests need to be simple, quick, inexpensive, representative, and accurate. Ideally, tests need to be carried out under static conditions, without the need for a power bench or complex equipment. In this paper, a new approach for measuring NOx in PTI is proposed. The method has been developed and validated at a PTI Spanish station to ensure feasibility and repeatability. This method is based on the relationship between the “% engine load” value and exhaust NOx concentration at idle engine speed. Starting from the state of minimum possible power demand in a vehicle (idling and without any consumption), a load state with an average 98% increase in engine power demand is generated by connecting elements of the vehicle’s equipment. The relationship between power demand (through the “% engine load” value) and NOx concentration is then analyzed. The quality and representativity of this relationship have been checked with a p-value lower than 0.01. The method has been compared with a different NOx measurement technique, based on the simulation on a test bench and the ASM 2050 cycle, showing better performance in terms of repeatability and representativeness. The “% engine load” dispersion with the new approach is 7%, which ensures the reliability and repeatability of the method. The results show that the proposed method could be a valuable tool in PTI to detect high NOx emitting vehicles and to obtain information from the diesel vehicles fleet.

scholarly journals A new approach for static NOx measurement in Periodic Technical Inspection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Fernández Cáceres ◽  
Alicia Valero Delgado ◽  
Juan José Alba López ◽  
Abel Ortego Bielsa
Keyword(s):  
Engine Speed ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
P Value ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Technical Inspection ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract NOx emissions in vehicles are currently only controlled through the homologation process. There is a lack of knowledge to reliably assess and control real NOx emissions of vehicles, because although vehicles in EU-27 are subject to PTI (Periodic Technical Inspection), NOx are not among the pollutants currently being controlled. In this paper, a new approach for measuring NOx in PTI is proposed. At PTIs, a test needs to be simple, quick, inexpensive, representative, and accurate. To that end, it needs to be carried out under static conditions, so no power bench or complex equipment is required. The method shown in this paper has been developed and validated at a PTI Spanish station, to ensure feasibility and repeatability. This method is based on the relationship between % engine load and exhaust NOx concentration at idle engine speed. The quality and representativity of this relationship have been checked with a p-value lower than 0.01. The method has been compared with a different NOx measurement technique based on the simulation on a test bench and the ASM 20–50 cycle. The achieved quality and repeatability of the new approach shows that it could be a useful tool to be applied in PTI for detecting high NOx emitting vehicles and get information from the diesel vehicles fleet.

scholarly journals Joint spectral radius, Sturmian measures and the finiteness conjecture

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 3062-3100 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLIVER JENKINSON ◽  
MARK POLLICOTT
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Radius ◽  
Short Proof ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Joint Spectral Radius ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Matrix Anal ◽  
Generalized Spectral Radius ◽  
Optimal Growth Rate ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

The joint spectral radius of a pair of $2\times 2$ real matrices $(A_{0},A_{1})\in M_{2}(\mathbb{R})^{2}$ is defined to be $r(A_{0},A_{1})=\limsup _{n\rightarrow \infty }\max \{\Vert A_{i_{1}}\cdots A_{i_{n}}\Vert ^{1/n}:i_{j}\in \{0,1\}\}$, the optimal growth rate of the norm of products of these matrices. The Lagarias–Wang finiteness conjecture [Lagarias and Wang. The finiteness conjecture for the generalized spectral radius of a set of matrices. Linear Algebra Appl.214 (1995), 17–42], asserting that $r(A_{0},A_{1})$ is always the $n$th root of the spectral radius of some length-$n$ product $A_{i_{1}}\cdots A_{i_{n}}$, has been refuted by Bousch and Mairesse [Asymptotic height optimization for topical IFS, Tetris heaps, and the finiteness conjecture. J. Amer. Math. Soc.15 (2002), 77–111], with subsequent counterexamples presented by Blondel et al [An elementary counterexample to the finiteness conjecture. SIAM J. Matrix Anal.24 (2003), 963–970], Kozyakin [A dynamical systems construction of a counterexample to the finiteness conjecture. Proceedings of the 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, and the European Control Conference (Seville, Spain, December 2005). IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, pp. 2338–2343] and Hare et al [An explicit counterexample to the Lagarias–Wang finiteness conjecture. Adv. Math.226 (2011), 4667–4701]. In this article, we introduce a new approach to generating finiteness counterexamples, and use this to exhibit an open subset of $M_{2}(\mathbb{R})^{2}$ with the property that each member $(A_{0},A_{1})$ of the subset generates uncountably many counterexamples of the form $(A_{0},tA_{1})$. Our methods employ ergodic theory; in particular, the analysis of Sturmian invariant measures. This approach allows a short proof that the relationship between the parameter $t$ and the Sturmian parameter ${\mathcal{P}}(t)$ is a devil’s staircase.

