scholarly journals Bioaccumulation of PCBs and PBDEs in Fish from a Tropical Lake Chapala, Mexico

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Ernesto Oregel-Zamudio ◽  
Dioselina Alvarez-Bernal ◽  
Marina Olivia Franco-Hernandez ◽  
Hector Rene Buelna-Osben ◽  
Miguel Mora
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Oreochromis Aureus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lake Chapala ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Freshwater Reservoir ◽  
Mutagenic Effects

Lake Chapala is the largest natural freshwater reservoir in Mexico and the third largest lake in Latin America. Lakes are often considered the final deposit of polluting materials; they can be concentrated in the organisms that inhabit them, the water, and the sediments. The PCBs and PBDEs are environmental pollutants highly studied for their known carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. PCB and PBDE bioaccumulation levels were determined in Chirostoma spp., Cyprinus carpio, and Oreochromis aureus. In addition, we monitored the concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in sediment and water from Lake Chapala were monitored. Samples were collected during two periods, in October 2018 and May 2019. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Two bioaccumulation factors were determined in fish, one in relation to the concentration of PCBs and PBDEs in sediments and the other in relation to the concentration of PCBs and PBDEs in water. The PCB levels were 0.55–3.29 ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediments, 1.43–2.98 ng/mL in water, 0.30–5.31 ng/g dw in Chirostoma spp., 1.06–6.07 ng/g dw in Cyprinus carpio, and 0.55–7.20 ng/g dw in Oreochromis aureus. The levels of PBDEs were 0.17–0.35 ng/g dw in sediments, 0.13–0.32 ng/mL in water, 0.01–0.23 ng/g dw in Chirostoma spp., 0–0.31 ng/g dw in Cyprinus carpio, and 0.1–0.22 ng/g dw in Oreochromis aureus. This study provides information for a better understanding of the movement, global distribution, and bioaccumulation of PCBs and PBDEs. The results show that the fish, water, and sediments of Lake Chapala are potential risks to the biota and the local human population.

The study of important agronomic traits by multivariate analysis in winter rapeseed cultivars

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Gader Ghaffari ◽  
Farhad Baghbani ◽  
Behnam Tahmasebpour
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
The Third ◽  
High Eigenvalue ◽  
Winter Rapeseed

In order to group winter rapeseed cultivars according to evaluated traits, an experiment was conducted in the Research Greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, University of Tabriz - IRAN. In the experiment were included 12 cultivars of winter rapeseed and 3 levels of water deficit stress. Gypsum blocks were used to monitor soil moisture. Water deficit stress was imposed from stem elongation to physiological maturity. According to the principal component analysis, five principal components were chosen with greater eigenvalue (more than 0.7) that are including 81.34% of the primeval variance of variables. The first component that explained the 48.02% of total variance had the high eigenvalue. The second component could justify about 13.64% of total variance and had positive association with leaf water potential and proline content and had negative relationship with leaf stomatal conductivity. The third, fourth and fifth components expressed around, 10.18, 4.83 and 4.68% of the total variance respectively. The third component had the high eigenvalue for plant dry weight. The fourth component put 1000-seed weight, seed yield, Silique per Plant and root dry weight against plant dry weight, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf water potential. The fifth component had the high eigenvalue for root dry weight, root volume and 1000-seed weight.

BOTANICAL COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PERENNIAL GRASSES AGROPHYTOCENOSES WITH TETRAPLOID MEADOW CLOVER

1970 ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
N. I. Kasatkina ◽  
Zh. S. Nelyubina
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
The Third

The biological properties of plants, their mutual relations under different growth conditions and at different periods of their life, must be known for obtaining highly productive agrophytocenoses with participation of a meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Botanical composition and fodder productivity of perennial grasses in agrocenoses with participation of meadow tetraploid clover Kudesnik were studied in 2014-2017. It was revealed that in the first and second years of use the agrophytocenosis, the yield of green mass was formed due to meadow tetraploid clover, the share of its participation in the first mowing was at level of 71-87% and 64-97% respectively. Specific weight of clover in multispecies agrocenoses considerably decreased by the third year of use: in the first mowing up to 32-68%, in the second - up to 8-52%. At the same time, the percentage of long-term herbaceous grasses increased: meadow timothy (Phleum pratense L.) - up to 34-54%, eastern galega (Galéga orientális Lam.) - up to 33%, changeable alfalfa (Medicago x varia Martyn) - up to 22-54%, lotus corniculatus (Lotus corniculatus L.) - up to 14-19%. The proportion of weed admixture in single-species clover planting was 12%, in agrocenoses - 2-14%. The grass mixtures clover + timothy and clover + alfalfa + timothy were less infested by weeds. High yield of dry weight of single-species sowing of meadow tetraploid clover was obtained in the first two years of use - 7.8 and 6.5 tons / ha, respectively. By the third year of use, the productivity of clover has decreased to 2.9 t / ha. On average, for three years of use, the highest yield (6.2-6.3 t / ha) was formed by agrocenoses meadow tetraploid clover + meadow timothy and meadow tetraploid clover + changeable alfalfa + meadow timothy.

