scholarly journals A Critical-Systematic Review of the Interactions of Biochar with Soils and the Observable Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13726
Author(s):  
Jackson Nkoh Nkoh ◽  
M. Abdulaha-Al Baquy ◽  
Shamim Mia ◽  
Renyong Shi ◽  
Muhammad Aqeel Kamran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Soil Microbial Community Structure ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Meta Analyses

Biochar research has experienced a significant increase in the recent two decades. It is growing quickly, with hundreds of reviews, including meta-analyses, that have been published reporting diverse effects of biochar on soil properties and plant performance. However, an in-depth synthesis of biochar–soil interactions at the molecular level is not available. For instance, in many meta-analyses, the effects of biochar on soil properties and functions were summarized without focusing on the specificity of the biochar and soil properties. When applied to soils, biochar interacts with different soil components including minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and nutrients, while it also changes soil microbial community structure and their occurrence. These different interactions modify soil physicochemical properties with consequences for dynamic changes in nutrient availability and, thus, plant performance. This review systematically analyzed biochar effects on soil properties and functions: (a) soil physical properties; (b) chemical properties; (c) biological properties; and (d) functions (plant performance, nutrient cycling, etc.). Our synthesis revealed that the surface properties of biochar (specific surface area and charge) and its associated nutrient content determine its role in the soil. At the same time, the extent of changes depends on soil properties, suggesting that both biochar and soil properties need to be considered for harvesting benefits of biochar application. Altogether, we believe our synthesis will provide a guide for researchers and practitioners for future research as well as large-scale field applications.

scholarly journals The effect of various composts on vegetable green mass on two soil types

2017 ◽  
pp. 179-183
Author(s):  
Judit Szűcsné Szolomájer ◽  
Marianna Makádi ◽  
Ibolya Demeter ◽  
Attila Tomócsik ◽  
Tibor Aranyos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Supply Capacity

Composting of sewage sludges makes easier the utilization of sewage sludge in the agriculture and the composts in good quality could increase the nutrient content of soil. Due to the composting process, the sewage sludge composts with high organic matter content can be utilized in the same way as other composts or farmyard manure.Composts produced in different ways have different effects on the physical, chemical and biological properties of different soils, although their positive effects have already proved in the literature. In our study the effects of composts from different composting processes were investigated in soil-plant systems. The different physical and chemical properties of the two examined soil types (arenosol and chernozem)strongly influenced the nutrient supply capacity of composts which could be characterized by the growth of ray-grass as a test plant in the pot experiment. In this work we examined the effects of three different composts on the green weight of plants on the fourth and eighth weeks after the treatment and sowing.

scholarly journals PASSAGE OF WHEAT FIRE IMPACT ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND ENVIRONMENT IN KURDISTAN REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-470
Author(s):  
Tariq & et al.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Fire Severity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Surface Burn ◽  
Effect Of Surface

The study was conducted to examine the effect of surface burn severity (Moderate, Severe and Unburned) of wheat straw on soil properties. The results showed statistical differences in some soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Bulk density and field capacity increased statistically by the severity of fire; however, porosity and infiltration rate were statistically lower in sever burned plot when compared to unburned plot. The chemical properties, soil organic matter (SOM), P, Ca, S, Cl, K, Mo, Fe and As were not affected by the fire. The pH value was increased slightly by increasing the fire severity, while, EC was decreased when compared with the unburned plot. It was found a statistical reduction in the number of bacterial and fungal cells per gram soil in the burned plots. A moderate and severe fire reduced seed germination percentage significantly. This finding suggests that fire severity may destruct the biological, physical and some of the chemical properties of the soil, and this may impact negatively on plant growth in the next growing season.

scholarly journals Influence of aerobic treated manure application on the chemical and microbiological properties of soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. e1104
Author(s):  
Adriana Montañez ◽  
Natalia Rigamonti ◽  
Silvana Vico ◽  
Carla Silva ◽  
Lucía Nuñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Microbial Biomass P ◽  
Properties Of Soil ◽  
Microbiological Properties