scholarly journals Relationship Knowledge and The Level of Compliance with The Use of Masks During the Covid-19 Pandemic at Gatot Soebroto Hospital 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Leni Suhartini
Keyword(s):  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Knowledge ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Casualties due to Covid-19 are increasing every day. The disease attacks the respiratory tract and transmitted through droplets when the sufferer speaks, coughs or sneezes. In some people do not cause symptoms, but in some patients there are also those that cause symptoms from mild to severe. Wearing a mask is one of the efforts made to prevent and protect from contaminated viruses. Objective: to assess the relationship of knowledge and the level of compliance with the use of masks during the Covid-19 pandemic.  Research methods. Mused cross sectional method, sampled 32 respondents (consisting of 16 maternity room midwives and 16 final-level students). The data used is primary data collected using research instruments in the form of questionnaires distributed through google form. Analisys using Chi Square with tools of SPSS application. Result.  In terms of knowledge obtained results in midwives good knowledge as many as 13 people (81,3%) and less knowledge of 3 people (18,8%). In good knowledge students as many as 10 people (62,5%) and less knowledge of 6 people (37,5%) P value = 0,432 and OR 0,385. From the level of compliance, midwives who do not comply with the use of masks as many as 5 people (31,3%) and who obeyed as many as 11 people (68,8%). Midwives students all are disobedient to the use of masks.  Statistical test results obtained the value p = 0,001 OR = 0,313. Conclusion. The use of masks is part of a comprehensive series of measures to prevent and control the spread of Covid-19 disease. High knowledge is not necessarily obedient to the use of masks, it is necessary awareness of each individual to use the mask according to the situation and conditions.

scholarly journals Faktor-faktor Prognosis Kematian Tetanus Neonatorum di RS Kabupaten Indramayu dan Kabupaten Cirebon

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Lili Tantijati ◽  
Krisnawati Bantas
Keyword(s):  
Infant Death ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
P Value ◽  
Logistic Regression Method ◽  
Study Population ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Study