scholarly journals Contamination of Heavy Metals, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Furans and Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Wharf Roach Ligia spp. In Japanese Intertidal and Supratidal Zones

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1856
Author(s):  
Masato Honda ◽  
Xuchun Qiu ◽  
Suzanne Lydia Undap ◽  
Takeshi Kimura ◽  
Tsuguhide Hori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans ◽  
Environmental Indicator ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Total Concentrations

We investigated the pollution levels of 6 heavy metals and 29 dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs)) in intertidal and supratidal zones by using wharf roaches (Ligia spp.) collected from 12 sampling sites on the coast of Northeast Japan from November 2011 to June 2012. The total concentrations of heavy metals ranged from 177 to 377 µg/g-dry weight (dw), and the predominant metals were copper, zinc, and aluminum. The order of the detected level of heavy metals was zinc > aluminum > copper > cadmium > lead > chromium, and this trend was similar to a previous report. The total toxic equivalent (TEQ) value of the PCDD/Fs ranged from less than the limit of detection (<LOD) to 2.33 pg-TEQ/g-dw, and the predominant congener was octachlorodibenzodioxin (<LOD to 110 pg/g-dw). Compared with PCDD/Fs, DL-PCBs were detected at a predominantly higher level (total TEQ value: 0.64–27.79 pg-TEQ/g-dw). Detected levels of dioxins, especially DL-PCBs in the wharf roach, were like those in the bivalves. These results indicate that the wharf roach could reflect heavy metals and dioxin pollution in the supratidal zones and is a suitable environmental indicator for these environmental pollutants. This is the first study to investigate heavy metals, PCDD/Fs, and DL-PCBs pollution in coastal isopods in Japan.

Mercury concentrations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Lake Chapala, Mexico: A lakewide survey

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (14) ◽  
pp. 1835-1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd Stong ◽  
Claudia Alvarado Osuna ◽  
Harvey Shear ◽  
José de Anda Sanchez ◽  
Gerardo Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Carp ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Lake Chapala ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio

scholarly journals Distribution Of Some Heavy Metals In Water,Sediment & Fish Cyprinus carpio in Euphrates River Near Al- Nassiriya City Center South Iraq .

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 552-560
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
City Center ◽  
Euphrates River ◽  
The Mean ◽  
South Of Iraq

The heavy metals Cd, Cu, Fe, pb, and Zn were determined in dissolved and particulate phases of the water,in addition to exchangeable and residual phases of the sediment and in the selected organs of the fish Cyprinus carpio collected from the Euphrates River near Al-Nassiriya city center south of Iraq during the summer period / 2009 .Also sediment texture and total organic carbon(TOC) were measured. Analysis emploing a flam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers . The mean regional concentrations of the heavy metals in dissolved (µg/l) and particulate phases (µg/gm) dry weight were Cd (0.15,16.13) ,Cu (0.59,24.48) ,Fe (726,909.4) ,Pb (0.20, 49.95) and Zn (2.5,35.62) respectively,and those for exchangeable and residual phases of the Sediment were Cd (0.2,0.1) ,Cu (13.75,16.65) ,Fe (683 , 1351 ) ,Pb (10.1,1.07) and Zn (7.3,16.75)µg/gm dry weight respectively. The heavy metals concentrations in C. carpio organs followed the trend gill > liver > kidney> muscles . The mean concentration in the muscles were Cd (ND) , Cu (0.07) , Fe (4.7) , pb (0.06) and Zn (6.4) (µg/gm) dry weight . The statistical analysis proved a significant correlation between metal concentration in the sediment and total organic carbon, also a positive correlation was proved between its concentrations in the liver organ and the water (particulate phase) . In conclusion the trace metals concentration in particulate phase were higher than its concentration in the dissolved phase . The fish organs showed variations in the metals concentration and the muscle organs showed less concentration than the other organs .

