scholarly journals Determination of Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) for Endosulfan, Heptachlor and Dieldrin Pesticides to African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus and Their Impact on Its Behavioral Patterns and Histopathological Responses

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 340
Author(s):  
Ariful Islam ◽  
Nurul Amin ◽  
Christopher L. Brown ◽  
Abdul Shukor Juraimi ◽  
Kamal Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Aquatic Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Histopathological Alterations ◽  
Behavioral Abnormalities ◽  
Hepatic Portal

Pesticides such as endosulfan, heptachlor and dieldrin persist in aquatic environments as a result of their resistance to biodegradation. However, there is no adequate information about the toxicity of endosulfan, heptachlor and dieldrin to the aquatic organism, African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)—a high valued widely distributed commercially interesting species. The current experiment was performed with the aim to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of endosulfan, heptachlor and dieldrin to African catfish (Clarias gariepinus); their behavioral abnormalities and histopathological alterations in several vital organs. A total of 324 juvenile fish were exposed for 96 h to six concentrations of endosulfan and dieldrin at 0, 0.001, 0.002, 0.004, 0.008 and 0.016 ppm, and to heptachlor at concentrations of 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16 and 0.32 ppm for dose-response tests. The study demonstrated that the species is highly susceptible to those contaminants showing a number of behavioral abnormalities and histopathological changes in gill, liver and muscle. The 96-h LC50 value of endosulfan, dieldrin and heptachlor for the African catfish was found as 0.004 (0.001−0.01) mg/L, 0.006 mg/L and 0.056 (0.006−0.144) mg/L, respectively. Abnormal behaviors such as erratic jerky swimming, frequent surfacing movement with gulping of air, secretion of mucus on the body and gills were observed in response to the increasing exposure concentrations. Histopathological alterations of liver, gill and muscle tissues were demonstrated as vacuolization in hepatocytes, congestion of red blood cells (RBCs) in hepatic portal vein; deformed secondary lamellae and disintegrated myotomes with disintegrated epidermis, respectively. These findings are important to monitor and responsibly manage pesticide use in and around C. gariepinus aquacultural areas.

scholarly journals Dietary canitine maintains energy reserves and delays fatigue of exercised african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed high fat diets

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Ozório ◽  
Vincent Van Ginneken ◽  
Guido van den Thillart ◽  
Martin Verstegen ◽  
Johan Verreth
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Level ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
The Body ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

Lipids, together with proteins, are traditionally considered as primary fuels during aerobic swimming. The effects of dietary fat and carnitine supplements and exercise on the energy metabolism of juvenile fish were investigated. One hundred African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were fed four isonitrogenous diets containing a fat level of 100 or 190 g kg-1 diet and one of the two levels of carnitine (15 and 1000 mg kg-1). Fish grew from 61 to 162 g in 10 wk. Thereafter, 6 fish per group swam vigorously for 3 h and the results were compared with unexercised groups. Fish receiving 1,000 mg carnitine accumulated 2- to 3-fold more carnitine than fish receiving 15 mg carnitine. Plasma acyl-carnitine level was affected by an interaction between dietary treatment and exercise (P < 0.05). Adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine concentrations were higher in the white muscle (WM) of exercised fish fed the high-carnitine supplements, compared with the low-carnitine fed fish (P < 0.05). Adenilate energy charge indexes were higher and ammonia concentrations were lower in WM of fish fed high-carnitine and high-fat diets. Dietary carnitine supplements may be needed in growing fish when dietary lipid level is high. In that case extra dietary carnitine can maintain the body energy reserves at adequate level when fish is exposed to a short-term, exhaustive exercise, a physiologic stress common both in nature and in intensive aquaculture systems.

EFEKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum L) SEBAGAI PENGAWET ALAMI PADA IKAN LELE DUMBO (Clarias gariephinus) SEGAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Dyah Anggraeni ◽  
Nurlela Nurlela
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Natural Preservatives ◽  
Colony Counter

Background: Natural preservatives are compounds produced by natural ingredients that can suppress bacterial growth and development. Natural preservatives are carried out because most of the preservatives circulating are chemicals and unsafe for the body. One of the natural preservatives is by using garlic extract (Allium sativum L).  Objective: This study is aimed to determine the effectiveness of the antibacterial garlic (Allium sativum L) as a natural preservative in fresh African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).  Method: This research used the Pour Plate iroculation method. African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) which is soaked with garlic (Allium sativum L) with a concentration of 7%, 14% and 21% for 30 minutes, then the fish will be kept at room temperature with a storage period of 24 hours and 48 hours and calculated growth in bacterial numbers with the Colony counter.  Result: Based on the research result, it was found that garlic extract (Allium sativum L) can obstruct the effectiveness of antibacterial in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) at a concentration of 14%.

scholarly journals Testicular Morphology and Sperm Motility in Cultured African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) at Different Stages of Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chidozie Nwabuisi OKOYE ◽  
Udensi Maduabuchi IGWEBUIKE ◽  
Anietie Francis UDOUMOH ◽  
Chinadindu Tochukwu OKEREKE
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sperm Cells ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Testicular Weight ◽  
Testicular Morphology ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Somatic Index