Angka Kematian Bayi (AKB) di Indonesia masih tetap tinggi. Berdasarkan Biro Pusat Statistik (BPS) pada tahun 1995 adalah 55/1000 kelahiran hidup. Salah satu penyebab utama dari kematian bayi adalah penyakit tetanus neonatorum . Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan hubungan antara usia saat ditemukan adanya indikasi penyakit neonatarum pada bayi dengan timbulnya kematian yang disebabkan oleh tetanus neonatorum pada bayi-bayi tersebut di Kabupaten Indramayu pada tahun 1996-2001 . Penelitian ini menggunakan disain studi epidemiologi kasus-kontrol dengan perbandingan kasus dan kontrol 1:1. Jumlah sampel, 160 penderita tetanus neonatorum. Populasi studi adalah penderita tetanus neonatorum yang dirawat di RSD kabupaten Cirebon dan kabupaten Indramayu tahun 1996 - 2001. Variabel-variabel yang diteliti adalah variabel kematian (sebagai variable terikat), dan variabel usia neonatus saat onset penyakit, status kekebalan neonatus, berat lahir neonatus, kecepatan pertolongan, jenis, dosis, dan cara pemberian antibiotika; jenis, dosis, dan cara pemberian obat anti kejang dan cara pemberian ATS (sebagai variabel bebas). Semua variabel yang diteliti diukur dengan skala kategorikal. Analisis yang dilakukan secara bertahap meliputi analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Analisis multivariat menggunakan analisis regresi logistik. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor prognosis kematian tetanus neonatorum adalah: usia penderita tetanus neonatorum ≤ 7 hari (OR= 20.06; nilai p= 0.000),dosis obat antibiotik yang lebih rendah dari standard (OR = 4.34; nilai p= 0.018), kecepatan pertolongan oleh fasilitas kesehatan >2 hari (OR=6.95; nilai p=0.000).Kata kunci: Faktor prognosis, kematian tetanus neonatorum.AbstractThe Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Indonesia is still high. Based on Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) data, the IMR in 1995 was 55/1000 live births. One of the main causes of infant death in Indonesia is tetanus neonatorum. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between neonates’ age of disease onset and the infant death caused by tetanus neonatorum in Indramayu and Cirebon Districts in 1996-2001. The study design was case-control study with ratio of the number of cases and control of 1:1. The total number of sample was 160 neonates with tetanus neonatorum, consisted of 80-cases(death) and 80-control (live). The study population was neonates with tetanus neonatorum who were hospitalized in Cirebon and IndramayuDistrict Hospital. All of the study variables were measured using categorical scale. Study was analyzed by multivariate analysis, using unconditional logistic regression method. The result of the study showed that the prognostic factors of tetanus neonatorum death risk were age < 7 days old (OR =20.06 ; p value=0.000), neonates with lower than standard dose of antibiotics (OR=4.34; p value=0.018); delay of help by health facilities > 2 days (OR=6.95; p value=0.000).Key words: Prognosis factor, tetanus neonatorun death.

scholarly journals Hubungan antara lama menjalani hemodialisis dengan kualitas hidup pasien yang menjalani hemodialisis di Unit Hemodialisis RSUP. Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

e-CliniC ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moch. T. S. A. Rahman ◽  
Theresia M. D. Kaunang ◽  
Christofel Elim
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hemodialysis Unit ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) results in a decrease in kidney function that is irreversible and requires treatment in the form of a kidney transplant or hemodialysis. The main goal of hemodialysis is to prevent and control uremia, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalance. Problems that commonly associate hemodialysis patients are physical and psycological stress that affect the quality of life. This study aimed to obtain the relationship between the duration of hemodialyis and the quality of life. This was an observational analytical study with a cross sectional design. The study included all hemodialysis patients in Dahlia and Melati Hemodialysis Unit Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado. There were 34 patients that met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that the correlation between the duration of hemodialyis and the quality of life had a p value of 0.579. Conclusion: The duration of hemodialysis did not correlate significantly with the quality of life of hemodialysis patients.Keywords: The duration of hemodialysis, quality of life.Abstrak: Gagal ginjal kronik (PJK) mengakibatkan penurunan fungsi ginjal yang ireversibel, yang memerlukan terapi berupa transplantasi ginjal atau hemodialisis. Tujuan utama hemodialisis yaitu mengendalikan uremia, kelebihan cairan dan ketidakseimbangan elektrolit. Permasalahan yang muncul pada pasien hemodialisis ialah masalah fisik, psikologi, perubahan sosial, dan gaya hidup; hal tersebut memengaruhi kualitas hidup pasien. Peneltian ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan antara lama menjalani hemodialisis dengan kualitas hidup. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah observasional analitik dengan pendekatan potong lintang Penelitian ini melibatkan semua pasien hemodialisis di Unit Hemodialisis Dahlia dan Melati RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi yaitu sebanyak 34 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan korelasi antara lama menjalani hemodialisis dengan kualitas hidup dengan nilai P=0,579. Simpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara lama menjalani hemodialisis dengan kualitas hidup pada pasien hemodialisis.Kata kunci: lama menjalani hemodialisis, kualitas hidup.