Aim of study: This study evaluated the effect of the application of liquid aerobic treated manure (continuous liquid composting, CLC) on physical, chemical and biological soil properties, with the objective of monitoring changes induced by soil management with CLC as a biofertilizer.Area of study: Colonia, Uruguay (lat. 34,338164 S, long. 57,222630 W).Material and methods: Soil’s chemical properties, including nitrogen mineralization potential (NMP) and 15 microbiological properties (microbial biomass carbon, MBC; mesophylic aerobic bacteria; actinobacteria; filamentus fungi; fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis; dehydrogenase; with NMP; acid and alkaline phosphatase; cellulolose degraders; P-solubilizing bacteria; nitrifying; denitrifying and free-living N-fixing microorganisms; glomalin; and soil-pathogenicity index, SPI) were evaluated in two sites with similar cropping history, with one and three years of respective CLC application.Main results: CLC application had significant effects on soil microbial biomass (p<0.05), soil enzyme (p<0.1) and functional groups activity (p<0.05). SPI decreased in both sites with CLC application. No significant variations were detected for the chemical variables, with the exception of NMP, which was significantly high (p<0.05) in soil treated with CLC at both sites.Research highlights: The improved biological soil properties analyzed (MBC, soil enzyme activities and SPI, together with NMP) emerged as reasonable indicators to assess and monitor the effects of CLC application.

scholarly journals Valorization of Cotton Gin Trash through Thermal and Biological Conversion for Soil Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13842
Author(s):  
Qurat-ul-Ain ◽  
Aisha Nazir ◽  
Sergio C. Capareda ◽  
Muhammad Shafiq ◽  
Firdaus-e-Bareen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Biological Conversion ◽  
Promote Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Attributes ◽  
Cotton Gin

Cotton gin trash, the by-product of the cotton ginning industry which is produced in large quantities every year, can be utilized as feedstock for deriving high quality organic materials such as biochar, compost and co-composted derivates for improvement of soils’ key physical, chemical and biological properties. This is the first report in which cotton gin trash was both thermally and biologically converted at the same time into biochar (BC), compost (C) and co-compost (Coc), and their effects on soil properties and on plant performance were examined. In order to find the optimum rate, the products were used as soil amendments in a greenhouse experiment at 2.5 t ha−1, 5 t ha−1and 10 t ha−1 rates. All of the amendments contributed in improving the soil properties and provided agronomic benefits to plants, however plants (radish var. Cherry belle) showed significantly (p < 0.05) better growth attributes and almost a 315% increase in biomass yield observed when co-composted biochar (10 t ha−1) was applied to the soil, thus suggesting its role in compensating fertilizer application. Amendments (2.5 and 5.0 t ha−1) considerably increased plant growth parameters; however, differences between 5 and 10 t ha−1 amendments were not so significant. As a result, replenishing soil with Coc (5 t ha−1) on a regular basis can promote plant growth and improve soil qualities over time.

scholarly journals Microplastic shape, concentration and polymer type affect soil properties and plant biomass

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yudi M. Lozano ◽  
Timon Lehnert ◽  
Lydia T. Linck ◽  
Anika Lehmann ◽  
Matthias C. Rillig
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Aggregation ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Polymer Type