Testicular morphology and sperm motility were evaluated in cultured Clarias gariepinus (n = 25) purposively assigned to five groups according to their age. The results showed that the testes were paired, elongated, dorso-ventrally flattened structures, situated in the caudal aspects of the body cavity. The mean length of both right and left testes increased linearly with age, being significantly (p < 0.05) higher at 6 months than at 4 and 5 months of age, and also significantly (p < 0.05) higher at 8 months than at 6 months of age, while the mean weight and organo-somatic index of the catfish testes increased linearly until 6 months of age, after which no significant (p > 0.05) increase in the testicular weight and organo-somatic index was observed. Unidirectional progressive movement of spermatozoa was detected in the milt of C. gariepinus at 6, 7 and 8 months of age, but sperm cells were non-motile at 4 and 5 months of age. Histological sections showed seminiferous lobules, whose germinal epithelia were characterized by many cysts enclosing clones of sperm cells. Each cyst enclosed a clone of sperm cells at an identical stage of spermatogenesis. Spermatids and spermatozoa were present in the lumen of the seminiferous lobule. The obtained results indicate that the morphology of the testes of C. gariepinus is similar to the testes of members of the order Siluriformes, but sexual maturity and production of motile spermatozoa may be achieved at 6 months of age in the African catfish.

scholarly journals The application of [D-Tle6,ProNHEt9]mGnRH (Lecirelin) with the dopaminergic inhibitor metoclopramide to stimulate ovulation in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Brzuska ◽  
J. Kouřil ◽  
J. Adamek ◽  
Z. Stupka ◽  
V. Bekh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
The Body ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Average Body Weight ◽  
Pituitary Homogenate

The results of reproduction were tested in females of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822) after stimulation of ovulation with carp pituitary (4 mg/kg body weight) or with Lecirelin (15 &mu;g/kg) and metoclopramide (10 mg/kg). After administering the synthetic substance eggs were obtained from all females while in the group treated with pituitary homogenate 7 out of 8 hypophysed females spawned. The applied spawning agent did not significantly influence the weight of eggs expressed in grams, but in the case of females treated with carp pituitary homogenate a significantly higher weight of eggs expressed as the percentage of body weight of fish was recorded. The applied stimulators of ovulation did not affect any trait reflecting the quality of eggs. Females used as an experimental material belonged to two categories in respect of body weight: lighter females with average body weight of 2.63 &plusmn; 0.36 kg and heavier females with average body weight of 3.91 &plusmn; 0.48 kg. It was proved that the weight of eggs expressed either in grams or as a percentage of a female&rsquo;s weight was significantly related to the body weight of a female (P &le; 0.01 and P &le; 0.05, respectively), as well as the percentage of fertilised eggs and the percentage of living embryos after 28 hours of incubation (P &le; 0.05 and P &le; 0.05, respectively). The interaction between the stimulator of ovulation and the female body weight was significant only for traits reflecting the weight of obtained eggs (P &le; 0.05 and P &le; 0.01). &nbsp;

scholarly journals Haemathological and histological evaluation of African catfish Clarias gariepinus following acute exposure to Methanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-482
Author(s):  
Matouke Matouke Moise ◽  
Obadiah Audu Abui
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Khaya Senegalensis

Haematological and histopatholoical effects of methanolic extract of K. senegalensis leaves was investigated on Clarias gariepinus over a period of 96h exposure. The median lethal concentration of the extract was 199.69mg/L. The extract caused decreased in total erythrocytes (TEC) and Packed Cell volume (PCV) respectively and increased of total leukocytes (TLC). Histopathological lesions in the liver, cytoplasmic degeneration, less intracellular space, mild necrosis, sinusoidal blood congestion and marked blood congestion in hepathocytes were recorded. However the severity but not the type of lesions was concentration-dependent. Though, the degree of tissue change (DTC) varied with the methonolic extract used. There was significant association (P<0.05) between the DTC and K. senegalensis methanolic concentration. The cumulative DTC indicated a moderate damage in the liver. The extract was considered toxic to the exposed fish and therefore deleterious on the organs of C. gariepinus.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(3): 475-482, December 2015

Effect of Clarias gariepinus cultured in contaminated water on rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 759-764
Author(s):  
Oyeyemi Adeyemi ◽  
Olalekan Adeyemi ◽  
Chris C Osubor
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Enzyme Assays ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Wistar Strain

In this study, African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were cultured in water contaminated with phthalate, benzene and cyclohexane (10 μg/mL), respectively, over a period of 65 days. They were, thereafter, used as protein source to formulate feed for albino rats (Wistar strain) for 28 days. The weights of the body and selected tissues of the rats were monitored and standard enzyme assays were conducted for some enzymes in the serum. Results showed that rats in cyclohexane group gained 58% whereas the control group gained 46% of body weight. Liver weight (absolute and relative) of test rats were found to be significantly lower than that of control (p < .05). Enzyme activity of serum of test rats was found to be significantly higher than that of control (p < .05). Experimental evidence suggests leakage of enzymes from the liver to the serum, thus the elevated serum enzyme activity and that the contaminants may damage the liver.

