scholarly journals Dependency of the Blast Wave Pressure on the Amount of Used Booster

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1813
Author(s):  
Lucia Figuli ◽  
Zuzana Zvaková ◽  
Vladimír Kavický ◽  
Tomáš Loveček
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Blast Wave ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Wave Pressure ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Maximal Pressure ◽  
External Characteristics

Most of the damage caused by an explosion is caused by a pressure effect. The magnitude of the pressure generated by the explosion is influenced by the external characteristics of the environment (surrounding objects, their arrangement, geometry, etc.) and internal characteristics (type of explosive, type of charge, booster and others). An effective combination of internal factors creates a symmetry that results in the highest possible value of pressure generated by the charge explosion. The paper focuses on the influence of the booster reaction on this symmetry. The scope of the paper is to understand the dependency of the blast wave pressure on the amount of used blaster to increase the efficacy of explosions on the environment and structures to increase the protection of affected structures. The open-air field tests were conducted using different types of explosives: trinitrotoluene and three different types of industrially made ANFO explosives (pure ammonium nitrate and fuel oil, ammonium nitrate and fuel oil plus aluminum powder, ammonium nitrate and fuel oil mixed with trinitrotoluene). The obtained data were compared with the analytical approach for setting the generated maximal pressure on the front of the blast wave.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Efficacy of Homemade and Industrially Made ANFO Explosives as an Improvised Explosive Device Charge 

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Lucia Figuli ◽  
Vladimir Kavicky ◽  
Stefan Jangl ◽  
Zuzana Zvakova
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Improvised Explosive Device ◽  
Aluminium Powder ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Explosive Device ◽  
Improvised Explosive

More than 95 % of all the terrorist attacks are carried out using the ANFO explosives. The ANFO explosives are explosives made from ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. They can be in three different variants (ammonium nitrate with oil, ammonium nitrate with oil and aluminium powder or ammonium nitrate with oil and TNT). This paper describes analysis of the field test results of ANFO explosives of different types. The efficacy of industrially made and the homemade ANFO explosives is compared and their possible usage in terrorist attacks for the treatment or the damage of critical infrastructure elements is described.

Different Approaches to Determine of the Explosion Effect, of a Homemade Explosive, on the Structure

2015 ◽  
Vol 796 ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
Lucia Figuli ◽  
Zuzana Zvaková
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Blast Wave ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Homemade Explosive

With the increase in acts of terrorism, the effects of the explosion on structures has become highly topical. The aim of the paper is an analysis of various approaches to determine the response of blast loaded reinforced concrete pillar. Homemade ANFO (Ammonium nitrate + fuel oil) explosive will be a reference explosive. Such type of explosives is the most used one in terroristic attacks. The paper will be focused on the analysis of the blast wave, based on the experimental tests, and dynamic analysis of a structure under such load.

Characteristics of Rg waves recorded from quarry blasts in central Texas

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1232-1235
Author(s):  
Tom T. Goforth ◽  
Jessie L. Bonner
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Working Face ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Seismological Observatory

Abstract Chemical blasts from quarrying operations in central Texas are routinely recorded by the W. M. Keck Foundation Seismological Observatory near China Spring, Texas. The Keck Observatory consists of a single, broadband, three-component, borehole seismograph system. Five quarries, located at distances ranging from 16 to 101 km from the observatory, each detonate from 1 to 6 tons of ammonium nitrate/fuel oil explosive on the average of twice per week. For every quarry for which the orientation of the working face could be determined, dispersed Rg waves are recorded at the Keck Observatory from those quarries at which the working face is directed away from the observatory, but are not observed or are severely attenuated from those quarries at which the working face is directed toward the observatory. Seismograms containing the dispersed Rg are easily recognized as quarry blasts, but those in which the dispersed Rg is absent look like small earthquakes.

Safety assessment of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) manufactory

2018 ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
D.S. Bonifácio ◽  
E.B.F. Galante ◽  
A.N. Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Fuel Oil

scholarly journals State-of-the-Art-Review of Collapsible Soils

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. AL-Rawas
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Foundation Design ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Collapse Potential ◽  
Collapsible Soils ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Compaction Control

Collapsible soils are encountered in arid and semi-arid regions. Such soils cause potential construction problems due to their collapse upon wetting. The collapse phenomenon is primarily related to the open structure of the soil. Several soil collapse classifications based on parameters such as moisture content, dry density, Atterberg limits and clay content have been proposed in the literature as indicators of the soil collapse potential. Direct measurement of the magnitude of collapse, using laboratory and/or field tests, is essential once a soil showed indications of collapse potential. Treatment methods such as soil replacement, compaction control and chemical stabilization showed significant reduction in the settlement of collapsible soils. The design of foundations on collapsible soils depends on the depth of the soil, magnitude of collapse and economics of the design. Strip foundations are commonly used when collapsing soil extends to a shallow depth while piles and drilled piers are recommended in cases where the soil extends to several meters. This paper provides a comprehensive review of collapsible soils. These include the different types of collapsible soils, mechanisms of collapse, identification and classification methods, laboratory and field testing, treatment methods and guidelines for foundation design.

scholarly journals Researched the wear resistance of hardened plowshares by electroarc and spot welding

2019 ◽  
pp. 189-196
Author(s):  
M. Vаsylenko ◽  
D. Buslаiev ◽  
O. Kаlinin ◽  
Yu. Kononogov
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Spot Welding ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Data Field ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Analytical Processing

Purpose. The researched of the wear resistance of hardened plowshares by electroarc and abrasion-resistant electrodes, when they are used in soils of different types. Methods. Conducting and planning an experiment, mathematical statistics and analytical processing of experimental data, field tests of experimental plowshares using the basic principles of the theory of friction and abrasive wear. Results. The characteristic defects of shares operating in different types of soils are determined. According to the proposed hardening technology, the wear rate of experimental shares is reduced. Conclusions 1.It has been established that the nature of the parts of tillage machines wear is significantly different when operating on various types of soils. 2.It was found that the wear rate of hardened plowshares for sandy soils is 1.2–1.6 times less than that of serial parts; hardened plowshares for clay soils also have a wear rate of 1.2–1.3 times less than serial ones. Keywords: exploitation, hardfacing, plowshares, soils of different types, wear, wear resistance.

Metamaterial-based fluid sensor for identifying different types of fuel oil samples

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1872-1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ali Tümkaya ◽  
Muharrem Karaaslan ◽  
Cumali Sabah
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Fluid Sensor ◽  
Different Types

scholarly journals Structural and Morphological Quantitative 3D Characterisation of Ammonium Nitrate Prills by X-Ray Computed Tomography

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1230
Author(s):  
Fabien Léonard ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Holger Krebs ◽  
Giovanni Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oil Retention ◽  
X Ray Computed

The mixture of ammonium nitrate (AN) prills and fuel oil (FO), usually referred to as ANFO, is extensively used in the mining industry as a bulk explosive. One of the major performance predictors of ANFO mixtures is the fuel oil retention, which is itself governed by the complex pore structure of the AN prills. In this study, we present how X-ray computed tomography (XCT), and the associated advanced data processing workflow, can be used to fully characterise the structure and morphology of AN prills. We show that structural parameters such as volume fraction of the different phases and morphological parameters such as specific surface area and shape factor can be reliably extracted from the XCT data, and that there is a good agreement with the measured oil retention values. Importantly, oil retention measurements (qualifying the efficiency of ANFO as explosives) correlate well with the specific surface area determined by XCT. XCT can therefore be employed non-destructively; it can accurately evaluate and characterise porosity in ammonium nitrate prills, and even predict their efficiency.

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