scholarly journals Digitalization in Open-Pit Mining: A New Approach in Monitoring and Control of Rock Fragmentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10848
Author(s):  
Natalia Koteleva ◽  
Sergei Khokhlov ◽  
Ilia Frenkel
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Open Pit Mining ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
New Approach ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Operational Component

Mining enterprises are widely introducing digital technologies and automation is one of such tools. Granularity monitoring, namely, the size determination of rock mass pieces is a common operational component of the processes that extract minerals by open-pit mining. The article proposes an approach that, in addition to the lump size distribution, makes it possible to estimate the lump form distribution as well. To investigate the effectiveness of monitoring the form of blasted rock mass lumps, the authors conducted experiments in four stages related to the rock condition. They include geological occurrence, explosive crushing, trommelling, and mill crushing. The relationship between these stages is presented and the change in the lumps fragment form is traced. The present article proposes an informational and analytical model of the processes at mining enterprises, extracting minerals by open-pit mining, as well as an algorithm for determining the lumps form and obtaining their distribution in the rock mass.

scholarly journals The relationship between vitamin D level and severity and control of bronchial asthma among adult Sudanese patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1649
Author(s):  
Nadia A. Mustafa ◽  
Omer E. Y. Elhag ◽  
Abdelrahman M. Abukanna ◽  
Ahmed H. Sulaiman ◽  
Hafiz O. IbnIdris
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Asthma Severity ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
P Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between vitamin D level and severity and control of bronchial asthma among adult Sudanese patients at Alshaab Teaching Hospital.Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study, conducted at Alshaab Teaching Hospital, Khartoum Sudan in the period from June to August 2015. Eighty-six asthmatic patients participated in the study after taking their consent. Demographic data were collected using structured questionnaire, the clinical parameters of asthma severity and control were measured according to the criteria of Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention 2014 of the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Airway limitation was assessed using Peak Flow Meter. Three ml of blood was taken from each patient to measure vitamin D (25(OH)D) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and data were analyzed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20.Results: Normal serum 25(OH)D (30-50ng/ml) was found in only 2.3% of patients. The mean serum 25(OH)D level in patients with controlled asthma was 25.82±17.27ng/ml while in patients with uncontrolled asthma it was16.48±7.14ng/ml. (P value = 0.005). The mean serum 25(OH)D level in patients with severe asthma was 16.15±6.9ng/ml (P value = 0.151).Conclusions: There was a positive correlation between vitamin D level and bronchial asthma control and a negative correlation with bronchial asthma severity among the study group.

HUBUNGAN KUALITAS KEHIDUPAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PERAWAT PELAKSANA

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420
Author(s):  
Amella Gusty ◽  
Dachriyanus Dachriyanus ◽  
Leni Merdawati
Keyword(s):  
District Hospital ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Quality Of Work Life ◽  
P Value ◽  
Work Context ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Quality Of Work ◽  
The Relationship

