scholarly journals Natural Occurrence of Alternaria Fungi and Associated Mycotoxins in Small-Grain Cereals from The Urals and West Siberia Regions of Russia

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 681
Author(s):  
Aleksandra S. Orina ◽  
Olga P. Gavrilova ◽  
Nadezhda N. Gogina ◽  
Philipp B. Gannibal ◽  
Tatiana Yu. Gagkaeva
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
West Siberia ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Global Maximum ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Alternaria fungi dominate the grain microbiota in many regions of the world; therefore, the detection of species that are able to produce mycotoxins has received much attention. A total of 178 grain samples of wheat, barley and oat obtained from the Urals and West Siberia regions of Russia in 2017–2019 were included in the study. Grain contamination with Alternaria fungi belonging to sections Alternaria and Infectoriae was analysed using qPCR with specific primers. The occurrence of four mycotoxins produced by Alternaria, AOH, AME, TEN, and TeA, was defined by HPLC-MS/MS. Alternaria DNA was found in all analysed grain samples. The prevalence of DNA of Alternaria sect. Alternaria fungi (range 53 × 10−4–21,731 × 10−4 pg/ng) over the DNA of Alternaria sect. Infectoriae (range 11 × 10−4‒4237 × 10−4 pg/ng) in the grain samples was revealed. Sixty-two percent of grain samples were contaminated by at least two Alternaria mycotoxins. The combination of TEN and TeA was found most often. Eight percent of grain samples were contaminated by all four mycotoxins, and only 3% of samples were free from the analysed secondary toxic metabolites. The amounts varied in a range of 2–53 µg/kg for AOH, 3–56 µg/kg for AME, 3–131 µg/kg for TEN and 9–15,000 µg/kg for TeA. To our knowledge, a new global maximum level of natural contamination of wheat grain with TeA was detected. A positive correlation between the amount of DNA from Alternaria sect. Alternaria and TeA was observed. The significant effects of cereal species and geographic origin of samples on the amounts of DNA and mycotoxins of Alternaria spp. in grain were revealed. Barley was the most heavily contaminated with fungi belonging to both sections. The content of AOH in oat grain was, on average, higher than that found in wheat and barley. The content of TEN in the grain of barley was lower than that in wheat and similar to that in oat. The content of TeA did not depend on the cereal crop. The effect of weather conditions (summer temperature and rainfall) on the final fungal and mycotoxin contamination of grain was discussed. The frequent co-occurrence of different Alternaria fungi and their mycotoxins in grain indicates the need for further studies investigating this issue.

scholarly journals CFD Simulation of the Dispersion of Exhaust Gases in a Traffic Loaded Street of Astana, Kazakhstan

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-166
Author(s):  
Ardak Akhatova ◽  
Assylan Kassymov ◽  
Meruyert Kazmaganbetova ◽  
Luis Ramon Rojas-Solórzano
Keyword(s):  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Convergence Criterion ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Wall Functions ◽  
Mesh Density ◽  
Volume Method ◽  
Future Work

The aim of this paper is to consider one of the most traffic-loaded regions of Astana city (Kazakhstan) and to determine the concentration of carbon-monoxide (CO) in the air during the peak hours. CFD analysis based on the SolidWorks-EFD platform was used to simulate the dispersion of contaminants given the estimated emission rates and weather conditions at the crossroad of Bogenbay Batyr and Zhenis Avenues in Astana. Turbulence prediction was based on k-ε model with wall functions. The governing equations were discretized using the finite volume method and a 2nd order spatial scheme. The mesh verification was based on 1% convergence criterion for a 50% of mesh density increment; air pressure near the wall of a selected building was chosen as the parameter to control the convergence. Numerical results are presented for prevailing conditions during all 4 seasons of the year, demonstrating that the highest levels of CO are recorded in summer and reach the values up to 11.2 ppm which are still lower than the maximum level admitted for humans. Nevertheless, obtained results show that Astana is gradually becoming a city that is likely to reach the critical levels of pollutants in the nearest future if control measures are not taken with enough anticipation. As for a future work, it is proposed to perform in-situ validation of specific scenarios to check and support the results obtained with CFD and to develop then specific policies for tackling the problem before it becomes evident.

