Arbusular Mycorrhizal Fungi Effects of the Growth, Cd Uptake and Physiology of Solanum lycopersicum Seedlings under Cd Stress

The effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth, Cd uptake and some physio-biochemical indexes of Solanum lycopersicum seedlings under different levels of Cd stress were investigated in a pot study. Generally, the symbiotic relationship between Solanum lycopersicum and AMF can be well established under Cd stress. This was reflected by the better physio-biochemical index of the plants inoculated with G. constrictum, G. mosseae and G. intraradices whose colonization rates were between 41.4% and 76.1%. Compared with the non-inoculated ones, G. constrictum inoculation enhanced the plant biomass at 50 mg kg-1 Cd addition level. AM colonization increased the Cd distribution to the roots in plants and alleviated shoots from high Cd stress, and thus increased the shoot biomass in the end. At the high Cd addition level, mycorrhizal plants reacted differently in the reduction of the contents of MDA, by influencing the soluble sugar, POD activity, SOD activity and so on. Our results showed that mycorrhizal colonization was beneficial to the Cd translocation in plants and reduced the membrane lipid peroxidation in plants under serious Cd stress. However, the mechanisms of mycorrhizal protection in plants were influenced by many factors and still need to be further studied.

Download Full-text

Effects of earthworms and mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of the medicinal herb Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae)

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/189/2011-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 499-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J.G. Zaller ◽

F. Saccani ◽

T. Frank

Keyword(s):

Biomass Production ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Lumbricus Terrestris ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Stem Length ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Calendula Officinalis ◽

Amf Inoculation

  Both earthworms and symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) often co-occurr in ecosystems, however very little is known on their interrelationships. Here we tested to what extent earthworms (Annelida) or AMF (Glomales) separately or in combination affect the growth of the pharmaceutical plant species, pot marigold (Calendula officinalis, Asteraceae). We conducted a greenhouse experiment using non-sterilized field soil where we manipulated the factors earthworms (addition/no addition of the vertical burrowing species Lumbricus terrestris) and AMF (addition/no addition of a mix of the four Glomus taxa G. geosporum, G. mosseae, G. intraradices, G. claroideum). Leaf length and flower stem length was significantly increased by earthworms but remained unaffected by additional AMF. The longest leaves and flower stems were observed in pots containing earthworms but no additional AMF. The number of flower buds was unaffected by earthworms but marginally significantly increased by AMF. Plant shoot biomass production was significantly higher when earthworms were present; AMF inoculation had no effect on biomass production. Root biomass production and total plant biomass production remained unaffected by earthworms or AMF. These results indicate that in soil already containing AMF earthworm addition primarily affects vegetative growth while additional AMF inoculation tended to affect reproductive plant parts.

Download Full-text

Cadmium uptake, translocation, and redistribution affect Cd accumulation in grain of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars

10.21203/rs.3.rs-22672/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yiran Cheng ◽

Xu Zhang ◽

Sha Wang ◽

Xue Xiao ◽

Jian Zeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Common Wheat ◽

Translocation Factor ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Cd Accumulation ◽

Flag Leaves ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Cd Translocation

Abstract Background To study the cadmium (Cd) accumulation in wheat grain, we evaluated the grain Cd concentrations of 46 common wheat cultivars grown at two sites in Sichuan, China and selected five different grain Cd accumulators (a high-Cd accumulator ZM18, four low-Cd accumulators YM51, YM53, SM969 and CM104) to explore the physiological processes of Cd accumulation in the grain of wheat grown under varying degrees of Cd stress. Results Our results showed that the Cd concentration in grain differed among genotypes. Under low-Cd stress, the grain Cd concentration was correlated with the Cd translocation factor (TF) of roots to grain and all the Cd redistribution factors (RFs). Compared with the ZM18, the cultivars YM53 and SM969 accumulated less Cd in the grain due to low Cd redistribution from lower stems and older leaves to grain. The low-Cd accumulators YM51 and CM104 were due to low Cd transport from roots to grain, and low Cd redistribution from glumes, flag leaves, lower stems, and older leaves to grain. Under high-Cd stress, the ZM18, YM53, and SM969 accumulated significantly more Cd in the grain, root and other tissues than did YM51 and CM104. Correlation analyses showed that the grain Cd concentration of wheat under high Cd stress was positively correlated with the Cd concentration in each tissue and the TFs of roots to grains, rachis, internode 1 and flag leaves. Conclusions Cd translocation directly from roots to grain and Cd redistribution from shoots to grain determines the Cd accumulation in grain of wheat cultivars under low-Cd stress. Cd uptake by root and then synchronously transported to new shoots determined the differences of Cd accumulation in the grain of wheat cultivars under high Cd stress.

