scholarly journals Washability of E-Textiles: Failure Modes and Influences on Washing Reliability

Textiles ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-54
Author(s):  
Sigrid Rotzler ◽  
Martin Schneider-Ramelow
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Integrated Electronics ◽  
Hybrid Products ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Influencing Parameters ◽  
Targeted Approach

E-textiles, hybrid products that incorporate electronic functionality into textiles, often need to withstand washing procedures to ensure textile typical usability. Yet, the washability—which is essential for many e-textile applications like medical or sports due to hygiene requirements—is often still insufficient. The influence factors for washing damage in textile integrated electronics as well as common weak points are not extensively researched, which makes a targeted approach to improve washability in e-textiles difficult. As a step towards reliably washable e-textiles, this review bundles existing information and findings on the topic: a summary of common failure modes in e-textiles brought about by washing as well as influencing parameters that affect the washability of e-textiles. The findings of this paper can be utilized in the development of e-textile systems with an improved washability.

Performance of the Casing-Plug Joints of Square Steel Tube Structures

2011 ◽  
Vol 462-463 ◽  
pp. 265-270
Author(s):  
Xiu Gen Jiang ◽  
Ning Xu ◽  
Xu Dong Shi ◽  
Yu Huan Wu ◽  
Xing Hua Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Steel Tube ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Ansys Software ◽  
Tube Cross Section ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Square Steel Tube

The performance of the casing-plug joint, including load carrying capacity, stiffness, failure modes, and its influence factors of the casing tubes set inside and outside of the main tubes are analyzed by simulating square steel tube casing-plug joints structures with ANSYS software in this paper. The formulas of the optimum l/L for the joints with the size of the main tube cross-section 200mm× 200mm are given in this paper.

Analysis of influence factors on interfacial bond between BFRP bars and seawater sea-sand concrete

2020 ◽  
pp. 073168442094160
Author(s):  
Yuntao Hua ◽  
Shiping Yin ◽  
Zihan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Bond Length ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Basalt Fiber ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Bond Slip ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Reinforced Polymer

In this paper, the influences of parameters such as the bond length, surface textures of reinforcement, reinforcement type and stirrups restraint were considered. Pull-out failure, splitting failure and splitting-pullout failure modes were observed during the test. The slip at the free end always lagged behind the slip at the loading end and the bond-slip curve of ribbed basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars included the micro-slip stage, slip stage, descent stage, and residual stage. Reducing the bond length and using ribbed-sand coated bars were beneficial to improve the bond performance. Increasing the bond length from 2.5 d to 5 d reduced the bond strength by 49.2%. The application of ribbed-sand coated bars instead of plain bars increased the bond strength by 1202.3%. The difference in bond strength between steel bars, BFRP bars and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars was small and the bond strengths of the three were much greater than that of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars. This was mainly attributed to the different rib forms of the bars. The application of stirrups increased the bond strength by 11.5%, which indicated that the stirrup restraints can improve the bond behavior to a certain extent. Besides, the analysis of the bond-slip curve based on the energy perspective was consistent with test results.

scholarly journals Development of a Data-driven Model for Marine Gas Turbine (MGT) Engine Health Monitoring

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Maraini ◽  
Mark Simpson ◽  
Ronald Brown ◽  
Michael Porporad
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Gas Generator ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Engine Model

Throughout the United States Navy, marine gas turbines (MGT) are used for the production of propulsive and electric power aboard many surface ships. The operational availability of these ships during deployments is contingent on the health and reliability of the installed MGTs. Currently, to ensure the health and proper functionality of these turbines, a series of manual evaluations are employed with varying success (e.g., pre-deployment visual inspections, periodic inspections of predefined wear out modes, characteristic vibration surveys, Integrated Performance Analysis Reports). This paper examines historical records associated with the General Electric LM2500 MGT installed for propulsion aboard Guided Missile Destroyers (DDG) and Guided Missile Cruisers (CG) to develop a deployable model of a healthy engine for the automated, near-real time comparison of sensed data. In traditional gas-path analysis (GPA), parameters such as compressor discharge pressure (CDP), compressor inlet temperature (CIT), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) are predicted as a function of engine speed using baseline engine data and correction factors. Implementation of GPA in the MGT environment is particularly challenging, as analysis will be limited to narrow operation bands and not account for influence factors such as engine load or the performance of critical subsystems on the engine. In this work, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) regression model is developed in order to capture the nonlinear relationships between engine controller inputs, external loads, and ambient conditions to selected sensor outputs such as gas generator speed (NGG), low pressure turbine speed (NPT ), and power turbine inlet pressure (P54). Optimal inputs and outputs are chosen using both mutual information (MI) scores and input from subject matter experts. A healthy data set was created using data from 60 MGT’s in service and time-synchronized failure records over a five year period from 2012 to 2017. An inter-engine model was trained from the healthy data set and used to generate model residuals, which show strong correlation with a variety of critical failure modes reported in maintenance history, thus enabling automatic fault detection and remote identification of asset health and reliability.

