Exploring Biophysical Linkages between Coastal Forestry Management Practices and Aquatic Bivalve Contaminant Exposure

Terrestrial land use activities present cross-ecosystem threats to riverine and marine species and processes. Specifically, pesticide runoff can disrupt hormonal, reproductive, and developmental processes in aquatic organisms, yet non-point source pollution is difficult to trace and quantify. In Oregon, U.S.A., state and federal forestry pesticide regulations, designed to meet regulatory water quality requirements, differ in buffer size and pesticide applications. We deployed passive water samplers and collected riverine and estuarine bivalves Margaritifera falcata, Mya arenaria, and Crassostrea gigas from Oregon Coast watersheds to examine forestry-specific pesticide contamination. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling and regression to relate concentrations and types of pesticide contamination across watersheds to ownership and management metrics. In bivalve samples collected from eight coastal watersheds, we measured twelve unique pesticides (two herbicides; three fungicides; and seven insecticides). Pesticides were detected in 38% of bivalve samples; and frequency and maximum concentrations varied by season, species, and watershed with indaziflam (herbicide) the only current-use forestry pesticide detected. Using passive water samplers, we measured four current-use herbicides corresponding with planned herbicide applications; hexazinone and atrazine were most frequently detected. Details about types and levels of exposure provide insight into effectiveness of current forest management practices in controlling transport of forest-use pesticides.

Download Full-text

Road Salt Application in Highland Creek Watershed, Toronto, Ontario - Chloride Mass Balance

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.2010.044 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 451-461 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Nandana Perera ◽

Bahram Gharabaghi ◽

Peter Noehammer ◽

Bruce Kilgour

Keyword(s):

Mass Balance ◽

Management Practices ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽

Road Salt ◽

Winter Period ◽

Chloride Mass Balance ◽

Creek Watershed ◽

Chloride Concentrations

Abstract Occurrence of increasing chloride concentrations in urban streams of cold climates, mainly due to road salt application, has raised concerns on its adverse effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, there is a need for a better understanding of processes associated with road salt application and subsequent discharge into the environment in order to develop management practices to minimize detrimental effects of chlorides. The chloride mass analysis for the Highland Creek watershed based on four years of hourly monitoring data indicates that approximately 60% of the chlorides applied on the watershed enter streams prior to subsequent salting period, 85% of which occurs during the period between November and March. Contribution of private de-icing operations on chloride mass input within Highland Creek watershed was estimated to be approximately 38%, indicating its significance in overall chloride mass balance. Salt application rates, as well as chloride output in the streams, vary spatially based on land use, influencing chloride concentrations in surface waters. The estimated groundwater chloride concentration of 275 mg/L indicates that some aquatic organisms in Highland Creek would potentially be at risk even outside the winter period under dry weather flow conditions.

Download Full-text

Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater in Virginia: BMP Impact Assessment

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1993.0440 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (3-5) ◽

pp. 379-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

S. Mostaghimi ◽

P. W. McClellan ◽

R. A. Cooke

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Land Use ◽

Best Management Practices ◽

Water Samples ◽

Management Practices ◽

Water Quality Monitoring ◽

Pesticide Contamination ◽

Cropping Patterns ◽

Creek Watershed ◽

Surface And Groundwater

The Nomini Creek Watershed/Water Quality monitoring project was initiated in 1985, as part of the Chesapeake Bay Agreement of 1983, to quantify the impacts of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) on improving water quality. The watershed monitoring system was designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the quality of surface and groundwater as influenced by changes in land use, agronomic, and cultural practices in the watershed over the duration of the project. The primary chemical characteristics monitored include both soluble and sediment-bound nutrients and pesticides in surface and groundwater. Water samples from 8 monitoring wells located in agricultural areas in the watershed were analyzed for 22 pesticides. A total of 20 pesticides have been detected in water samples collected. Atrazine is the most frequently detected pesticide. Detected concentrations of atrazine ranged from 0.03 - 25.56 ppb and occurred in about 26 percent of the samples. Other pesticides were detected at frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 14.2 percent of all samples collected and concentrations between 0.01 and 41.89 ppb. The observed concentrations and spatial distributions of pesticide contamination of groundwater are compared to land use and cropping patterns. Results indicate that BMPs are quite effective in reducing pesticide concentrations in groundwater.

