scholarly journals Patterns of Diversity of Fusarium Fungi Contaminating Soybean Grains

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Maciej Żelechowski ◽  
Tomasz Molcan ◽  
Katarzyna Bilska ◽  
Kamil Myszczyński ◽  
Jacek Olszewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Fusarium Avenaceum ◽  
Sequence Analyses ◽  
Multiple Sequence ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
First Time ◽  
Fusarium Fungi

Soybean is an important, high protein source of food and feed. However, like other agricultural grains, soybean may pose a risk to human and animal health due to contamination of the grains with toxigenic Fusaria and associated mycotoxins. In this study, we investigated the diversity of Fusaria on a panel of 104 field isolates obtained from soybean grains during the growing seasons in 2017–2020. The results of species-specific PCR analyses showed that Fusarium avenaceum was the most common (n = 40) species associated with soybean grains in Poland, followed by F. equiseti (n = 22) and F. sporotrichioides (11 isolates). A set of isolates, which was not determined based on PCR analyses, was whole genome sequenced. Multiple sequence analyses using tef-1α, top1, rpb1, rpb2, tub2, pgk, cam and lsu genes showed that most of them belonged to Equiseti clade. Three cryptic species from this clade: F. clavum, F. flagelliforme and FIESC 31 (lacking Latin binomial) were found on soybean for the first time. This is the first report demonstrating the prevalence of Fusaria on soybean grains in Poland.

scholarly journals Brucellosis in Mirpur, Azad Kashmir Pakistan: a livestock threat for neighboring zones

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 6004-2018
Author(s):  
HADIA MUBEEN ◽  
IAHTASHAM KHAN* ◽  
MUHAMMAD HASSAN SALEEM ◽  
RAHEELA AKHTAR ◽  
SHAHZAD ALI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brucella Abortus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Important Region ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Azad Kashmir ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
First Time

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in household animals of Mirpur, Azad Kashmir due to its geographic importance. A total of 360 blood samples of cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats were initially screened through Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) and then positive samples were subjected to Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for confirmation and quantification of antibody titers. Molecular confirmation of serologically positive samples was performed by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RBPT and ELISA showed a total of 8.6% and 6.87% positive samples respectively. The species wise seropositivity by RBPT was greater in cattle followed by buffaloes, goats and sheep. Similarly ELISA showed more seropositivity in cattle than buffaloes, while sheep and goats were negative for brucellosis by ELISA. RT-PCR revealed 100% samples positive for Brucella abortus by species specific PCR. This study revealed the presence of Brucella abortus in Mirpur for the first time. Since brucellosis is listed in transboundary diseases, its presence in this geographically important region could be a potential threat for neighboring countries..

Molecular and morphological markers for rapid distinction between 2 Colletotrichum species

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1076-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sônia Alvim Veiga Pileggi ◽  
Sarah Franco Vieira de Oliveira ◽  
Caroline Waculicz Andrade ◽  
Vânia Aparecida Vicente ◽  
Patrícia do Rocio Dalzoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Markers ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Endophytic Microorganisms ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
First Time ◽  
Maytenus Ilicifolia

Endophytic microorganisms reside asymptomatically within plants and are a source of new bioactive products for use in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Colletotrichum (teleomorph Glomerella ) is a fungus widely cited in the literature as a producer of antimicrobial substances. Identification at the species level, however, has been a problem in this type of study. Several authors have reported the presence of endophytic fungi from the medicinal plant Maytenus ilicifolia (“espinheira-santa”) in Brazil that has antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. Therefore, Colletotrichum strains were isolated from M. ilicifolia and identified based on morphology, RAPD markers, sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and ITS-2), the 5.8S gene, and species-specific PCR. The analyses suggested the presence of 2 species, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum boninense . Two morphological markers were characterized to allow C. gloeosporioides and C. boninense to be distinguished quickly and accurately. The molecular diagnosis of C. boninense was confirmed by using Col1 and ITS4 primers. This species of Colletotrichum is reported for the first time in M. ilicifolia.

Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chełkowski ◽  
K. Gromadzka ◽  
Ł. Stępień ◽  
L. Lenc ◽  
M. Kostecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Microdochium Nivale ◽  
Fusarium Avenaceum ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
First Time

High incidence of Fusarium head blight occurred in Northern and Southern Poland in the 2009 season. Head samples from 106 wheat fields were collected before harvest from Northern, Central and Southern Poland in August 2009. Fusarium species were identified in 1,311 heads with visible scab symptoms and the collected material was subjected to mycotoxin analyses. Fusarium graminearum was identified as the most frequently occurring species on wheat, present in 48% of all samples examined. This species prevailed in Northern and Southern Poland, with the frequencies of 53% and 55%, respectively, and its frequency has increased over five-fold after two decades. In the central part of the country, Fusarium culmorum was the major pathogen of wheat, with a frequency of 43%, although in this region the incidence of infected heads in wheat fields was lower than 1%. Several other species, including Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium cerealis and Microdochium nivale, occurred with lower frequencies. Microscopic identification of species was confirmed using species-specific markers in DNA extracted directly from sporodochia. For the first time, glucosylated deoxynivalenol was identified in Polish cereals, in amounts of 1.6 to 7.4 mg/kg. Deoxynivalenol (DON) content was estimated between 1.7 and 11.9 mg/kg for the healthy looking kernels (HLK) fraction, while the Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) were contaminated with high amounts of DON, from 57.3 to 312.3 mg/kg, and zearalenone, from 0.035 to 4.48 mg/kg. The HLK fractions contained about 20 times less DON and zearalenone (ZEA) than the FDK fractions. ZEA accumulated in both FDK kernels and chaff fractions at a similar level. DON was accumulated in the chaff fraction in much lower amounts than in the FDK fraction.

Molecular and morphological discrimination betweenTylospora fibrillosaandTylospora asterophoramycorrhizae

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Eberhardt ◽  
Lutz Walter ◽  
Ingrid Kottke
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
First Time

Among the mycorrhizal types of spruce, Tylospora-type mycorrhizae are the most constant and abundant. Two species of the genus Tylospora occur in Europe, Tylospora fibrillosa and Tylospora asterophora. Mycorrhizae of T. asterophora are described in detail for the first time. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal genes were obtained from T. fibrillosa and T. asterophora mycorrhizae, sporocarps, and cultured mycelium. Discrimination and identification of the two species by ITS polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) are discussed in the light of inter- and intra-specific variability. Species-specific PCR primers were designed to distinguish both species. Molecular screening of Tylospora-type mycorrhizae from field material led to unambiguous results, whereas morphological identification is likely to fail because of great similarity even at the microscopic level.Key words: Tylospora asterophora, Tylospora fibrillosa, ectomycorrhizae, taxon specific primers (TSOPs), ITS sequences.

scholarly journals The Likelihood of Misidentifying Rodent Pasteurellaceae by Using Results from a Single PCR Assay

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hagit Dafni ◽  
Lea Greenfeld ◽  
Roni Oren ◽  
Alon Harmelin
Keyword(s):  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Primer Sets ◽  
Species Specific

The precise identification of rodent Pasteurellaceae is known to be highly challenging. An unknown strain of Pasteurellaceae appeared and rapidly spread throughout our animal facilities. Standard microbiology, combined with biochemical analysis, suggested that the bacteria strain was Rodentibacter pneumotropicus or R. heylii. We submitted samples of the unknown bacteria and known isolates of R. pneumotropicus, R. heylii, and Muribacter muris, to 2 service laboratories that provide animal health monitoring. Results of microbiology tests performed by both laboratories, species-specific PCR analysis performed by one laboratory, and independent 16S rRNA gene sequencing yielded identical identification of the unknown bacteria as Pasteurellaceae (Pasteurella spp.) and not R. pneumotropicus or R. heylii. In contrast, the similarly intended PCR assay performed by the other laboratory identified the bacteria as R. heylii. Careful evaluation of all of the results led us to conclude that the correct identification of the bacteria is Pasteurellaceae. From our experience, we recommend that a combination of several methods should be used to achieve correct identification of rodent Pasteurellaceae. Specifically, we advise that all primer sets used should be disclosed when reporting PCR test results, including in health reports provided by service laboratories and animal vendors. Careful, correct, and informative health monitoring reports are most beneficial to animal researchers and caretakers who might encounter the presence and effects of rodent Pasteurellaceae.