Computational Predictions of the Tensile and Compressive Properties of Rigid-Rod Polymers

1988 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott G. Wierschke
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Plane Deformation ◽  
Phenyl Group ◽  
Orbital Method ◽  
Tension And Compression ◽  
Ladder Polymers ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Rigid Rod ◽  
Ladder Polymer ◽  
Bending Failure

ABSTRACTThe Austin Model 1 (AM1) semiempirical molecular orbital method has been used to calculate tensile moduli and molecular tensile and compressive deformation for several rigid-rod polymers and a graphite model. The calculated moduli are an improvement over previous Modified Neglect of Differential Overlap (MNDO) calculations. These are the ultimate moduli or the perfectly aligned bulk systems. By analyzing the deformation of polymer molecules in tension and compression, the failure modes and weak points in the molecules can be determined. In compression, all the heterocyclic rigid-rod polymers exhibit a “bending” failure mode. In tension and compression, the phenyl group in the rods undergoes in-plane deformation more easily than the heterocyclic moiety, thus causing a lowering of the modulus. The hypothetical “ladder” polymer, polyacene, shows higher tensile and compressive resistance than any of the rods, suggesting that further study into the ladder polymers is warranted.

scholarly journals Analysis of Failures and Influence Factors of Critical Infrastructures: A Case of Metro

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yongliang Deng ◽  
Liangliang Song ◽  
Jianliang Zhou ◽  
Na Xu ◽  
Guodong Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Influence Factor ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Equipment Failure ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Analysis Of Failures ◽  
Safety Operation

Metro plays an indispensable role in promoting social and economic development of the big cities. However, the safety operation of the metro system is believed to be an arduous work for its operation being susceptible to various factors, especially equipment failure, which could bring about delay, interruption, and even accidents. In consideration of the seriousness of metro accident, it is becoming more and more crucial to conduct proactive, targeted, and effective risk management to reduce failures. Firstly, based on the FMECA and influence diagram theory, this paper proposes a new analytical framework to study metro equipment failure in accordance with system decomposition. Furthermore, a case study is implemented to verify the feasibility and availability of this framework in evaluating criticality of failure modes and assessing its influence factors based on the collected data from metro operation company. As indicated by the research results, wheel damage is the most serious failure mode in the bogie system, and its most paramount influence factor is the shortage of professional skills. Finally, a discussion about the research methods and results is carried out, and several recommendations are put forward to improve safety management on the basis of research findings. This study has the potential to offer suggestions in regard to metro equipment design, operation, and maintenance for raising the safety level in metro operation.

Influence Factors of the Compression Performance of CFRP Sheet Confined GFRP Short Pipe

2012 ◽  
Vol 256-259 ◽  
pp. 863-866
Author(s):  
Feng Li ◽  
Qi Lin Zhao ◽  
Jian Ping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Failure Modes ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Longitudinal Splitting ◽  
Compression Performance ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Cfrp Sheet ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Plastics

Compression performance of pultruded GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics) can be improved by confined CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics) sheet, but it was affected by some factors. Two groups GFRP short pipe specimens of different outer diameter (104mm and 76mm) were axial compressed. The failure modes of longitudinal splitting and compressive strength failure for the GFRP pipes and those confined by CFRP sheet respectively were comparatively analyzed. Analysis on the influence to the compressive performance of GFRP short pipes confined by CFRP sheet was made from mechanical and geometrical parameters of the CFRP and GFRP in numerical methods. The laws of improvement of compression performance of CFRP sheet confined GFRP short pipe were recognized.

Towards Mass Production of Smart Products by Forming Technologies

2014 ◽  
Vol 907 ◽  
pp. 113-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Brenneis ◽  
Mesut Ibis ◽  
Alexander Duschka ◽  
Peter Groche
Keyword(s):  
Smart Materials ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Product Architecture ◽  
Roll Forming ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Integrated Electronics ◽  
Smart Products ◽  
Stress States