ABSTRACTMicroplastics are an increasing concern in terrestrial systems. These particles can be incorporated into the soil in a wide range of shapes and polymers, reflecting the fact that manufacturers produce plastics in a variety of physical and chemical properties matching their intended use.Despite of this, little is known about the effects that the addition into the soil of microplastics of different shapes, polymer type and concentration levels may have on soil properties and plant performance.To fill this gap, we selected four microplastic shapes: fibers, films, foams and fragments; and for each shape we selected three microplastics made of one of the following polymers: polyester, polyamide, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylenterephthalat, polyurethane, polystyrene and polycarbonate. In a glasshouse experiment, each microplastic was added to a soil from a dry grassland at a concentration of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0,4%. A carrot (Daucus carota) plant grew in each pot during four weeks. At harvest, shoot and root mass, soil aggregation and microbial activity were measured.Our results showed that all microplastic shapes increased shoot and root masses. As concentration increased, microfibers increased plant biomass probably as fibers may hold water in the soil for longer. In contrast, microfilms decreased biomass with concentration, likely because they can create channels in the soil that promote water evaporation affecting plant performance. All microplastic shapes decreased soil aggregation, probably since microplastics may introduce fracture points in the aggregates affecting their stability and also due to potential negative effects on soil biota. The latter may also explain the decrease in microbial activity with, for example, polyethylene films. Similar to plant biomass, microfilms decreased soil aggregation with increasing concentration.Our study tested the microplastic shape mediation and dissimilarity hypotheses, highlighting the importance of microplastic shape, polymer type and concentration when studying the effects of microplastics on terrestrial systems.

scholarly journals redbiom: a Rapid Sample Discovery and Feature Characterization System

mSystems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel McDonald ◽  
Benjamin Kaehler ◽  
Antonio Gonzalez ◽  
Jeff DeReus ◽  
Gail Ackermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Critical Gap ◽  
Sequencing Errors ◽  
Meta Analyses

ABSTRACT Meta-analyses at the whole-community level have been important in microbiome studies, revealing profound features that structure Earth’s microbial communities, such as the unique differentiation of microbes from the mammalian gut relative to free-living microbial communities, the separation of microbiomes in saline and nonsaline environments, and the role of pH in driving soil microbial compositions. However, our ability to identify the specific features of a microbiome that differentiate these community-level patterns have lagged behind, especially as ever-cheaper DNA sequencing has yielded increasingly large data sets. One critical gap is the ability to search for samples that contain specific features (for example, sub-operational taxonomic units [sOTUs] identified by high-resolution statistical methods for removing amplicon sequencing errors). Here we introduce redbiom, a microbiome caching layer, which allows users to rapidly query samples that contain a given feature, retrieve sample data and metadata, and search for samples that match specified metadata values or ranges (e.g., all samples with a pH of >7), implemented using an in-memory NoSQL database called Redis. By default, redbiom allows public anonymous sample access for over 100,000 publicly available samples in the Qiita database. At over 100,000 samples, the caching server requires only 35 GB of resident memory. We highlight how redbiom enables a new type of characterization of microbiome samples and provide tutorials for using redbiom with QIIME 2. redbiom is open source under the BSD license, hosted on GitHub, and can be deployed independently of Qiita to enable search of proprietary or clinically restricted microbiome databases. IMPORTANCE Although analyses that combine many microbiomes at the whole-community level have become routine, searching rapidly for microbiomes that contain a particular sequence has remained difficult. The software we present here, redbiom, dramatically accelerates this process, allowing samples that contain microbiome features to be rapidly identified. This is especially useful when taxonomic annotation is limited, allowing users to identify environments in which unannotated microbes of interest were previously observed. This approach also allows environmental or clinical factors that correlate with specific features, or vice versa, to be identified rapidly, even at a scale of billions of sequences in hundreds of thousands of samples. The software is integrated with existing analysis tools to enable fast, large-scale microbiome searches and discovery of new microbiome relationships.

scholarly journals Changes in Soil Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Carbon Stocks in a Forest Ecosystem at Different Successional Stages in Leyte, Philippines

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-53
Author(s):  
Anane Sereñina ◽  
◽  
Suzette Lina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Lower Bulk Density ◽  
Soc Stocks