Download Full-text

Effect of Molybdenum on Plant Physiology and Cadmium Uptake and Translocation in Rape (Brassica napus L.) under Different Levels of Cadmium Stress

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17072355 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 2355

Author(s):

Zhangxiong Han ◽

Xuan Wei ◽

Dejun Wan ◽

Wenxiang He ◽

Xijie Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Physiology ◽

Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽

Brassica Napus ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Brassica Napus L ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

P Values ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽

Cd Translocation

This study investigated the beneficial effect of molybdenum (Mo) application on rape plants (Brassica napus L.) grown in a soil polluted by cadmium (Cd). A pot experiment was conducted to determine how different concentrations of exogenous Mo (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) affect plant physiology, biomass, photosynthesis, cation uptake, and Cd translocation and enrichment in rape plants under Cd stress (0.5 and 6.0 mg/kg). Under single Cd treatment, plant physiological and biochemical parameters, biomass parameters, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and macroelement uptake of rape plants decreased, while their malonaldehyde content, proline content, non-photochemical quenching coefficient, and Cd uptake significantly increased, compared to those of the control group (p-values < 0.05). High-Cd treatment resulted in much larger changes in these parameters than low-Cd treatment. Following Mo application, the accumulation of malondialdehyde and proline decreased in the leaves of Cd-stressed plants; reversely, the contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, and chlorophyll, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, all increased compared to those of single Cd treatment (p-values < 0.05). Exogenous Mo application promoted shoot and root growth of Cd-stressed plants in terms of their length, fresh weight, and dry weight. The negative effect of Cd stress on leaf chlorophyll fluorescence was substantially mitigated by applying Mo. Exogenous Mo also improved the uptake of inorganic cations, especially potassium (K+), in Cd-stressed plants. After Mo application, Cd uptake and accumulation were inhibited and Cd tolerance was enhanced, but Cd translocation was less affected in Cd-stressed plants. The mitigation effect of Mo on Cd stress in rape was achieved through the immobilization of soil Cd to reduce plant uptake, and improvement of plant physiological properties to enhance Cd tolerance. In conclusion, exogenous Mo can effectively reduce Cd toxicity to rape and the optimal Mo concentration was 100 mg/kg under the experimental conditions.

Download Full-text

Co-Cropping Indian Mustard and Silage Maize for Phytoremediation of a Cadmium-Contaminated Acid Paddy Soil Amended with Peat

Toxics ◽

10.3390/toxics9050091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 91

Author(s):

Sifan Wang ◽

Yong Liu ◽

Khalil Kariman ◽

Jialin Li ◽

Huihua Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Paddy Soil ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Substantial Reduction ◽

Indian Mustard ◽

Translocation Factor ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Silage Maize ◽

Cd Translocation

Co-cropping is an eco-friendly strategy to improve the phytoremediation capacity of plants growing in soils contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd). This study was conducted to investigate the effects of co-cropping Indian mustard (Brassicajuncea) and silage maize (Zeamays) and applying peat on the phytoremediation of a Cd-contaminated acid paddy soil via characterizing plant growth and Cd uptake in pot experiments. There were six planting patterns (Control: no plants; MI-2 and MI-4: mono-cropping of Indian mustard at low and high densities, respectively; MS: mono-cropping of silage maize; CIS-2 and CIS-4: co-cropping of Indian mustard at low and high densities with silage maize, respectively) and two application rates of peat (NP: 0; WP: 30 g kg−1). When Indian mustard and silage maize were co-cropped, the shoot biomass of Indian mustard plants per pot was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that obtained in the mono-cropping systems, with a substantial reduction (55–72%) in the same plant density group. The shoot biomass of silage maize plants in the mono-cropping systems did not differ significantly from that in the co-cropping systems regardless of the density of Indian mustard. The growth-promoting effect of the peat application was more pronounced in Indian mustard than silage maize. Under the low density of Indian mustard, the co-cropping systems significantly (p < 0.05) decreased Cd uptake by silage maize. Additionally, soil amendment with peat significantly (p < 0.05) increased shoot Cd removal rate and Cd translocation factor value in the co-cropping systems. Taken together, the results demonstrated that silage maize should be co-cropped with Indian mustard at an appropriate density in Cd-polluted soils to achieve simultaneous remediation of Cd-contaminated soils (via Indian mustard) and production of crops (here, silage maize). Peat application was shown to promote the removal of Cd from soil and translocation of Cd into shoots and could contribute to enhanced phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated acid paddy soil.