Download Full-text

Riparian forestry management and adult stream insects

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-8-545-2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 545-549 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

R. A. Briers ◽

J. H. R. Gee

Keyword(s):

Riparian Vegetation ◽

Management Practices ◽

Food Sources ◽

Tree Cover ◽

Strong Impact ◽

Riparian Management ◽

Stream Insects ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Forestry Management ◽

Coniferous Plantation

Abstract. The impacts of coniferous plantation forestry on the biology of upland streams in the UK are firmly established. Whilst benthic communities have been well studied, very little research has considered the impacts of riparian forestry management on adult stream insects, yet the essentially terrestrial adult (reproductive) phase may be important in determining the abundance and distribution of larval stages. Riparian vegetation has a potentially strong impact on survival and success of adult stages through alteration of microclimate, habitat structure and potential food sources, in addition to effects carried over from larval stages. Here, current riparian management strategies are analysed in the light of available information on the ecology of adult stream insects. On the whole, management practices appear to favour adult stream insects, although an increase in tree cover in riparian areas could be beneficial, by providing more favourable microclimatic conditions for adults. This conclusion is drawn based on rather limited information, and the need for further research into the effects of riparian forestry management on adult stream insects is highlighted. Keywords: microclimate, plantation, life history, riparian vegetation

Download Full-text

Linking on-farm dairy management practices to storm-flow fecal coliform loading for California coastal watersheds

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment ◽

10.1007/s10661-005-3911-7 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 107 (1-3) ◽

pp. 407-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

D. J. Lewis ◽

E. R. Atwill ◽

M. S. Lennox ◽

L. Hou ◽

B. Karle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fecal Coliform ◽

Management Practices ◽

Dairy Management ◽

Coastal Watersheds ◽

Storm Flow ◽

On Farm

Download Full-text

Evidence-Based Decision Making to Underpin the Thresholds in New Zealand's Craft Risk Management Standard: Biofouling on Vessels Arriving to New Zealand

Marine Technology Society Journal ◽

10.4031/mtsj.51.2.5 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 76-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Eugene Georgiades ◽

Daniel Kluza

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

New Zealand ◽

Best Management Practices ◽

Management Practices ◽

Marine Species ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Management Standard ◽

Antifouling Coatings ◽

Slime Layer ◽

Taxonomic Groups

AbstractVessel biofouling is a significant pathway for the introduction of nonindigenous marine species (NIMS). New Zealand is the first nation to regulate the vessel biofouling pathway, with controls scheduled to come into force in May 2018. The Craft Risk Management Standard (CRMS): Biofouling on Vessels Arriving to New Zealand specifies the hull fouling thresholds that vessels must meet; and here, we present the evidence-based decisions that underpin these thresholds.Under the CRMS, a vessel must arrive in New Zealand with a “clean hull,” the thresholds for which are governed by the intended duration of a vessel's stay in New Zealand. For example, long-stay (≥21 days) vessels must meet a more stringent standard of hull cleanliness due to the increased likelihood of release and establishment of NIMS. While setting a clean hull threshold at “slime layer only” can be tractable when vessels operate within the specifications of antifouling coatings, incidental amounts of macrofouling can establish even under the best management practices. Because of such instances, the thresholds within the CRMS were designed to allow for the presence of some macrofouling species, albeit with restrictions to minimize biosecurity risk. These thresholds are intended to limit species richness and to prevent successful reproduction and settlement of the allowed taxonomic groups while considering the practicality and feasibility of implementation.The difficulties of managing biofouling on different areas of the hull are acknowledged within these thresholds. For example, a greater tolerance of macrofouling has been allowed for niche areas due to the difficulties in preventing biofouling on these areas.