scholarly journals Comparative Assessment of Growth Performance and Nutrients Utilization of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1882) Fed Chicken Offal and Shrimp-Based Diets

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Elvis Monfung Ayim ◽  
Ettah Akpang Ivon ◽  
Raymond Odey Ajang ◽  
Akaninyene Paul Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Fish Group

A comparative study on the growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed shrimp based diet (SBD), chicken offal based diet (COBD) and coppens feed was carried-out for 22 weeks in concrete tanks measuring 3.5 x 1.7 x 1.5 m3. Triplicate groups of 40 juveniles with average length of 9.15 ± 0.17cm and weight of 20.00 ± 2.58g were stored in each tank. A total of 360 juveniles were used throughout the study. Fish were fed daily at 3% of their body weight through-out the duration of the experiment. The nutrient composition of the 3 nutrients differed significantly at p<0.05. Weight gain (WG) (g) was highest (17189.33 ± 506.61g) in fish fed diet A (Coppens feed), followed by 15045.33±202.42 g (diet B) (SBD) and least (14357.33 ± 108.25 g) (diet C) (COBD). The Growth rate (GR) was highest in fish fed with diet A (111.62 ± 3.29 g/day), followed by 97.69±1.31 g/day (diet B), and least (93.23±0.70 g/day) in diet C. Specific growth rate (SGR) was highest in juveniles fed diet A (2.02 ± 0.02 %/day), followed by 1.94±0.01 %/day for diet B, and least (1.91±0.01 %/day) for diet C. Mean growth rate (MGR) was highest in juveniles fed diet A (11.88 ± 0.29 mg/day), followed by 11.74±0.15 mg/day for diet B, and least (11.69±0.09 mg/day) in fish fed diet C. The WG, GR and SGR varied significantly between the juvenile fish group fed the 3 diets at p<0.05, while MGR did not vary significantly between fish group fed the 3 diets at p>0.05. Fish fed diet A had a higher feed consumption (FC) (41650.00 ± 315.34 g/kg), than that fed diet B (39034.24 ± 86.34 g/kg) and then diet C (38276.00 ± 342.97 g/kg). Juveniles fed Coppens feed did better, with a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 2.42 ± 0.06, followed by 2.59±0.04 for diet B and 2.67 ± 0.03 for fish fed diet C. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) was higher in fish fed diet A (41.26±0.94 %), followed by 38.54 ± 0.54 % (diet B) and least (37.52 ± 0.51 %) (diet C). The FC and FCR varied significantly between the fish fed the 3 diets at p<0.05, while FCE was not significantly different between the 3 treatment groups at p>0.05. The water parameters of the culture water varied significantly between each treatment groups (p<0.05), and were within the rage suitable for normal growth of fish. Though coppens feed yielded better growth performance and feed utilisation, the use of COBD and SBD is recommended for fish farmers in Nigeria. More researches should be carried out on using chicken offals and shrimps in fish feed formulation.

scholarly journals Skeletal Deformities in Cultured Juvenile African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1S) ◽  
pp. 198-203
Author(s):  
Nurul Nasrin Mohd Yusof Zaki ◽  
Siti Zahirah Zaki Halim ◽  
Ha Hou Chew ◽  
Connie Fay Komilus ◽  
Nguang Siew Ing
Keyword(s):  
Bone Structure ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Skeletal Deformities ◽  
Cultured Fish ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Community Centre

Skeletal deformities in cultured fish are known worldwide and it had affected the survival, growth and appearance of the fish which contribute to production loss. Clarias gariepinus is known as number one farmed fish in Malaysia. C. gariepinus also effected in these deformities especially in cultured species. The objectives of this study are to identify the skeletal deformities that occur in juvenile stages and to compare the bone structure between the normal and deformed fish. A total of 50 juveniles’ fish were collected from Aquaculture Extension and Community Centre Machang, Kelantan. The juvenile was measured before undergo staining process. The fish were starved for one day then fixed in 70% ethanol for two weeks. The fish were then stained with alizarin red S for cartilage and Alcian blue for bone. The specimens were photographed in order to observe the deformities. The data showed only 13.0% juveniles have skeletal deformities, 10.9% with lordosis and 2.2% scoliosis. The cause of the deformities may be due to the heterogenous growth but other factors might also contribute to the problem. As the conclusion, the skeletal deformities observed in juvenile C. gariepinus were detected with the whole-mount staining method ranged from size 7.3 and 26.0 cm in total length. This study shows there is heterogenous growth rearing at low percentage even from skilled farm. Further study should concentrate on hidden factors that affected the deformity rate and mineralization of the juvenile fish.

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