Download Full-text

Using High-Throughput Phenotyping to Explore Growth Responses to Mycorrhizal Fungi and Zinc in Three Plant Species

Plant Phenomics ◽

10.34133/2019/5893953 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

S. J. Watts-Williams ◽

N. Jewell ◽

C. Brien ◽

B. Berger ◽

T. Garnett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

High Throughput ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Growth Responses ◽

High Throughput Phenotyping ◽

Soil Zn ◽

Amf Inoculation

There are many reported benefits to plants of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), including positive plant biomass responses; however, AMF can also induce biomass depressions in plants, and this response receives little attention in the literature. High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) technology permits repeated measures of an individual plant’s aboveground biomass. We examined the effect on AMF inoculation on the shoot biomass of three contrasting plant species: a vegetable crop (tomato), a cereal crop (barley), and a pasture legume (Medicago). We also considered the interaction of mycorrhizal growth responses with plant-available soil zinc (Zn) and phosphorus (P) concentrations. The appearance of a depression in shoot biomass due to inoculation with AMF occurred at different times for each plant species; depressions appeared earliest in tomato, then Medicago, and then barley. The usually positive-responding Medicago plants were not responsive at the high level of soil available P used. Mycorrhizal growth responsiveness in all three species was also highly interactive with soil Zn supply; tomato growth responded negatively to AMF inoculation in all soil Zn treatments except the toxic soil Zn treatment, where it responded positively. Our results illustrate how context-dependent mycorrhizal growth responses are and the value of HTP approaches to exploring the complexity of mycorrhizal responses.

Download Full-text

Mycorrhiza influence on maize development under Cd stress and P supply

Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology ◽

10.1590/s1677-04202008000100005 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 39-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Sara A. L. de Andrade ◽

Adriana P. D. da Silveira

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Cd Accumulation ◽

P Supply

The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on cadmium (Cd) accumulation and on the possible attenuation of Cd stress was studied in maize plants (Zea mays L. var. Exceller). Plants inoculated or not with Glomus macrocarpum were exposed to Cd (0-20 µmol L-1), at two P levels (5 and 10 mg L-1) in the nutrient solution. The experiment was conducted in a hydroponic system, using a randomized 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. The mycorrhiza-Cd interaction on plant growth, nutrients and Cd accumulation, AMF root colonization and on extra-radical mycelium was investigated. Mycorrhiza promoted plant growth whereas Cd addition reduced plant biomass production. No difference in plant Cd concentrations was found between mycorrhizal (M) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants, where Cd accumulated mainly in roots. In general, roots showed a slightly higher Cd concentration in the cell wall than in the cytoplasmic fraction, with M roots presenting 26% more Cd in the cell wall fraction than NM roots. Mycorrhizal plants showed higher P/Cd, N/Cd and S/Cd ratios in shoots and roots compared to NM plants. Mycorrhizal colonization and the length of extra-radical mycelium were diminished by Cd addition, the reduction being more pronounced under high-P supply. Addition of Cd induced guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activity in roots; however, M plants, in addition to the higher root protein contents, showed no induction of GPOX activity in the presence of Cd, suggesting higher tolerance to Cd. It is concluded that Cd affected mycorrhizal symbiosis by decreasing root colonization and the development of the extra-radical mycelium. Nevertheless, the higher growth and nutrients/Cd ratios observed in M plants indicate an efficient symbiosis capable of alleviating Cd stress.

Download Full-text

Silicon Amendment Reduces Soil Cd Availability and Cd Uptake of Two Pennisetum Species

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16091624 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (9) ◽

pp. 1624 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Qiyu Dong ◽

Jianbo Fang ◽

Fei Huang ◽

Kunzheng Cai

Keyword(s):

Soil Ph ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Pennisetum Glaucum ◽

Heavy Metal Stress ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Four Levels ◽

Si Content ◽

Cd Availability ◽

Soil Cd

Silicon (Si) plays important roles in alleviating heavy metal stress, but the migrating effects and mechanisms, especially for Pennisetum, are not well studied. In this study, Pennisetum glaucum and Pennisetum glaucum × P. purpureum were used to explore the impacts of Si application on alleviating cadmium (Cd) toxicity and its possible mechanism. Treatments consist of four levels of Cd (0, 10, 50, and 100 mg·kg−1) with or without 2.0 mM Si amendments. Under Cd stress, Si application significantly increased plant biomass and Si content, reduced Cd content, and decreased the enrichment factor in shoots and roots. Si treatment also increased soil pH and soil residual Cd, while reducing available/oxidizable/reducible Cd content in soil at 50 and 100 mg·kg−1 Cd levels, thereby leading to a reduction of the soil’s available Cd. These findings indicate that Si application is effective in alleviating Cd phytotoxicity of Pennisetum, mainly through reducing plant Cd uptake and increasing soil pH and Cd immobilization, thereby reducing Cd bioavailability.