Download Full-text

Mixed method approaches to evaluate conservation impact: evidence from decentralized forest management in Tanzania

Environmental Conservation ◽

10.1017/s0376892914000241 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 162-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

JENS FRIIS LUND ◽

NEIL D. BURGESS ◽

SHABANI A. O. CHAMSHAMA ◽

KLAUS DONS ◽

JACK A. ISANGO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Management ◽

Mixed Method ◽

Management Practices ◽

Forest Disturbance ◽

Good Condition ◽

Policy Outcomes ◽

Landsat Images ◽

Forest Condition ◽

Before And After ◽

Forest Use

SUMMARYNearly 10% of the world's total forest area is formally owned by communities and indigenous groups, yet knowledge of the effects of decentralized forest management approaches on conservation (and livelihood) impacts remains elusive. In this paper, the conservation impact of decentralized forest management on two forests in Tanzania was evaluated using a mixed method approach. Current forest condition, forest increment and forest use patterns were assessed through forest inventories, and changes in forest disturbance levels before and after the implementation of decentralized forest management were assessed on the basis of analyses of Landsat images. This biophysical evidence was then linked to changes in actual management practices, assessed through records, interviews and participatory observations, to provide a measure of the conservation impact of the policy change. Both forests in the study were found to be in good condition, and extraction was lower than overall forest increment. Divergent changes in forest disturbance levels were in evidence following the implementation of decentralized forest management. The evidence from records, interviews and participatory observations indicated that decentralized management had led to increased control of forest use and the observed divergence in forest disturbance levels appeared to be linked to differences in the way that village-level forest managers prioritized conservation objectives and forest-based livelihood strategies. The study illustrates that a mixed methods approach comprises a valid and promising way to evaluate impacts of conservation policies, even in the absence of control sites. By carefully linking policy outcomes to policy outputs, such an approach not only identifies whether such policies work as intended, but also potential mechanisms.

Download Full-text

Ekonomická doba obmýtní / Economic rotation period

Forestry Journal ◽

10.1515/forj-2015-0004 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 223-230

Author(s):

Karel Pulkrab ◽

Miroslav Sloup ◽

Roman Sloup

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Rotation Period ◽

Mean Value ◽

Site Quality ◽

Forest Site ◽

National Agency ◽

Rotation Periods ◽

Forestry Management ◽

The Difference

Abstract The article presents selected results of the project of the Czech National Agency for Agricultural Research, “Differentiation of intensities and management practices in relation to forest biodiversity and economic sustainability of forestry” executed at the Department of Forest Economy and Forestry Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Agriculture in Prague. The results included the quantification of forest rotation periods derived from total mean increment, total mean value increment, and annual gross profit of forest production. Significant differences between the rotation period currently recommended and the rotation period relevant to economic optimum (maximum) were observed. The better the forest site (site quality class), the bigger is the difference

Download Full-text

Toxicological and ecotoxicological pressure due to pesticide use in Sancti Spíritus, Cuba

Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5424/sjar/2020184-15450 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. e0305

Author(s):

Edelbis López-Dávila ◽

Michael Houbraken ◽

Jasmine De Rop ◽

Gijs Du Laing ◽

Osvaldo Romero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Inorganic Compounds ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Risk Indicator ◽