scholarly journals What Started Your Labor? Responses From Mothers in the Third Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marit L. Bovbjerg ◽  
Kelly R. Evenson ◽  
Chyrise Bradley ◽  
John M. Thorp
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
The Third ◽  
Maternal Illness ◽  
Nutrition Study ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Emotional Trigger ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Specific Trigger

Many behaviors and substances have been purported to induce labor. Using data from the Third Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition cohort, we focus on 663 women who experienced spontaneous labor. Of the women who reported a specific labor trigger, 32% reported physical activity (usually walking), 24% a clinician-mediated trigger, 19% a natural phenomenon, 14% some other physical trigger (including sexual activity), 12% reported ingesting something, 12% an emotional trigger, and 7% maternal illness. With the exceptions of walking and sexual intercourse, few women reported any one specific trigger, although various foods/substances were listed in the “ingesting something” category. Discussion of potential risks associated with “old wives’ tale” ways to induce labor may be warranted as women approach term.

Fate of Fenoxaprop-Ethyl Applied to Moisture-Stressed Smooth Crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum)

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank S. Rossi ◽  
Joseph M. Di Tomaso ◽  
Joseph C. Neal
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Treated Leaf

Investigations of smooth crabgrass growth and fenoxaprop-ethyl retention, foliar penetration, translocation, and metabolism were conducted at various soil moisture levels using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) semipermeable membrane system. The activity of fenoxapropethyl was significantly reduced at higher levels of moisture stress and this antagonistic effect was greater with increased duration of water deficit following herbicide application. Fenoxaprop-ethyl spray retention decreased linearly (23% total reduction) as soil matric potential (Ψm) decreased from −0.01 to −0.1 MPa. Foliar penetration and translocation of14C-fenoxaprop-ethyl applied on the third true leaf were not affected by level or duration of moisture stress. Only 2% of the absorbed radioactivity was translocated out of the treated leaf for each moisture stress level and duration. As the soil Ψm decreased (−0.01 to −1.0 MPa) the relative levels of fenoxaprop-ethyl increased by 76 and 65% after a 48- and 96-h postapplication moisture stress period, respectively. In contrast, fenoxaprop acid decreased by 59 and 44% after 48 and 96 h of moisture stress, respectively. The relative level of fenoxaprop acid was linearly correlated to the antagonistic effect on shoot dry weight. These results suggest that decreased spray retention and, particularly, alterations in fenoxaprop-ethyl metabolism contribute to reduced fenoxaprop-ethyl activity observed in moisture-stressed smooth crabgrass.

Problems of Growth of the African Migratory Locust

1938 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hind Femur ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Solitary Males ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Control Batch