Lipid fingerprinting of yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor by untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
S. G. B. Gowda ◽  
Y. Sasaki ◽  
E. Hasegawa ◽  
H. Chiba ◽  
S. P. Hui
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Yellow Mealworm ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Acyl Chains ◽  
First Time

Insects such as Tenebrio molitor have been considered an alternative source of nutrition for animals and have also been adopted as human food throughout history, especially in Asia and Africa. Lipids are the second most abundant component followed by proteins. However, studies focusing on comprehensive lipid composition analsysis of these widely reared species are limited. The untargeted lipidomic analysis of yellow mealworm larvae (T. molitor) led to the identification of several lipid molecular species from lipid classes such as: free fatty acids, sphingolipids, phospholipids, and triacylglycerols. The results revealed that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (45%) are the most abundant fatty acids, followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (42%) and saturated fatty acids (13%). Fatty acids such as FA 18:1 and FA 18:2 are the most abundant fatty acids and are substantially enriched in other complex lipids in the form of esters. Moreover, functional lipids such as sphingomyelins, ceramides, cardiolipins, phosphatidylinositols, and phosphatidylethanolamines were characterised for the first time, with a large number of MUFAs and PUFAs as their main acyl chains. Overall, our data showed the occurrence of multiple structurally diverse lipids in T. molitor, suggesting that mealworms are not only enriched with proteins but also have several functional lipids, which are highly beneficial to human and animal health. Thus, the larvae of T. molitor could serve as a promising candidate for the development of functional food and feed products.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Study on the Occurrence of Mycotoxins and Their Producing Fungi during the Maize Production Cycle in Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta García-Díaz ◽  
Jéssica Gil-Serna ◽  
Covadonga Vázquez ◽  
María Nieves Botia ◽  
Belén Patiño
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
And Storage

Mycotoxin contamination is one of the main problems affecting corn production, due to its significant risk to human and animal health. The Fusarium and Aspergillus species are the main producers of mycotoxins in maize, infecting both pre-harvest and during storage. In this work, we evaluated the presence of mycotoxins and their producing species along maize production cycles in three different stages (anthesis, harvest, and storage) during three consecutive seasons (2016–2018). Fungal occurrences were studied using species-specific PCR protocols, whereas mycotoxin levels were determined by LC-MS/MS. Fumonisin-producing Fusarium species (F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum), as well as the aflatoxin producer Aspergillus flavus, were the most predominant species at all stages; although, during some seasons, the presence of F. graminearum and A. niger aggregate species were also identified. Contrastingly, fumonisins were the only mycotoxins detected and levels were always under legal regulations. The results presented here demonstrate that even when fungal contamination occurs at the early stages of the maize production cycle, the application of good agricultural and storage practices might be crucial to ensure mycotoxin-free grains.

The frequency of occurrence of pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi in pea seeds in different regions of Poland

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Pszczó³ Kowska ◽  
Adam Okorski ◽  
Gabriel Fordoñski ◽  
Agnieszka Faligowska ◽  
Ewa Kaszkowiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Fusarium Fungi

Field pea seeds (cv. Tarchalska) grown in different regions of Poland (Warmia and Mazury, Wielkopolska, Kujawy) were subjected to mycological analyses. Simpson’s dominance index (DI) was used in the study to determine the abundance of each fungal species in the fungal communities isolated from seeds. PCR analyses were carried out with the use of species-specific primers for Fusarium fungi isolated from pea seeds to identify Tri genes responsible for trichothecene synthesis in the growing seasons of 2011, 2012 and 2013.Saprotrophic species predominated on pea seeds cv. Tarchalska grown in various Polish regions, whereas the isolated fungal pathogens were represented by species of the genus Fusarium and Botrytis cinerea. Genes encoding the synthesis of trichothecenes, the mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi, were not identified in the PCR analysis. In the group of peas grown in three Polish regions (Warmia and Mazury, Wielkopolska, Kujawy), the highest level of fungal colonization was noted in the pea seeds harvested in Warmia and Mazury.

scholarly journals Development and Application of a gp60-Based Typing Assay for Cryptosporidium viatorum

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1891-1897 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stensvold ◽  
K. Elwin ◽  
J. Winiecka-Krusnell ◽  
R. M. Chalmers ◽  
L. Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Multiple Alleles ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Gp60 Gene ◽  
First Time

The apicomplexan intestinal parasites of the genusCryptosporidiumtake a major toll on human and animal health and are frequent causes of waterborne outbreaks. Several species and genotypes can infect humans, includingCryptosporidium viatorum, which, to date, has only been found in humans. Molecular characterization ofCryptosporidiumspp., critical to epidemiological analyses, is commonly based on gp60 gene analysis, which appears to require bespoke species- or group-specific PCR primers due to extensive genetic diversity across the genus. In this study, we amplified, sequenced, and characterized the gp60 gene ofC. viatorumfor the first time. Moreover, we developed and validated a gp60 typing assay for this species and applied it to 27 isolates originating from Asia, Africa, and Central America. A single subtype family, XVa, was identified containing multiple alleles.

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