Co-Cropping Indian Mustard and Silage Maize for Phytoremediation of a Cadmium-Contaminated Acid Paddy Soil Amended with Peat

Co-cropping is an eco-friendly strategy to improve the phytoremediation capacity of plants growing in soils contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd). This study was conducted to investigate the effects of co-cropping Indian mustard (Brassicajuncea) and silage maize (Zeamays) and applying peat on the phytoremediation of a Cd-contaminated acid paddy soil via characterizing plant growth and Cd uptake in pot experiments. There were six planting patterns (Control: no plants; MI-2 and MI-4: mono-cropping of Indian mustard at low and high densities, respectively; MS: mono-cropping of silage maize; CIS-2 and CIS-4: co-cropping of Indian mustard at low and high densities with silage maize, respectively) and two application rates of peat (NP: 0; WP: 30 g kg−1). When Indian mustard and silage maize were co-cropped, the shoot biomass of Indian mustard plants per pot was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that obtained in the mono-cropping systems, with a substantial reduction (55–72%) in the same plant density group. The shoot biomass of silage maize plants in the mono-cropping systems did not differ significantly from that in the co-cropping systems regardless of the density of Indian mustard. The growth-promoting effect of the peat application was more pronounced in Indian mustard than silage maize. Under the low density of Indian mustard, the co-cropping systems significantly (p < 0.05) decreased Cd uptake by silage maize. Additionally, soil amendment with peat significantly (p < 0.05) increased shoot Cd removal rate and Cd translocation factor value in the co-cropping systems. Taken together, the results demonstrated that silage maize should be co-cropped with Indian mustard at an appropriate density in Cd-polluted soils to achieve simultaneous remediation of Cd-contaminated soils (via Indian mustard) and production of crops (here, silage maize). Peat application was shown to promote the removal of Cd from soil and translocation of Cd into shoots and could contribute to enhanced phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated acid paddy soil.

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Role of Two Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria in Remediating Cadmium-Contaminated Soil Combined with Miscanthus floridulus (Lab.)

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10050912 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 912

Author(s):

Shuming Liu ◽

Hongmei Liu ◽

Rui Chen ◽

Yong Ma ◽

Bo Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Translocation Factor ◽

Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Pgp Traits ◽

Cd Tolerance ◽

Plant Growth Promoting ◽

Growth Promoting ◽

Cd Translocation

Miscanthus spp. are energy plants and excellent candidates for phytoremediation approaches of metal(loid)s-contaminated soils, especially when combined with plant growth-promoting bacteria. Forty-one bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere soils and roots tissue of five dominant plants (Artemisia argyi Levl., Gladiolus gandavensis Vaniot Houtt, Boehmeria nivea L., Veronica didyma Tenore, and Miscanthus floridulus Lab.) colonizing a cadmium (Cd)-contaminated mining area (Huayuan, Hunan, China). We subsequently tested their plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits (e.g., production of indole-3-acetic acid, siderophore, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase) and Cd tolerance. Among bacteria, two strains, Klebsiella michiganensis TS8 and Lelliottia jeotgali MR2, presented higher Cd tolerance and showed the best results regarding in vitro growth-promoting traits. In the subsequent pot experiments using soil spiked with 10 mg Cd·kg−1, we investigated the effects of TS8 and MR2 strains on soil Cd phytoremediation when combined with M. floridulus (Lab.). After sixty days of planting M. floridulus (Lab.), we found that TS8 increased plant height by 39.9%, dry weight of leaves by 99.1%, and the total Cd in the rhizosphere soil was reduced by 49.2%. Although MR2 had no significant effects on the efficiency of phytoremediation, it significantly enhanced the Cd translocation from the root to the aboveground tissues (translocation factor > 1). The combination of K. michiganensis TS8 and M. floridulus (Lab.) may be an effective method to remediate Cd-contaminated soils, while the inoculation of L. jeotgali MR2 may be used to enhance the phytoextraction potential of M. floridulus.