General Growth.Generally, females have higher rates of growth than males. The phases, however, do not show appreciable differences in the rate. The pronotum has for increase in length the highest values which decrease throughout the instars (whereas the constants for the other parts remain fairly stable up to the fifth instar).Dyar's rule was applied for the growth in length of the middle femur and the width of the head, and it was found that the rule holds good for these parts.Przibram's rule, as modified by Bodenheimer, holds true for the growth in length of the different parts and shows the occurrence of latent cell-divisions varying from one (width of head and of pronotum) to four (length of pronotum). The number of latent cell-divisions keeps fairly constant in both phases.For wet weight Przibram's principle is inapplicable, owing to the large percentage of differences between the actual and calculated values.Gregarious males are heavier than solitary males up to the third stadium ; gregarious females are heavier than solitary females up to the third stadium ; fourth, fifth and adult stadia being characterized by higher values in wet weight for solitary females than for gregarious females. Females have higher rates of increase in wet weight than males. No significant differences exist in the rates of increase between gregarious and solitary individuals. In the fifth-adult stadium all the rates decrease except in gregarious females, which show a rise.Gregarious insects have higher values in dry weight than solitary insects, except solitary females in the adult stadium. The coefficients are higher for females than for males.The rates of increase reach the highest values in the second-third stadium of gregarious insects and solitary females, whereas solitary males have their highest value in the fourth-fifth stadium.With the exception of solitary females, all the rates of growth in dry weight decline in the fifth-adult stadium.The rates of growth of the hind legs obtained from the cube-roots of their wet weights are compared with the rates of linear growth of the hind femora. Their variation throughout the instars seems to be in opposite directions. Therefore it is suggested that the rates of growth in wet weight of the hind legs and the rates of growth in length of the respective hind femora are independent of each other.Growth of the parts.The application of the exponential allometry formula y=bxα to the data on dimensions of the parts of Locusta shows the existence of negative, positive and almost isometric growth.The pronotum has the highest value for the growth in length relatively to the growth in length of the middle femur ; the lowest value pertains to the growth in width of the head.Males have higher values than females ; phase gregaria exhibits higher growth-ratios than phase solitaria.With the exception of the hind femur the growth-ratios decline throughout the instars. The greatest decline pertains to the growth in length of the pronotum.A growth-gradient exists in Locusta with the highest value in the pronotum. The middle femur divides the growth-gradient into two parts : an anterior part with values decreasing with the growth of the insect, and a posterior part whose values increase with its growth.Effects of the amputation of the hind tibiae on crowded locusts.The effects obtained by mutilating both hind tibiae of three hundred first instar hoppers of Locusta migratoria migratorioides and placing them in a crowded condition are compared with the effects obtained by crowding a batch of the same number of first instar unoperated insects.The insects with their hind tibiae cut off did not develop as far as those of the control batch ; the differences in dimensions are greater for the hind femur than for the other parts of the body.In the experimental batch the hind femur, as a consequence of its useless condition, became extremely short as compared with the elytra, bringing the ratio E/F to a high value (over 1·950), thus leading to a false interpretation.The occurrence of the black-orange coloration in both batches suggested that both developed towards phase gregaria. This coloration was stronger and more uniform in the control batch than it was in the experimental batch. Thus the control animals developed into a better gregarious type.

scholarly journals Competition ability of selected amenity varieties of Festuca rubra in mixture with Deschampsia caespitosa

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
M. Svobodová ◽  
J. Martinek ◽  
T. Králíčková ◽  
I. Našinec ◽  
J. Šantrůček
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Aboveground Phytomass ◽  
The Third ◽  
Deschampsia Caespitosa ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Competition Ability ◽  
Viable Seeds

The aim of the research was to evaluate the competition capacity and find suitable proportion of different types of Festuca rubra and Deschampsia caespitosa in grass mixtures for decorative lawns. A field experiment with Deschampsia caespitosa cv. Kometa in monoculture or in mixtures with Festuca rubra L. varieties Viktorka (ssp. trichophylla), Barborka (ssp. commutata) and Petruna (ssp. rubra) was established in Větrov in 2007. The sowing rate was 40 000 viable seeds per m<sup>2</sup> (0, 25, 50 or 75% of F. rubra). The sward was mown at 3 cm. The number and weight of tillers of the turf components were evaluated during three years. The highest number of tillers (on average 63.3 thousand/m<sup>2</sup>) and weight of the dry aboveground phytomass (on average 196 g/m<sup>2</sup>) were found with F. rubra ssp. trichophylla. Its particular tillers had the lowest dry weight (0.32 g/100 tillers). The lowest number of tillers (32.9 thousand/m<sup>2</sup>) and low weight of dry aboveground phytomass (134 g/m<sup>2</sup>) showed mixtures with F. rubra ssp. rubra, whose tiller weight was relatively high (0.42 g/100 tillers). The size of F. rubra tillers was not influenced either by the mixture composition or by vegetation years. The number of F. rubra tillers was not significantly different in the third and first vegetation year. The number of D. caespitosa tillers in monoculture decreased during the years from 45 to 30 thousand/m<sup>2</sup>, but the weight of dry aboveground phytomass increased significantly from 233 g/m<sup>2</sup> to 318 g/m<sup>2</sup>. Poor competition of D. caespitosa was found in the mixture with F. rubra ssp. commutata (on average 4% of total number of tillers and 7% of the total weight of the dry aboveground phytomass). F. rubra ssp. trichophylla was less competitive and the least competition with D. caespitosa was found in F. rubra ssp. rubra, After three years the proportion of D. caespitosa in mixtures with F. rubra ssp. rubra significantly increased to 36% of the total number of tillers and to 55% of the total weight of phytomass. Mixtures of D. caespitosa and F. rubra ssp. rubra were found to be promising for low input lawns.

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