scholarly journals Low Doses of Ochratoxin-A Decrease IgY and IgA Production in Broiler Chicks

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahzad Khan ◽  
Emerson Venancio ◽  
Eduardo Fernandes ◽  
Elisa Hirooka ◽  
Alexandre Oba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Iga Production ◽  
Leukocyte Profiles

The mycotoxin, ochratoxin-A (OTA), produced by some fungi, and is a natural contaminant of many foods and animal feeds worldwide. Due to its toxic effects, the recommended maximum daily intake of OTA for poultry feeds is 0.1 mg OTA/kg (ECR2006/575/EC); this dose does not induce changes in hepatic/renal parameters, but decreases thymus size and serum globulin concentrations. Accordingly, in this study, we assessed quantitatively the total circulating IgY and IgA serum levels, in chicks consuming a 0.1 mg OTA/kg diet (limit) and higher doses (0.3–1.1 mg OTA/kg diet) for 14 or 21 days. We also evaluated other immunological parameters (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen weights and leukocyte profiles) at day 21. Decreased IgY serum levels were observed in all OTA-treated groups (p < 0.05). In the low-dose group, IgA levels were decreased on day 21, but not on day 14. The size of the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius was decreased in all OTA-treated groups (p < 0.05), whereas reduced spleen size and altered leukocyte profiles were detected only in the high-dose group (p < 0.05). We concluded that chronic exposure to OTA, even at the recommended highest dose, affected IgY and IgA production in chicks.

Loperamide and cardiac events: Is high-dose use still safe for chemotherapy-induced diarrhea?

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 634-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário L de Lemos ◽  
Jolene Guenter ◽  
Victoria Kletas
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Torsades De Pointes ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Cardiac Risk ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
The Us ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Higher Doses

High-dose loperamide is often used for the acute management of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea, with a maximum daily dosing of up to 24 mg. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration has issued a warning that loperamide can cause rare serious cardiac events, including QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, cardiac arrest and death. Most events were reported in patients taking very high doses for an extended period of time. Daily intake ranged from 64 mg to 1600 mg, often continuously for weeks or months. In addition, the reported serum levels of loperamide ranged from 22 ng/mL to 210 ng/mL, which is likely significantly higher than that expected from patients taking the recommended doses for chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. Overall, the incidence of serious cardiac events associated with loperamide remains low. In balance, the risk of uncontrolled complications from chemotherapy-induced diarrhea is likely greater than the rare cardiac risk associated with the chronic misuse of much higher doses of loperamide.

scholarly journals Yeast sludge and its components ameliorate ochratoxin Ainduced toxicity in broiler chicks

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 2089-2094
Author(s):  
Huma Mujahid ◽  
Abu Saeed Hashmi ◽  
Muhammad Zargham Khan ◽  
Muhammad Tayyab ◽  
Wasim Shehzad
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Kidney Functions

Purpose: To investigate the protective effect of yeast sludge (YS) and its components against ochratoxin A (OTA) in broiler chicks. Methods: Ochratoxin A (OTA) was produced through solid state fermentation, and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of 1250 one-day old broiler chicks of Arbreaker breed were randomly assigned to five diet groups (A - E) replicated five times in such a way that each replicate had 50 chicks. The five diet groups were: A (normal poultry feed), B (200 µg/kg OTA), C (200 µg/kg OTA plus 2 g/kg YS), D (200 µg/kg OTA plus 2 g/kg yeast sludge cell mass, YSCM), and E (200 µg/kg OTA plus 2 g/kg yeast sludge cell wall (YSCW). The study lasted 35 days. Indices of liver and kidney functions were determined, as well as histopathological examination of samples of kidney, liver and bursa of Fabricius. Results: Supplementation of chicks diet with OTA at a dose of 200 ppb significantly reduced serum levels of total protein (TP), albumin, and creatinine, but significantly raised the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p < 0.05). However, inclusion of YS, YSCM, and YSCW in OTA-contaminated diet significantly reversed the effect of OTA on the indices of liver and kidney functions (p < 0.05). Yeast sludge and its components also significantly ameliorated OTA-induced histological changes in the liver, kidney and bursa of Fabricius. Conclusion: These results indicate that YS and it components improve hepatorenal function and histological changes induced by OTA.