In all areas of technology, the demand for high-quality, competitive and more valuable products is rising steadily. One approach to increase the value of manufactured products is the integration of electronic components in load carrying structures. These new products, which combine electrical and mechanical components synergistically, are called smart products. They consist of a passive structure and integrated electronics or smart materials. In addition to their mechanical properties they are also able to sense, to actuate or to transmit energy or data. The resulting product architecture requires both a mechanical and an electronic design in order to save subsequent assembly costs. Since further components are required to evaluate and control as well as to supply energy, all of those components need to be connected and integrated into the smart product. However, the main prerequisite for the marketability is the possibility of low-cost manufacturing and a robust mass production. Nowadays processes for the manufacturing of smart products do not fulfill the requirements for a sustainable mass production in a satisfying way as long as metallic structures are used. The authors deploy the forming technologies roll forming and sheet metal hydroforming to form sheets with applied flat electronics. Since the components are applied prior to the forming process, small and difficult to access installation spaces can be used effectively in the product architecture. The incremental bulk forming process rotary swaging is employed to integrate piezoceramics during the forming procedure without any additional joining elements. Challenges resulting from the chosen integrative manufacturing approach are the prevention of new kinds of failure modes and additional requirements for defined residual stress states. These challenges lead to extended process design requirements, which will be discussed in the paper in detail.

scholarly journals A Review on Micropitting Studies of Steel Gears

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaiju Liu ◽  
Heli Liu ◽  
Caichao Zhu ◽  
Ye Zhou
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Gear Tooth ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Contact Fatigue ◽  
Tooth Surface ◽  
Case Hardening ◽  
Heavy Load ◽  
Surface Topographies ◽  
Gear Manufacturing

With the mounting application of carburized or case-hardening gears and higher requirements of heavy-load, high-speed in mechanical systems such as wind turbines, helicopters, ships, etc., contact fatigue issues of gears are becoming more preponderant. Recently, significant improvements have been made on the gear manufacturing process to control subsurface-initiated failures, hence, gear surface-initiated damages, such as micropitting, should be given more attention. The diversity of the influence factors, including gear materials, surface topographies, lubrication properties, working conditions, etc., are necessary to be taken into account when analyzing gear micropitting behaviors. Although remarkable developments in micropitting studies have been achieved recently by many researchers and engineers on both theoretical and experimental fields, large amounts of investigations are yet to be further launched to thoroughly understand the micropitting mechanism. This work reviews recent relevant studies on the micropitting of steel gears, especially the competitive phenomenon that occurs among several contact fatigue failure modes when considering gear tooth surface wear evolution. Meanwhile, the corresponding recent research results about gear micropitting issues obtained by the authors are also displayed for more detailed explanations.

MULTI CRITERIA MANAGEMENT OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM: ANALYSIS OF THE FAILURES AND THE CRITICALITY OF STRUCTURES

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzouk Cherrared
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Sewerage System ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Multi Criteria Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Failures ◽  
Criticality Index

The FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis) was used for management of failure risks of the sewerage system of Algiers. It’s based on a multi criteria analysis of failures risks of principal structures, their effects and their criticality. The implementation of criteria is based on the knowledge gained in previous phases of investigations. A criticality index "Ic" has been estimated to highlight the most sensitive structures to previously identified risks. This index is calculated based on three parameters: a "risk", a "severity", and a "detectability period" of the failure. Multi criteria analysis was performed to select and rank the criteria on the basis of scores assigned to each of them (from 0 to 7 according to the defined performance states). Four performance classes were defined according to the values of Ic. Classification scale and graphs representing criticality indices were established. A case study is presented. The results highlight the "black points" of the sewerage system. The most sensitive structures have been identified and the targeted interventions in the medium and long terms have been proposed. The weak points of FMEA were also highlighted.

Scanning Electron Microscopy in Hybrid Microelectronics

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
S. Khadpe ◽  
R. Faryniak
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Thick Film ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Circuit Components ◽  
Hybrid Microcircuit ◽  
Electrical Connections ◽  
Scanning Electron

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is an important tool in Thick Film Hybrid Microcircuits Manufacturing because of its large depth of focus and three dimensional capability. This paper discusses some of the important areas in which the SEM is used to monitor process control and component failure modes during the various stages of manufacture of a typical hybrid microcircuit.Figure 1 shows a thick film hybrid microcircuit used in a Motorola Paging Receiver. The circuit consists of thick film resistors and conductors screened and fired on a ceramic (aluminum oxide) substrate. Two integrated circuit dice are bonded to the conductors by means of conductive epoxy and electrical connections from each integrated circuit to the substrate are made by ultrasonically bonding 1 mil aluminum wires from the die pads to appropriate conductor pads on the substrate. In addition to the integrated circuits and the resistors, the circuit includes seven chip capacitors soldered onto the substrate. Some of the important considerations involved in the selection and reliability aspects of the hybrid circuit components are: (a) the quality of the substrate; (b) the surface structure of the thick film conductors; (c) the metallization characteristics of the integrated circuit; and (d) the quality of the wire bond interconnections.

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