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Phytoremediation: Enhanced cadmium (Cd) accumulation by organic manuring, EDTA and microbial inoculants (Azotobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp.) in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.59.2011.2.2 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 117-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

B. Panwar ◽

I. Kádár ◽

B. Bíró ◽

K. Rajkai-Végh ◽

P. Ragályi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brassica Juncea ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Cadmium Concentration ◽

Indian Mustard ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Microbial Inoculants ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Spiked Soil ◽

Living Organisms

Phytoremediation is an approach designed to extract excessive heavy metals from contaminated soils through plant uptake. Cadmium (Cd) is among the elements most toxic to living organisms. Health hazards associated with the lethal intake of Cd include renal (kidney) damage, anaemia, hypertension and liver damage. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) grown on artificially spiked soil (100 μg Cd g−1) with EDTA (2 mmol kg−1 in 5 split doses), FYM, vermicompost (VC) and microbial inoculants (MI) such as Azotobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The growth of Brassica juncea L. was better in soil amended with FYM or VC as compared to unamended Cd-polluted soil. Growth was slightly suppressed in EDTA-treated soil, whereas it was better after treatment with MI. The application of FYM and VC increased the dry matter yield of Indian mustard either alone or in combination with microbial inoculants, while that of EDTA caused a significant decrease in the biomass of Indian mustard. The application of microbial inoculants increased the dry matter yield of both the roots and shoots, but not significantly, because MI shows greater sensitivity towards cadmium. The maximum cadmium concentration was observed in the EDTA +MI treatment, but Cd uptake was maximum in the VC + MI treatment. The Cd concentration in the shoots increased by 120% in CdEDTA over the Cd100 treatment, followed by CdVC (65%) and CdFYM (42%) in the absence of microbial inoculants. The corresponding values in the presence of MI were 107, 51 and 37%, respectively. A similar trend was also observed in the roots in the order CdEDTA+M > CdVC+M > CdFYM+M>Cd100+M.MI caused an increase in Cd content of 5.5% in the roots and 4.1% in the shoots in the CdEDTA+M treatment compared with the CdEDTA treatment. FYM, VC and EDTA also increased Cd uptake significantly both in the shoots and roots with and without microbial inoculants.The results indicated that Vermicompost in combination with microbial inoculants is the best treatment for the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil by Indian mustard, as revealed by the Cd uptake values in the shoots: CdVC+M (2265.7 μg/pot) followed by CdEDTA+M (2251.2 μg/pot), CdFYM+M (1485.7 μg/pot) and Cd100+M (993.1 μg/pot).

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Cadmium uptake, translocation, and redistribution affect Cd accumulation in grain of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars

10.21203/rs.3.rs-22672/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yiran Cheng ◽

Xu Zhang ◽

Sha Wang ◽

Xue Xiao ◽

Jian Zeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Common Wheat ◽

Translocation Factor ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Cd Accumulation ◽

Flag Leaves ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Cd Translocation

Abstract Background To study the cadmium (Cd) accumulation in wheat grain, we evaluated the grain Cd concentrations of 46 common wheat cultivars grown at two sites in Sichuan, China and selected five different grain Cd accumulators (a high-Cd accumulator ZM18, four low-Cd accumulators YM51, YM53, SM969 and CM104) to explore the physiological processes of Cd accumulation in the grain of wheat grown under varying degrees of Cd stress. Results Our results showed that the Cd concentration in grain differed among genotypes. Under low-Cd stress, the grain Cd concentration was correlated with the Cd translocation factor (TF) of roots to grain and all the Cd redistribution factors (RFs). Compared with the ZM18, the cultivars YM53 and SM969 accumulated less Cd in the grain due to low Cd redistribution from lower stems and older leaves to grain. The low-Cd accumulators YM51 and CM104 were due to low Cd transport from roots to grain, and low Cd redistribution from glumes, flag leaves, lower stems, and older leaves to grain. Under high-Cd stress, the ZM18, YM53, and SM969 accumulated significantly more Cd in the grain, root and other tissues than did YM51 and CM104. Correlation analyses showed that the grain Cd concentration of wheat under high Cd stress was positively correlated with the Cd concentration in each tissue and the TFs of roots to grains, rachis, internode 1 and flag leaves. Conclusions Cd translocation directly from roots to grain and Cd redistribution from shoots to grain determines the Cd accumulation in grain of wheat cultivars under low-Cd stress. Cd uptake by root and then synchronously transported to new shoots determined the differences of Cd accumulation in the grain of wheat cultivars under high Cd stress.