Download Full-text

Using High-Throughput Phenotyping to Explore Growth Responses to Mycorrhizal Fungi and Zinc in Three Plant Species

Plant Phenomics ◽

10.1155/2019/5893953 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

S. J. Watts-Williams ◽

N. Jewell ◽

C. Brien ◽

B. Berger ◽

T. Garnett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

High Throughput ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Growth Responses ◽

High Throughput Phenotyping ◽

Soil Zn ◽

Amf Inoculation

Download Full-text

Exogenous Glycinebetaine Promotes Soil Cadmium Uptake by Edible Amaranth Grown during Subtropical Hot Season

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15091794 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (9) ◽

pp. 1794 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wei-Qing Yao ◽

Yong-Kang Lei ◽

Ping Yang ◽

Qu-Sheng Li ◽

Li-Li Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soluble Sugar ◽

Translocation Factor ◽

Control Group ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Effective Measure ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll ◽

Hot Season ◽

Cd Translocation ◽

Cd Uptake And Accumulation ◽

Soil Cd

Exogenous glycinebetaine treatment is an effective measure for preventing crops from being exposed to drought and high temperature; however, the effects of this approach on the soil Cd uptake and accumulation by crops remain unclear. Pot experiments were conducted in this study to analyze the effect of glycinebetaine on the soil Cd uptake and accumulation by edible amaranth cultivated in Cd-contaminated soil. Results revealed that after exogenous glycinebetaine treatment on amaranth leaves during the vigorous growth period, the plant biomass, the Cd concentrations in the roots and shoots, and the Cd translocation factor (TF) were significantly higher than those of the control group. The highest Cd concentrations in the roots and shoots and the TF were higher by 91%, 96% and 23.8%, respectively, than the corresponding values in the control group. In addition, exogenous glycinebetaine treatment significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content and promoted the photosynthesis of edible amaranth. Consequently, the contents of soluble sugar, dissolved organic carbon, and low-molecular-weight organic acids significantly increased in the rhizosphere, resulting in Cd mobilization. Significant positive correlations were observed among the contents of leaf chlorophyll, Mg, Fe, pectin and Ca. Given that Cd shares absorption and translocation channels with these elements, we speculated that the increased leaf chlorophyll and pectin contents promoted the absorption and accumulation of Mg, Fe and Ca, which further promoted the absorption and translocation of Cd. These results indicated that exogenous glycinebetaine treatment during hot season would aggravate the health risks of crops grown in Cd-contaminated soils.

Download Full-text

Growth and Antioxidant Responses in Iron-Biofortified Lentil under Cadmium Stress

Toxics ◽

10.3390/toxics9080182 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 182

Author(s):

Ruchi Bansal ◽

Swati Priya ◽

Harsh Kumar Dikshit ◽

Sherry Rachel Jacob ◽

Mahesh Rao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cadmium Stress ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Limited Information ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Cd Tolerance ◽

Controlled Conditions

Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal, toxic to our ecosystem even at low concentrations. Cd stress negatively affects plant growth and development by triggering oxidative stress. Limited information is available on the role of iron (Fe) in ameliorating Cd stress tolerance in legumes. This study assessed the effect of Cd stress in two lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) varieties differing in seed Fe concentration (L4717 (Fe-biofortified) and JL3) under controlled conditions. Six biochemical traits, five growth parameters, and Cd uptake were recorded at the seedling stage (21 days after sowing) in the studied genotypes grown under controlled conditions at two levels (100 μM and 200 μM) of cadmium chloride (CdCl2). The studied traits revealed significant genotype, treatment, and genotype × treatment interactions. Cd-induced oxidative damage led to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde in both genotypes. JL3 accumulated 77.1% more H2O2 and 75% more lipid peroxidation products than L4717 at the high Cd level. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased in response to Cd stress, with significant genotype, treatment, and genotype × treatment interactions (p < 0.01). L4717 had remarkably higher catalase (40.5%), peroxidase (43.9%), superoxide dismutase (31.7%), and glutathione reductase (47.3%) activities than JL3 under high Cd conditions. In addition, L4717 sustained better growth in terms of fresh weight and dry weight than JL3 under stress. JL3 exhibited high Cd uptake (14.87 mg g−1 fresh weight) compared to L4717 (7.32 mg g−1 fresh weight). The study concluded that the Fe-biofortified lentil genotype L4717 exhibited Cd tolerance by inciting an efficient antioxidative response to Cd toxicity. Further studies are required to elucidate the possibility of seed Fe content as a surrogacy trait for Cd tolerance.

Download Full-text