Selected herbal feed additives showing protective effects against ochratoxin A toxicosis in broiler chicks

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Stoev ◽  
P. Njobeh ◽  
I. Zarkov ◽  
T. Mircheva ◽  
D. Zapryanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Immunosuppressive Effect ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Humoral Immune

The protective effects of herbal feed additives Silybum marianum, Withania somnifera and Centella asiatica against the toxic effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) were studied in 70 broiler chicks aged from 11 to 42 days. OTA was given with the feed at levels 5 mg/kg, whereas S. marianum, W. somnifera and C. asiatica were given at levels of 1,100, 4,000 and 4,600 mg/kg, respectively. All chicks were immunised at the age of 14 days against Newcastle disease. A protective effect of all studied herbal additives against the immunosuppressive effect of OTA and associated biochemical or pathomorphological changes was seen. The intensity of macroscopical and histopathological changes, the deviations in relative organs’ weight or body weight, the biochemical changes and the decrease of antibody titer were strongest in the OTA-exposed chicks without herbal supplementation; followed by chicks treated additionally with C. asiatica, whereas the same changes were significantly slighter or not seen in chicks additionally treated with the herbal additives W. somnifera or S. marianum. The slight increase in the serum levels of uric acid and the enzyme activity of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase also supported the protective effects of both herbs on the kidneys and/or liver. The strong immunosuppressive effect of OTA on humoral immune response against Newcastle disease was completely prevented in the chicks taking the herbal additives W. somnifera or S. marianum, which was supported by the higher relative weight of immunocompetent (lymphoid) organs in the same chicks. A hepatoprotective effect was found in OTA-exposed chicks treated additionally with W. somnifera and S. marianum, whereas a nephroprotective effect was only found in the chicks additionally treated with S. marianum as observed from the biochemical and pathomorphological findings. The same herbs could be used as a practical approach for safely utilising of OTA-contaminated feed.

Amelioration of Constipation by Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharides

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-375
Author(s):  
Xin Xin ◽  
Niu Yingying ◽  
Xing Meimei ◽  
Li Changqin ◽  
Kang Wenyi
Keyword(s):  
Dose Group ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Cordyceps Militaris ◽  
High Dose Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Colon Tissue ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
Histologic Changes

The effect of constipation of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) polysaccharide was evaluated in rat constipated models. Constipation was induced by intragastric administration of loperamide hydrochloride at a dosage of 0.75 mg/kg twice daily for 10 days. C. militaris polysaccharide at doses of 800, 400, 200 mg/kg (1 mL/100 g weight) were administered to loperamide-treated rats for 7 days. The serum levels of motilin, gastrin and substance P were significantly increased in the Loperamide/Maren group (P < 0.05) and C. militaris polysaccharide high dose group (P < 0.05) compared with the Loperamide only group. The levels of somatostatin in the Loperamide/Maren group (P < 0.05) and C. militaris polysaccharide high dose group (P < 0.05) were significantly decreased. Colon tissue slices were examined for any histologic changes. Colon tissues from constipated rats showed ruptured and abnormal cells. Such changes were less common in rats treated with high-dose C. militaris polysaccharide.

scholarly journals Effect of Acrylamide Supplementation on the CART-, VAChT-, and nNOS-Immunoreactive Nervous Structures in the Porcine Stomach

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Palus ◽  
Michał Bulc ◽  
Jarosław Całka
Keyword(s):  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Double Immunofluorescence ◽  
High Temperature Processing ◽  
High Doses

Acrylamide is found in food products manufactured with high-temperature processing, and exposure to acrylamide contained in food products may cause a potential risk to human health. The aim of this investigation was to demonstrate the changes in the population of CART-, nNOS-, and VAChT-immunoreactive enteric neurons in the porcine stomach in response to supplementation of low and high acrylamide doses. The study was carried out with 15 Danish landrace gilts divided into three experimental groups: the control group—animals were administered empty gelatine capsules; the low-dose group—animals were administrated a tolerable daily intake (TDI) dose (0.5 µg/kg of body weight (b.w.)/day) of acrylamide capsules, and the high-dose group—animals were administrated high-dose (ten times higher than TDI: 5 µg/kg b.w./day) acrylamide capsules for 28 days. Using the double immunofluorescence staining method, it was established that supplementation with low and high doses of acrylamide resulted in alterations of the porcine stomach neuron phenotype, which was reflected in an increased number of CART-, VAChT-, and nNOS-immunoreactive neurons. These changes were accompanied by an increased density of CART-, VAChT-, and nNOS-positive fibres. The results suggest that the enteric nervous system plays an important role in protecting the gastrointestinal tract during acrylamide intoxication.

