scholarly journals Consideration of Additive Quantum Numbers of Fermions and Their Conservations

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Xin-Hua Ma
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Number ◽  
Weak Interaction ◽  
Electric Charge ◽  
Clear Relationship ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
Different Levels

Two new flavor quantum numbers D and U for down and up quarks, respectively, are introduced, and then quark quantum number H is proposed as the sum of the flavor quantum numbers of quarks. Moreover, lepton quark-like quantum number HL and finally fermion quantum number F are brought forward. Old and new additive quantum numbers are conserved at three different levels in weak interaction, and F builds up a clear relationship to the electric charge of fermions.

CONSERVATION LAWS AND VECTOR MODEL OF PARTICLES

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (04n05) ◽  
pp. 353-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
UNG CHAN TSAN
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Laws ◽  
Weak Interaction ◽  
Electric Charge ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Vector Model ◽  
Abstract Space ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
The Difference

Any particle is defined by a set of additive quantum numbers: A, L, individual flavours. These numbers could be considered as the components of a vector C which is characteristic of each particle. Each particle is associated to a vector C representing the particle in an abstract space. The electric charge Q could be interpreted as the projection of C on a vector Q(0). If C=0, particle and antiparticle are the same particle. If C≠0, particle and antiparticle are represented by opposite vectors and are different even if Q=0. In this framework, the neutron is different from the antineutron (many experimental facts confirm this statement) and the neutrino is different from the antineutrino. A direct and important consequence of the difference between the neutrino and the antineutrino is that ββ0ν decay should be strictly forbidden. It is indeed in agreement with all up to now experimental results which show no hint of any ββ0ν event. The features of messengers would explain why electromagnetism and strong interaction conserve A, L and individual flavours and consequently also total flavour while weak interaction conserves only A, L and total flavour.

scholarly journals The quantum theory and the dielectric constant

1924 ◽  
Vol 105 (734) ◽  
pp. 650-661 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Quantum Number ◽  
Quantum Numbers

The change of energy of an atom of hydrogen when submitted to an electric field has been calculated by Epstein. If W denotes the total energy of an atom, then the change in energy Δ W, due to the field F, is given by ΔW = - 3 h 2 F/8 π 2 m E ( n 2 - n 1 ) ( n 1 + n 2 + n 3 ) + 17 e 2 F 2 /(16 π R H ) 2 m Z ( n 1 , n 2 , n 3 ), where R H is Rydberg's constant for hydrogen and Z ( n 1 , n 2 , n 3 ) = ( n 1 + n 2 + n 3 ) 6 {1 - 3/17 ( n 1 - n 2 /( n 1 + n 2 + n 3 ) 2 - 9/17 ( n 3 / n 1 + n 2 + n 3 ) 2 }, and n 1 and n 2 are parabolic quantum numbers and n 3 is the equatorial quantum number.

Spin-orbital exclusion principle and the periodic system

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-525
Author(s):  
Viktor Vyatkin
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Nucleus ◽  
Quantum Number ◽  
Atomic Number ◽  
Periodic System ◽  
Value Distribution ◽  
Exclusion Principle ◽  
Real Sequence ◽  
Spin Orbital ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
Madelung Rule

AbstractGroups of electrons, radial with respect to the atomic nucleus and with the same value of the orbital quantum number and the same number on the subshell, are considered. A spin-orbital exclusion principle is established, regulating the spin value distribution on the subshells with the same value of the orbital number. According to this principle, all subshells are divided into positive and negative ones, depending on the direction of the spin of their first electron. It is found that, in the real sequence of the appearance of new subshells, a spin-orbital periodicity takes place, which develops in cycles consisting of two periods that are mirror-symmetric to each other in the direction of the spin of their electrons. Moreover, atomic number of any period is equal to the sum of the principal and orbital quantum numbers of its subshells, and this can serve as an explanation for the Madelung rule. It is demonstrated that Mendeleev’s chemical periodicity lags behind the spin-orbital periodicity by two elements and repeats its structure. From these positions, the absence of a pair in the first period of Mendeleev’s table and the pairing of all its other periods are explained. Based on the obtained results, an eight-period table of elements, the prototype of which being Janet’s left-step table, is compiled and briefly described.

scholarly journals Weak decays of heavy hadrons into dynamically generated resonances

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 1630001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eulogio Oset ◽  
Wei-Hong Liang ◽  
Melahat Bayar ◽  
Ju-Jun Xie ◽  
Lian Rong Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weak Interaction ◽  
Weak Decay ◽  
Final State ◽  
Hadron Interaction ◽  
Heavy Mesons ◽  
Weak Decays ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
Unitary Approach ◽  
Chiral Unitary Approach ◽  
Interpretation Of Results

In this paper, we present a review of recent works on weak decay of heavy mesons and baryons with two mesons, or a meson and a baryon, interacting strongly in the final state. The aim is to learn about the interaction of hadrons and how some particular resonances are produced in the reactions. It is shown that these reactions have peculiar features and act as filters for some quantum numbers which allow to identify easily some resonances and learn about their nature. The combination of basic elements of the weak interaction with the framework of the chiral unitary approach allow for an interpretation of results of many reactions and add a novel information to different aspects of the hadron interaction and the properties of dynamically generated resonances.