Pesticide Use ◽

Personal Protection Equipment ◽

Frequency Of Use ◽

Synthetic Pesticide ◽

Potential Risks ◽

Risk Of Exposure

Aim of study: To quantify the toxicity and ecotoxicological pressure of pesticides in Sancti Spíritus province, Cuba, between 2011 and 2014.Material and methods: A longitudinal descriptive study was designed for the study period, to identify potential risks to the environment and human health associated with the use of pesticides. In order to determine the toxicity and ecotoxicity of pesticide use, ƩSeq (Spread equivalents), POCER (Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk) indicator, and the Toxic Load (TL) methodology of the Plant Health Cuban Institute were used.Main results: Corresponding to 62 chemical families, 124 active ingredients were applied in the province during the study period. Organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, inorganic compounds (such as copper), dithiocarbamates, aryloxyphenoxypropionates, neonicotinoids, sulfonylurea, triazoles, and organochlorines predominated due to their frequency of use. Use of toxic-pesticides, lack of personal protection equipment amount others made workers, residents and applicators the toxicological modules with the highest risk of exposure. From the POCER results we found that aquatic organisms, persistence, and groundwater are the modules with the highest ecotoxicological pressure.Research highlights: With the use of the POCER indicator as well as ƩSeq, a more accurate assessment of toxicity and ecotoxicity from certain pesticide can be done instead of the TL equation currently used in Cuba. In addition substitution of the most toxic pesticides by less toxic ones could help to reduce synthetic pesticide pressure on humans and the environment. This study can help to develop policies and management practices to reduce the hazards of synthetic pesticide use in Cuba.

Download Full-text

Water Scarcity and Urban Forests: Science and Public Policy Lessons from a Decade of Drought in Adelaide, Australia

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2013.014 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Mark Brindal ◽

Randy Stringer

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Management Practices ◽

Urban Forestry ◽

South Australia ◽

Urban Forests ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Institutional Settings ◽

Forestry Management ◽

Social Amenities ◽

The City

Drawing on the experience of greater metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, the paper points to the links and gaps between science and public policy. The paper explores urban stormwater management lessons emerging from a ten-year, prolonged dry period that impacted the integrity of urban forests in the City of Adelaide. Among the questions addressed: will stormwater remain, as its historic and institutional settings suggest, a liability or can it become an asset? Who owns stormwater resources and to whom is its management vested? The paper examines these issues with consideration to the dangers of continuing to use urban forestry management practices that are not informed by science. The study concludes that a more integrated approach to urban water management can maintain the integrity of urban forests in ways that potentially enhance social amenities and economic efficiency.

Download Full-text

Practical Difficulties of Sampling Ballast Tanks - What Lessons Can Be Learned?

10.24868/bwtc6.2017.003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Evans ◽

Emma Langley

Keyword(s):

Ballast Water ◽

Management Practices ◽

Time Windows ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Small Time ◽

Performance Standard ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Ballast Tank ◽

International Convention ◽

Ballast Tanks

The adoption of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWMC) in 2004 (herewith the Convention) has sought to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens in the ballast water and sediments of ships, threatening marine ecosystems worldwide. The Convention sets out the various requirements and the various steps vessels owners / operators and port States need to undertake in order to effectively manage ballast water and sediments. However, there are still open issues and uncertainty, including the scientific and practical challenges of sampling of ballast tanks and monitoring compliance with the Convention’s standards. In order to monitor compliance with the Convention’s standards, documented management practices can be inspected for appropriateness and inspection of vessel log books can give an indication that practices have been implemented. However, sampling is the most effective way to ensure compliance with standards set out in the Convention. To check compliance with the D-1 (exchange) standard, vessel log books should be inspected and sampling can be used to check for anomalies in the composition of the ballast water (e.g. salinity). D-1 compliance is intended as an interim step until treatment systems are more widely available – although, some ports may require exchange as well as treatment in the long term. Compliance with the D-2 (performance) standard following treatment of the ballast water requires the sampling of biological, chemical and physical parameters. Whether checking compliance to the D-1 or D-2 standards, there are significant sampling challenges. These include the logistics of gaining vessel access; having multiple sample methods available to suit ballast tank access restrictions; getting a representative sample; sample analyses; sample interpretation and; what to do if a sample fails? In addition to this, local requirements can present further challenges (e.g. small time windows for bacterial analysis). This paper will highlight the difficulties of sampling ballast tanks in practice, drawing from national and international experiences, and will also comment more broadly on the sampling process and governance – such as regional differences and the role of port State control. Drawing on protocols adopted by other states will help to facilitate a more efficient, consistent and organised implementation of the Convention to the shipping community worldwide.

Download Full-text