scholarly journals Modern nosoareas of tick-borne encephalitis and tick-borne rickettsiosis in Siberia

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
V. K. Yastrebov
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
West Siberia ◽  
East Siberia ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Natural centers of tick-borne encephalitis and tick-borne rickettsiosis diseases are distinguished not only by stability and in- creasing level of epidemiological manifestation but also by ability to enlargement of areas. It is found that a contribution of some regions of Russia to the sick rate of tick-borne encephalitis and tick-borne rickettsiosis is changing in time. For tick-borne encephalitis the contribution of East Siberia increases and becomes equal to one of Ural area. For tick-borne rickettsiosis the general contribution of four regions (East Siberia, West Siberia, Ural and Far East) amount to 92% of diseases in country. The greater part of tick-borne rickettsiosis diseases (62,1%) is the contribution of East Siberia because of activi- ty of disease centers of Altai area.

scholarly journals Structural connections between Urals and West Siberia: the common stage on the boundary of Permian and Triassic periods

2019 ◽  
Vol 488 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-297
Author(s):  
V. N. Smirnov ◽  
K. S. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
West Siberia ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Middle Urals ◽  
The Urals ◽  
The West ◽  
Open Part ◽  
The Middle Urals ◽  
Eastern Zone ◽  
Structural Connections ◽  
The Common

40Ar/39Ar-dating of the micas from the schists and blastomylonites collected from the fault which separates the Eastern zone of the Middle Urals dipped under the cover of the West Siberian plate from the open part of the geologic structures of the Urals, showed that the last phase of deformation was represented by a submeridional sinistral strike-slip faults with the age of 251 Ma. The appearance of the analyzed deformations practically exactly coincides in time with the formation of the grabens of meridional strike at the base of the West Siberian plate. 

scholarly journals First results of studying the archeological-ethnographic library by V. N. Chernetsov and S.-V. I. Moshinskaya

Bibliosphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
E. V. Ivanovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
West Siberia ◽  
State University ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
East Europe ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Folklore Studies ◽  
First Results

There is a library of Soviet scientists Valery Nikolaevich Chernetsov (1905-1970) and Stanislava-Wanda Iosifovna Moshinskaya (1917-1980) in the collection of Tomsk State University Research Library. They have gathered library numbered more than 2000 volumes during their life. It includes various brochures, magazines, prints of articles, abstracts of theses and separate fundamental researches of XVIII-XX centuries on archeology, ethnography, linguistics, folklore studies, history, arts of East Europe, the Urals and Siberia in Russian, English, French, Hungarian, Serbian and Swedish languages. It was an operating library of scientists, which obtains traces of their work such as notes on book margins, sheets with records and photos between pages. Undoubted interest are autographs on books and brochures in studying both reading and communication circles of the Soviet scientists-humanists. The article considers the problem of this library formation. Dedicatory inscriptions on books, abstracts and prints of articles, as well as Valery Nikolaevich's autographs help to solve it. They became an initial cause of this investigation. As the scholars’ field of interests and research activity has been related to studying West Siberia, a considerable part of monographs, paper collections, magazines and prints of articles is devoted to this region. Their library is demanded by researchers, students and teachers of Tomsk State University historical and geographical faculties, as well as archeologists. Based on V. N. Chernetsov and V. I. Moshinskaya’s collection stored in Tomsk State University Library it is possible to track not only the process of its formation, but also to observe the ways of creating personal interrelations of scientists from different corners of the Soviet Union and other countries.