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Arbusular Mycorrhizal Fungi Effects of the Growth, Cd Uptake and Physiology of Solanum lycopersicum Seedlings under Cd Stress

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4994 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 518-523 ◽

pp. 4994-4999

Author(s):

Ling Zhi Liu ◽

Zong Qiang Gong ◽

Yu Long Zhang ◽

Pei Jun Li

Keyword(s):

Solanum Lycopersicum ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Sod Activity ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Cd Translocation ◽

Addition Level

The effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth, Cd uptake and some physio-biochemical indexes of Solanum lycopersicum seedlings under different levels of Cd stress were investigated in a pot study. Generally, the symbiotic relationship between Solanum lycopersicum and AMF can be well established under Cd stress. This was reflected by the better physio-biochemical index of the plants inoculated with G. constrictum, G. mosseae and G. intraradices whose colonization rates were between 41.4% and 76.1%. Compared with the non-inoculated ones, G. constrictum inoculation enhanced the plant biomass at 50 mg kg-1 Cd addition level. AM colonization increased the Cd distribution to the roots in plants and alleviated shoots from high Cd stress, and thus increased the shoot biomass in the end. At the high Cd addition level, mycorrhizal plants reacted differently in the reduction of the contents of MDA, by influencing the soluble sugar, POD activity, SOD activity and so on. Our results showed that mycorrhizal colonization was beneficial to the Cd translocation in plants and reduced the membrane lipid peroxidation in plants under serious Cd stress. However, the mechanisms of mycorrhizal protection in plants were influenced by many factors and still need to be further studied.

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Remediation of cadmium by Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) from cadmium contaminated soil: a phytoextraction study

International Journal of Environment ◽

10.3126/ije.v3i2.10533 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 229-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rajeev Kumar Bhadkariya ◽

VK Jain ◽

GPS Chak ◽

SK Gupta

Keyword(s):

Brassica Juncea ◽

Contaminated Soil ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Low Cost ◽

Indian Mustard ◽

Translocation Factor ◽

Toxic Metal ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Cadmium Metal ◽

Living Organisms

Cadmium is a toxic metal for living organisms and an environmental contaminant. Soils in many parts of the world are slightly too moderately contaminated by Cd due to long term use and disposal of Cd-contaminated wastes. Cost effective technologies are needed to remove cadmium from the contaminated sites. Soil phytoextraction is engineering based, low cost and socially accepted developing technology that uses plants to clean up contaminants in soils. This technology can be adopted as a remediation of cadmium from Cd-contaminated soils with the help of Brassica juncea plant. The objective of this work was to evaluate the cadmium (Cd) accumulate and the tolerance of Brassica juncea. The Cd accumulates in all parts of plants (roots, stems and leaves). It was found that accumulating efficiency increased with the increase in the concentration of applied cadmium metal solution. Maximum accumulation of cadmium was found in roots than stem and leaves. Phytoextraction coefficient and translocation factor were highest to show the validity of the Brassica juncea species for hyperaccumulation of the Cd metal. These results suggested that Brassica juncea has a high ability to tolerate and accumulate Cd, so it might be a promising plant to be used for phytoextraction of Cd contaminated soil. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i2.10533 International Journal of the Environment Vol.3(2) 2014: 229-237

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Exogenous Glycinebetaine Promotes Soil Cadmium Uptake by Edible Amaranth Grown during Subtropical Hot Season