QUANTUM CHAOS FOR THE VIBRATING RECTANGULAR BILLIARD

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (09) ◽  
pp. 2317-2337 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASON A. PORTER ◽  
RICHARD L. LIBOFF
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Well ◽  
Quantum Number ◽  
Quantum Chaos ◽  
Evolution Equations ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Chaotic Behavior ◽  
Present System ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
Superposition States

We consider oscillations of the length and width in rectangular quantum billiards, a two "degree-of-vibration" configuration. We consider several superpositon states and discuss the effects of symmetry (in terms of the relative values of the quantum numbers of the superposed states) on the resulting evolution equations and derive necessary conditions for quantum chaos for both separable and inseparable potentials. We extend this analysis to n-dimensional rectangular parallelepipeds with two degrees-of-vibration. We produce several sets of Poincaré maps corresponding to different projections and potentials in the two-dimensional case. Several of these display chaotic behavior. We distinguish between four types of behavior in the present system corresponding to the separability of the potential and the symmetry of the superposition states. In particular, we contrast harmonic and anharmonic potentials. We note that vibrating rectangular quantum billiards may be used as a model for quantum-well nanostructures of the stated geometry, and we observe chaotic behavior without passing to the semiclassical (ℏ → 0) or high quantum-number limits.

The Δk = ±2 "forbidden band" and inversion–rotation energy levels of ammonia

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1775-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Š. Urban ◽  
Romola D'cunha ◽  
K. Narahari Rao ◽  
D. Papoušek
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Number ◽  
State Energy ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
Forbidden Transitions ◽  
Fourier Transform Spectra ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
Rotation Energy

An entire band of perturbation allowed transitions to the ν4 state of 14NH3 has been assigned in the Fourier transform spectra recorded using a 192-m path length. More than 900 of the forbidden transitions provide necessary information on the spacing between the energy levels with different quantum numbers k, inaccessible from allowed transitions. These data were combined with all other relevant data (MW, submillimetrewave, FIR, IR) published in the literature to derive precise values of inversion–rotation energy levels. This extensive data set completely describes the ground state energy levels of 14NH3 up to quantum number J = 16 for all possible values of the quantum number k.

scholarly journals Rotationally Resolved Rate Constant Measurements for Removal of CH(A2Δ and B2∑−) by Ketene

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Luque ◽  
Javier Ruiz ◽  
Margarita Martin
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Number ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Rotational Quantum Number ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
State Rate ◽  
Experimental Errors ◽  
Experimental Values

Rate constants for total removal of CH(A2Δ) and CH(B2∑−) in collisions with ketene were measured. For the A2Δ state, rate constants increased with vibrational quantum number; measured values were (4.5 ± 0.5) × 10-10 cm3 molec-1 s-1 and (8.0 ± 1) × 10-01 cm3 molec-1 s-1 for v′ = 0 and v′ = 2 respectively. For v′ = 0, rotational levels with quantum numbers from N′ = 4 to N′ = 16 were removed with similar rates within experimental errors; collisional disappearance of levels with higher rotational quantum numbers was faster for a factor of about 1.4. Calculations of cross sections for ketene and other fast colliders, assuming a multipole model, obtained a qualitative correlation with experimental values. CH(B2∑−) was more efficiently removed than CH(A2Δ, v′ = 0); for the lowest rotational levels a rate constant of (5.8 ± 0.3) × 10-10 cm3 molec-1 s-1 was measured and a moderate increase with rotational quantum number was observed.

scholarly journals INFORMATION-PRESERVING BLACK HOLES STILL DO NOT PRESERVE BARYON NUMBER AND OTHER EFFECTIVE GLOBAL QUANTUM NUMBERS

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 2293-2300 ◽  
Author(s):  
DEJAN STOJKOVIC ◽  
GLENN D. STARKMAN ◽  
FRED C. ADAMS
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Quantum Number ◽  
Baryon Number ◽  
Information Loss ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Literature Information ◽  
Information Loss Paradox ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
Black Hole Information

It has been claimed recently that the black hole information-loss paradox has been resolved: the evolution of quantum states in the presence of a black hole is unitary and information preserving. We point out that, contrary to some claims in literature, information-preserving black holes still violate the baryon number and any other quantum number which follows from an effective (and thus approximate) or anomalous symmetry.

scholarly journals The absorption band spectrum of chlorine—II

1930 ◽  
Vol 127 (806) ◽  
pp. 638-657 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Band ◽  
Quantum Number ◽  
Band Spectrum ◽  
Vibrational Quantum Number ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Electronic Level ◽  
Intensity Measurements ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Absolute

As the results of measurements and analysis of the absorption bands of chlorine, communicated in a previous paper, seemed to justify further work on the same problem, particularly with regard to intensity measurements, these bands have been further investigated and the results form the subject of this paper. In the publication referred to, the analysis of three bands due to Cl 35 CI 35 was described, and the discovery of the corresponding isotope band CI 35 CI 37 in the case of one of them enabled the absolute numbering for the vibrational quantum number in the upper electronic level to be determined, if one assumed that the vibrational quantum numbers for the lower level were known.

scholarly journals Fisher Information of Free-Electron Landau States

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Takuya Yamano
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Number ◽  
Fisher Information ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Principal Quantum Number ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Laguerre Polynomials ◽  
Polar Coordinates ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
Lowest Landau Level ◽  
Cylindrical Polar Coordinates

An electron in a constant magnetic field has energy levels, known as the Landau levels. One can obtain the corresponding radial wavefunction of free-electron Landau states in cylindrical polar coordinates. However, this system has not been explored so far in terms of an information-theoretical viewpoint. Here, we focus on Fisher information associated with these Landau states specified by the two quantum numbers. Fisher information provides a useful measure of the electronic structure in quantum systems, such as hydrogen-like atoms and under some potentials. By numerically evaluating the generalized Laguerre polynomials in the radial densities, we report that Fisher information increases linearly with the principal quantum number that specifies energy levels, but decreases monotonically with the azimuthal quantum number m. We also present relative Fisher information of the Landau states against the reference density with m=0, which is proportional to the principal quantum number. We compare it with the case when the lowest Landau level state is set as the reference.

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