BITTER VETCH, OR ERVIL (VICIA ERVILIA (L.) WILLD.): EVALUATION OF ACCESSIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENTS OF TAMBOV PROVINCE, RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. SERGEEV ◽  
◽  
N.N. ANDREEVA ◽  
N.V. VAVKINA ◽  
T.G. ALEKSANDROVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Evaluation Data ◽  
Bitter Vetch

The catalogue contains the evaluation data for 267 bitter vetch accessions from the collection held by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), grown in 2010–2016 and 2021 at Yekaterinino Experiment Station of VIR. The study covered bitter vetch accessions of diverse geographic origin from 23 countries. The testing of Vicia ervilia accessions in years with different weather conditions showed the variability of the main agrobiological characteristics in the studied accessions: duration of the growing season, and seed yield per 1 m². The catalogue is addressed to plant breeding experts.

The level of manifestation and variation of biometric indicators of spring barley samples of collection of Uman national university of horticulture

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (98) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Zh. M. Novak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Spike Length ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
National University ◽  
Average Plant

Different weather conditions provide unequal growth and development of plants, in addition, biotypes react differently to changes in external environmental factors. Scientists from Ukraine and other countries analyze varieties and samples of spring barley for the purpose of determine donors of useful traits in different soil and climatic conditions. For the purpose of combine a number of useful traits in one genotype, hybridization between geographically distant biotypes is used. Uman National University of Horticulture has a collection of spring barley samples by different geographic origin. The analyze of breeding material by biometric traits, which will allow us to determine the level of manifestation of each of them in different conditions of 2018–2020 and to determine the donors of useful traits for the further breeding process, was carried out. The weather conditions of the years of research were very different. 2018 was the most unfavorable year for early spring crops. The reason for this was the presence of snow cover until the end of March. After that were strong heat and lack of precipitation. 2019 and 2020 were more favorable for spring barley due to the long cool spring. In addition, in 2020, May and June characterized by increased rainfall. The average plant height of the studied biotypes ranged from 50 to 64 cm. Most samples had the lowest plant height 40–57 cm in 2018, and the highest – in 2020 – from 54 to 88 cm. The average spike length of the analyzed samples was 5.9–8.1 cm. There was not dependence between conditions of the research year and spike length. The number of spikelets per spike was naturally determined by the research conditions. The lowest indicators were observed in 2018 — from 7.0 to 12.0 units, while in 2019 — 16.6–23.9 units, and in 2020 — 20.2–27.7 units. The variation of plant height of the analyzed samples was medium and significant with coefficients from 13.7 to 32.6 %. There was a slight, medium and significant variation of the length of the ear (V = 2.9–23.6 %). The index of number of spikelets per spike most varied — the coefficients of variation were 32.6–55.5 %.

scholarly journals Net ecosystem exchange and energy fluxes in a West Siberian bog

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Alekseychik ◽  
Ivan Mammarella ◽  
Dmitry Karpov ◽  
Sigrid Dengel ◽  
Irina Terentieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
West Siberia ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Surface Exchange ◽  
Rainy Weather

Abstract. Very few studies of ecosystem-atmosphere exchange involving eddy-covariance data have been conducted in Siberia, and none in West Siberia. This work provides the first estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) and energy budgets at a typical bog of the West Siberian middle taiga based on May-August measurements in 2015. The footprint of measured fluxes consisted of homogeneous mixture of tree-covered ridges and hollows with the vegetation represented by typical sedges and shrubs. Generally, the surface exchange rates resembled those of pine-covered bogs elsewhere. The surface energy balance closure was 90 %. Net CO2 uptake was comparatively high, summing up to 196 gC m−2 for the four measurement months, while the Bowen ratio was typical at 30 %. The ecosystem turned into a net CO2 source during several front passage events in June and July. Several periods of heavy rain helped keep the water table at a constant level, preventing a usual drawdown in summer. However, because of the cloudy and rainy weather, the observed fluxes might rather represent the special weather conditions of 2015 than their typical level.