scholarly journals Effects of Subcutaneous Ochratoxin-A Exposure on Immune System of Broiler Chicks

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahzad Akbar Khan ◽  
Emerson J. Venancio ◽  
Mario A. Ono ◽  
Eduardo V. Fernandes ◽  
Elisa Y. Hirooka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Circulating Lymphocytes ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Subcutaneous Inoculation

Ochratoxin A (OTA), an immunosuppressive mycotoxin, can increase the risk of many infectious diseases and contribute to economic losses to the poultry industry. The immunosuppressive effect has mainly been investigated through oral exposure; however, birds may also be contaminated through skin absorption. The present study investigated the influence of OTA exposure on the defense system of broiler chicks through the subcutaneous route and including low doses. Groups of broiler chicks (Cobb), 05 days old, were exposed to subcutaneous inoculation of OTA at concentrations of 0.1; 0.5; 0.9; 1.3; and 1.7 mg OTA/kg body weight. The size of the lymphoid organs, circulating immune cells, and total IgY and IgA levels were evaluated 21 days post inoculation. Subcutaneous OTA exposure decreased the weight of the thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius, and leukocytopenia (p < 0.05) was detected in chicks of the OTA treated groups. In a dose-dependent way, decreased levels of circulating lymphocytes and heterophils (p < 0.05), and increased levels of monocytes (p < 0.05) were detected. Decreased IgY and IgA serum concentrations were noted in the OTA treated groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, subcutaneous OTA exposure induces immunosuppression even at low levels.

Intensive Initial Oral Anticoagulation and Shorter Heparin Treatment in Deep Vein Thrombosis

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (03) ◽  
pp. 276-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Schulman ◽  
Dieter Lockner ◽  
Kurt Bergström ◽  
Margareta Blombäck
Keyword(s):  
Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Oral Anticoagulation ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Heparin Treatment ◽  
Deep Vein

SummaryIn order to investigate whether a more intensive initial oral anticoagulation still would be safe and effective, we performed a prospective randomized study in patients with deep vein thrombosis. They received either the conventional regimen of oral anticoagulation (“low-dose”) and heparin or a more intense oral anticoagulation (“high-dose”) with a shorter period of heparin treatment.In the first part of the study 129 patients were randomized. The “low-dose” group reached a stable therapeutic prothrombin complex (PT)-level after 4.3 and the “high-dose” group after 3.3 days. Heparin was discontinued after 6.0 and 5.0 days respectively. There was no difference in significant hemorrhage between the groups, and no clinical signs of progression of the thrombosis.In the second part of the study another 40 patients were randomized, followed with coagulation factor II, VII, IX and X and with repeated venograms. A stable therapeutic PT-level was achieved after 4.4 (“low-dose”) and 3.7 (“high-dose”) days, and heparin was discontinued after 5.4 and 4.4 days respectively. There were no clinical hemorrhages, the activity of the coagulation factors had dropped to the same level in both groups at the time when heparin was discontinued and no thromboembolic complications occurred.Our oral anticoagulation regimen with heparin treatment for an average of 4.4-5 days seems safe and reduces in-patient costs.

Clinical effectiveness of high dose versus standard dose of meropenem in ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria: a randomized single-blind clinical trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahila Monajati ◽  
Shahram Ala ◽  
Masoud Aliyali ◽  
Roya Ghasemian ◽  
Fatemeh Heidari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Sofa Score ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Clinical Success Rate ◽  
High Dose Group ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia

Background: Meropenem standard doses are based on the minimum inhibitory concentration of sensitive pathogens and the pharmacokinetic parameter of not critically ill patients. We compared the efficacy of high versus standard dose of meropenem in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Methods: 24 out of 34 eligible patients were randomized to receive meropenem 3 g q8h (high dose group, 11 patients) or 2 g q8h (standard dose group, 13 patients) as a 3h infusion. Primary outcome was considered as clinical success that was defined as stable hemodynamic, improved sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, stable or improved PaO2/FiO2 after 7 days. A sputum culture was taken before intervention. Results: Clinical success rate was not significantly different between the high and standard dose group (54.5% vs. 38.5%, P= 0.431). There was a significant difference in reduction of clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) compared to high dose with standard group (P=0.038). SOFA score declined significantly in high dose group through the study (P=0.006). A shorter duration of VAP treatment was recorded in high dose group (P=0.061). We did not observe any significant adverse event related to meropenem. Acinetobacter spp. (34.8%), Klebsiella spp. (32.6%) and, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.5%) isolated more frequently from sputum cultures. Conclusion: Treatment with high dose of meropenem seems to be safe. However, it did not provide significantly higher clinical success rate in comparison with the standard dose, but could be considered as an appropriate empirical treatment in patients with severe infection due to reducing in SOFA and CPIS.

Immunomodulatory Effect of Andrographis paniculata during Lead Induced Toxicity in Broilers

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Ingole ◽  
A. S. Chandewar ◽  
M. V. Joshi ◽  
Madhuri Hedau ◽  
S W Hajare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effect ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Ameliorative Effect

The effect of dietary lead exposure on immunomodulation of broilers and possible ameliorative effect of Andrographis paniculata were studied. One hundred broiler chicks were randomly divided into five equal groups of 20 each. Group T0 served as control while group T1, T2, T3 and T4 birds were provided commercial diet with lead acetate at the dose of 300 ppm in feed. Powder of dry leaves of Andrographis paniculata was mixed in the feed of group T2, T3 and T4 chicks at the dose of 2 gm, 3 gm and 4 gm/kg of feed respectively and fed for 4 weeks. Significant decrease in HI titres in T1 group and significant increase in T4 group suggested increased haemagglutination titre (HI) response. The maximum skin thickness and diameter on 24th and 48th hours was observed in control group birds (T0) and was comparable with T4 group. Microscopically spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius revealed increase in lymphoid population in birds fed lead acetate along with Andrographis paniculata compared to T1 group. We concluded that Andrographis paniculata has immunomodulatory effect during lead toxicity in broilers.

scholarly journals Study on the Mechanism of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang on Cells with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1328-1338
Author(s):  
Yufeng Xing ◽  
Chuantao Zhang ◽  
Fenfen Zhai ◽  
Tianran Zhou ◽  
Xiang Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Oil Red O Staining ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Oil Red O

AbstractCells with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were studied to determine the mechanism of liver deficiency via the AdipoR2-PPARa pathway. NAFLD cells were randomly divided into a normal control group, blank control group, model group, low dose group, medium dose group, and high dose group. The NAFLD models were established by incubating the cells with linoleic acid (LA) and palmitic acid (PA) (2:1) for 24 h. The test groups were incubated with different doses of Shugan Xiaozhi Fang extract. The pathological changes in cells that accumulated lipids were detected by Oil Red O staining. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured. The apoptosis of cells was evaluated by flow cytometry. The levels of AdipoR2, PPARa, CD36, acyl-CoA mRNA, and protein were confirmed by RT- PCR and Western blot. The results of the Oil Red O staining demonstrated that the NAFLD cell model was successfully established. Compared with the model group, the levels of TG and MDA in the groups that received low, medium, and high doses of Shugan Xiaozhi were significantly lower (P<0.01), and a dose effect was evident. In addition, the expression of AdipoR2, PPARa, CD36, acyl-CoA protein, and mRNA in the Shugan Xiaozhi-treated groups was upregulated. Furthermore, the levels of AdipoR2, PPAR, CD36, acyl-CoA protein, and mRNA in all drug treatment groups that were extracted from L-O2 normal human hepatocytes were significantly upregulated (P<0.01). Moreover, the factor pattern of HepG2 human liver carcinoma cells was similar to that of L-O2. The levels of AdipoR, CD36, acyl-CoA, and AdipoR mRNA in the HepG2 low group were increased (P<0.05). AdipoR, PPAR, CD36, and acyl-CoA protein levels and AdipoR mRNA expression were significantly increased in the intermediate dose group and high dose group (P<0.01). Shugan Xiaozhi Fang attenuates hepatic lipid deposition in NAFLD induced by incubating with LA and PA for 24 h, which is associated with the activation of the AdipoR2-PPARα pathway.

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