Forests play a vital role in the global carbon cycle since these are sources and sinks of carbon. This study was conducted to evaluate the changes in soil carbon stocks and some essential nutrients of different succession stages in two different soil types in Leyte Province. A space-fortime substitution approach was done in this study. Measurements of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soils were done following standard methods. The sites were characterized as Ultisol (Site 1 – Baybay, Leyte) and Andisol (Site 2 – Ormoc City). Results showed no significant differences among all the soil properties in the different forest succession stages in each site. However, variation in soil properties between sites was clearly observed. Site 2 had higher soil porosity and water holding capacity, but had lower bulk density than Site 1. Soils in Site 2 were more acidic, had higher total organic carbon, total N, and CEC but had pot, lower exchangeable bases and CEC than in Site 1. Both sites had low eff available P. The C:N ratios in all forest successions were significantly lower in Site 1 than in Site 2. This conforms to the results of substrate-induced respiration, where Site 1 was more active in CO evolution than Site 2. 2 Moreover, the soils in Site 2 significantly contained more SOC stocks (108- -1 -1 180 Mg C ha ) than in Site 1 (49-76 Mg C ha ). However, SOC stocks did not vary significantly in both sites. This result implies that the determination of soil physico-chemical properties is important in evaluating the changes of C:N ratios as well as of SOC stocks. In this study, Andisols had higher potential in storing organic C than Ultisols.

scholarly journals Responses of Soil Microbial Traits to Ground Cover in Citrus Orchards in Central China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2507
Author(s):  
Yupeng Wu ◽  
Xue Wang ◽  
Ronggui Hu ◽  
Jinsong Zhao ◽  
Yanbin Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Microbial Community Structure ◽  
Soil Microbial Community ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Soil Microbial Community Structure ◽  
Soil Microbial

A clear understanding of which factors play an important role in the development of the soil microbial community in orchards will benefit our understanding of ground cover impacts on soil nutrient cycling. Thus, in the present study, grass properties, soil properties, and soil microbial community structure were determined in a citrus orchard after 5 years of management with different types of ground cover (NG: natural grass, LP: monoculture of legumes, and NL: mixed culture of natural grasses and legumes) to evaluate how ground cover biomass and nitrogen-fixing ability drive soil physicochemical and microbial traits. Plant biomass carbon (BC) and nitrogen (BN) were significantly higher in LP and NL than NG and showed a significant (p < 0.01) positive relationship with soil total carbon (TC), NO3−-N (NN), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. In addition, the amount of biologically fixed nitrogen (FixN) showed a significant positive relationship with soil total nitrogen (TN) (p < 0.05) and NH4+-N (AN) content (p < 0.01). We also observed a difference in the soil microbial community structure between plots with and without legumes. The TC and BN were the most influential factors driving bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. Nevertheless, FixN explained less than 9% of the differences in soil bacterial and fungal communities. Our results suggest that grass biomass and FixN are the strong drivers of soil chemical properties, whereas ground cover and soil properties both contribute significantly to the soil microbial community structure.

scholarly journals Livestock Manure and the Impacts on Soil Health: A Review

Soil Systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Natasha Rayne ◽  
Lawrence Aula
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Soil Biology ◽  
Livestock Manure

Soil health is the capacity of the soil to provide an environment for optimum growth and development of plants, while also ensuring the health of animals and humans. Animal manure has been used for centuries as a source of nutrients in agriculture. However, many other soil properties that contribute to soil health are affected when manure is applied. Bulk density, aggregate stability, infiltration, water holding capacity, soil fertility, and biological properties are impacted to various degrees with manure application. The goal of this paper was to compile the research findings on the effects of various livestock manure types on soil fertility, soil physical properties, soil biology and the yield of various cereal crops. Specifically, this paper summarizes results for poultry, cattle, and swine manure used in various cropping systems. Although there are conflicting results in the literature with regards to the effect of manure on various soil properties, the literature offers convincing evidence of beneficial impacts of manure on soil and the growth of crops. The degree to which manure affects soil depends on the physical and chemical properties of the manure itself and various management and environmental factors including rate and timing of application, soil type, and climate.

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