Alternaria mycotoxins: an overview of chemical characterization, producers, toxicity, analysis and occurrence in foodstuffs

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ostry
Keyword(s):  
Topoisomerase I ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Tenuazonic Acid ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Alternaria Mycotoxins

Microfungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous pathogens and saprophytes. Many species of the genus Alternaria commonly cause spoilage of various food crops in the field or post-harvest decay. Due to their growth even at low temperatures, they are also responsible for spoilage of these commodities during refrigerated transport and storage. Several Alternaria species are known producers of toxic secondary metabolites - Alternaria mycotoxins. A. alternata produces a number of mycotoxins, including alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, altertoxins I, II, III, tenuazonic acid and other less toxic metabolites. Tenuazonic acid is toxic to several animal species, e.g. mice, chicken, dogs. Alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and altertoxin I are not very acutely toxic. There are several reports on the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of alternariol, and alternariol monomethyl ether. Alternariol has been identified as a topoisomerase I and II poison which might contribute to the impairment of DNA integrity in human colon carcinoma cells. Analytical methods to determine Alternaria toxins are largely based on procedures, involving cleanup by solvent partitioning or solid phase extraction, followed by chromatographic separation techniques, in combination with ultraviolet, fluorescence, electrochemical and mass spectroscopic detection. A large number of Alternaria metabolites has been reported to occur naturally in food commodities (e.g. fruit, vegetables, cereals and oil plants). Alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid were frequently detected in apples, apple products, mandarins, olives, pepper, red pepper, tomatoes, tomato products, oilseed rape meal, sunflower seeds, sorghum, wheat and edible oils. Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether were detected in citrus fruit, Japanese pears, prune nectar, raspberries, red currant, carrots, barley and oats. Alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid were detected in melon. Natural occurrence of alternariol has been reported in apple juice, cranberry juice, grape juice, prune nectar, raspberry juice, red wine and lentils.

scholarly journals Features of the formation of spring wheat grain yield in the Volga region

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Oleg Ivanovich Goryanin ◽  
Elena Vladimirovna Shcherbinina
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Ordinary Chernozem ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Seeding Rate

The results of the study of five seeding rates (variants) in the cultivation of spring durum wheat Bezenchukskaya Niva with seed treatment with Scenic Combi preparation (1.4 l/t) in order to identify the optimal rate are presented. On ordinary chernozem for 2017-2020 in the arid conditions of the Volga region, it was found out that when growing a crop for winter wheat, a decrease in seeding rates contributed to an increase in the coefficient of total and productive bushiness, the weight of grain from the ear and plant, the number of grains from the ear. On average, over the years of research, the yield of spring wheat grain at seeding rates of 2.0-5.0 million/ha was 2.00-2.22 t / ha. Under favorable weather conditions, the yield advantage was the norm of 4.0-5.0 million/ha by 6.2-37 %, in the acutely arid 2.0-3.0 million / ha by 3.4-16.4 % more, compared to other options. Wheat yield was most affected by the air temperature during the growing season (r=-0.97* to -0.99*). Of the elements of the structure, the maximum conjugacy with the yield at the norms of 1.0-4.0 is noted with the number and weight of grain from the ear and plant, the height of the plants (r=0,97*-1,0**). On average, over the years of research, the highest net income was established on the variants with the norm of 3.0-4.0 million / ha-17100.4-17442.8 rubles / ha, which is 761.9-1704.7 rubles/ha (4.7-10.8 %) more than the variants with the norm of 2.0 and 5.0 million/ha. The maximum level of profitability was revealed at the rate of 1.0 million / ha-194.6 %, which is 9.6-41.3% more than the options with the rate of 2.0-4.0 million / ha. Based on the conducted research, the seeding rate of 2.0-4.0 million/ha is recommended for the cultivation of spring durum wheat for commercial purposes. In the original seed production – 1.0 and 2.0 million/ha, providing a multiplication factor of up to 57.8 kg/kg of grain.

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