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15091794 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (9) ◽

pp. 1794 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wei-Qing Yao ◽

Yong-Kang Lei ◽

Ping Yang ◽

Qu-Sheng Li ◽

Li-Li Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soluble Sugar ◽

Translocation Factor ◽

Control Group ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Effective Measure ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll ◽

Hot Season ◽

Cd Translocation ◽

Cd Uptake And Accumulation ◽

Soil Cd

Exogenous glycinebetaine treatment is an effective measure for preventing crops from being exposed to drought and high temperature; however, the effects of this approach on the soil Cd uptake and accumulation by crops remain unclear. Pot experiments were conducted in this study to analyze the effect of glycinebetaine on the soil Cd uptake and accumulation by edible amaranth cultivated in Cd-contaminated soil. Results revealed that after exogenous glycinebetaine treatment on amaranth leaves during the vigorous growth period, the plant biomass, the Cd concentrations in the roots and shoots, and the Cd translocation factor (TF) were significantly higher than those of the control group. The highest Cd concentrations in the roots and shoots and the TF were higher by 91%, 96% and 23.8%, respectively, than the corresponding values in the control group. In addition, exogenous glycinebetaine treatment significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content and promoted the photosynthesis of edible amaranth. Consequently, the contents of soluble sugar, dissolved organic carbon, and low-molecular-weight organic acids significantly increased in the rhizosphere, resulting in Cd mobilization. Significant positive correlations were observed among the contents of leaf chlorophyll, Mg, Fe, pectin and Ca. Given that Cd shares absorption and translocation channels with these elements, we speculated that the increased leaf chlorophyll and pectin contents promoted the absorption and accumulation of Mg, Fe and Ca, which further promoted the absorption and translocation of Cd. These results indicated that exogenous glycinebetaine treatment during hot season would aggravate the health risks of crops grown in Cd-contaminated soils.

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Enhanced phytoremediation of uranium-contaminated soils by Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) using slow release citric acid

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-021-14964-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Guanghui Wang ◽

Bing Wang ◽

Wenzhe Fan ◽

Nansheng Deng

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Brassica Juncea ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Slow Release ◽

Indian Mustard

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Is Agriculture Always a GHG Emitter? A Combination of Eddy Covariance and Life Cycle Assessment Approaches to Calculate C Intake and Uptake in a Kiwifruit Orchard

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13126906 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 6906

Author(s):

Federica Rossi ◽

Camilla Chieco ◽

Nicola Di Virgilio ◽

Teodoro Georgiadis ◽

Marianna Nardino

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Eddy Covariance ◽

Large Scale ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Substantial Reduction ◽

Co2 Absorption ◽

Positive Contribution ◽

Efficiency Ratio

While a substantial reduction of GHG (greenhouse gases) is urged, large-scale mitigation implies a detailed and holistic knowledge on the role of specific cropping systems, including the effect of management choices and local factors on the final balance between emissions and removals, this last typical of cropping systems. Here, a conventionally managed irrigated kiwifruit orchard has been studied to assess its greenhouse gases emissions and removals to determine its potential action as a C sink or, alternately, as a C source. The paper integrates two independent approaches. Biological CO2 fluxes have been monitored during 2012 using the micrometeorological Eddy covariance technique, while life cycle assessment quantified emissions derived from the energy and material used. In a climatic-standard year, total GHG emitted as consequence of the management were 4.25 t CO2-eq−1 ha−1 yr−1 while the net uptake measured during the active vegetation phase was as high as 4.9 t CO2 ha−1 yr−1. This led to a positive contribution of the crop to CO2 absorption, with a 1.15 efficiency ratio (sink-source factor defined as t CO2 stored/t CO2 emitted). The mitigating activity, however, completely reversed under extremely unfavorable climatic conditions, such as those recorded in 2003, when the efficiency ratio became 0.91, demonstrating that the occurrence of hotter and drier conditions are able to compromise the capability of Actinidia to offset the GHG emissions, also under appropriate irrigation.

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