Kinerja perawat merupakan hasil yang dicapai dalam melaksanakan asuhan keperawatan di rumah sakit. Terciptanya asuhan keperawatan yang optimal sangat diperlukan dukungan dari pihak rumah sakit salah satunya adalah menciptakan kualitas kehidupan kerja baik bagi perawat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kualitas kehidupan kerja terhadap kinerja perawat pelaksana di RSUD Teluk Kuantan. Jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Jumlah sampel 120 responden yang diperoleh melalui proportionate simple random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kualitas kehidupan kerja perawat RSUD Teluk Kuantan berada pada kategori sedang, kinerja perawat berada pada kategori kurang baik. Berdasarkan analisis kedua variabel teridentifikasi bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara kualitas kehidupan kerja dengan kinerja perawat pelaksana dengan  p value 0,817. Dimensi work context merupakan komponen yang memiliki hubungan dengan kinerja perawat pelaksana dengan p value 0,008, dimensi work life  tidak berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kinerja perawat. Kesimpulan penelitian diketahui tidak ada hubungan antara kualitas kehidupan kerja dengan kinerja perawat pelaksana. Ada hubungan dimensi work context dengan kinerja perawat pelaksana. Tidak ada hubungan dimensi work life dengan kinerja perawat.   Kata kunci: kualitas kehidupan kerja, kinerja, perawat pelaksana   THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE QUALITY OF WORK LIFE AND THE PERFORMANCE OF IMPLEMENTERS NURSES   ABSTRACT Nurse performance is the result achieved in implementing nursing care in a hospital. The creation of optimal nursing care is very much needed support from the hospital, one of which is to create a good quality of work life for nurses. This study aims to determine the relationship between the quality of work life and the performance of nurses at the Kuantan District Hospital. This type of quantitative research with cross sectional approach. The number of samples of 120 respondents obtained through proportionate simple random sampling. The results showed that the quality of work life of nurses at the Kuantan District Hospital was in the medium category, the nurses' performance was in the unfavorable category. Based on the analysis of the two variables, it was identified that there was no relationship between the quality of work life with the performance of implementing nurses with a p value of 0.817. The work context dimension is a component that has a relationship with the performance of nurses implementing with p value 0.008, the dimension of work life does not significantly correlate with nurse performance. The conclusion of the research is that there is no relationship between the quality of work life and the performance of the implementing nurses. There is a relationship between the dimensions of the work context and the performance of the nurses. There is no relationship between the dimensions of work life and nurse performance.   Keywords: quality of work life, performance, implementers nurse

HUBUNGAN KOMUNIKASI TERAPEUTIK PERAWAT DENGAN KECEMASAN ANAK USIA PRASEKOLAH AKIBAT HOSPITALISASI

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
Qurrotul Aeni ◽  
Andriyani Mustika Nurwijayanti ◽  
Muhammad Khabib Burhanuddin Iqomh
Keyword(s):  
Research Data ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
P Value ◽  
School Age ◽  
Therapeutic Communication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Communication Anxiety ◽  
Children’S Anxiety ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Severe Anxiety

Introduction: anxiety is a condition that will be experienced by children who experience hospitalization and must get attention and management. Anxiety during hospitalization that is not properly addressed will hinder treatment and affect child development. The purpose of the study: to determine the relationship between therapeutic communication nurses and the anxiety of preschool children due to hospitalizationMethod: The study design used descriptive correlation with a cross-sectional approach. The number of samples is 31 with purposive sampling. Collecting research data using a questionnaire.Results: The results showed a majority of therapeutic communication was 61.3%, anxiety in children due to hospitalization of 100% with severe anxiety was 58.1%, there was a relationship between therapeutic communication and children's anxiety (p = 0.001). Suggestions need to be carried out further research on the factors that influence the low therapeutic communication in nurses.Discussion: The results of the statistical analysis using the Spearman's Rho test got p value 0.001 (p <0.05) the relationship between therapeutic communication and the anxiety of pre-school age children who experienced hospitalization, therapeutic communication can be used as an action to prevent anxiety due to hospitalization in pre-school age children.Suggestion: need to do further research on the factors that influence the low therapeutic communication in nurses Keywords: therapeutic communication, anxiety, hospitalization.  

From Container to Claustrum: Projective Identification in Couples

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Projective Identification ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intimate Partners ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
As If

This paper is a contribution to the growing literature on the role of projective identification in understanding couples' dynamics. Projective identification as a defence is well suited to couples, as intimate partners provide an ideal location to deposit unwanted parts of the self. This paper illustrates how projective identification functions differently depending on the psychological health of the couple. It elucidates how healthier couples use projective identification more as a form of communication, whereas disturbed couples are inclined to employ it to invade and control the other, as captured by Meltzer's concept of "intrusive identification". These different uses of projective identification affect couples' capacities to provide what Bion called "containment". In disturbed couples, partners serve as what Meltzer termed "claustrums" whereby projections are not contained, but imprisoned or entombed in the other. Applying the concept of claustrum helps illuminate common feelings these couples express, such as feeling suffocated, stifled, trapped, held hostage, or feeling as if the relationship is killing them. Finally, this paper presents treatment challenges in working with more disturbed couples.

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