scholarly journals Ostreid Herpesvirus-1 Infects Specific Hemocytes in Ark Clam, Scapharca broughtonii

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Lusheng Xin ◽  
Chen Li ◽  
Changming Bai ◽  
Chongming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Subcellular Location ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Granular Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Immune Attack ◽  
Host Defense System ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Different Cell Types

High levels of ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) were detected in hemocytes of OsHV-1 infected mollusks. Mollusk hemocytes are comprised of different cell types with morphological and functional heterogeneity. Granular cells are considered the main immunocompetent hemocytes. This study aimed to ascertain if OsHV-1 infects specific types of hemocytes in ark clams. Types of hemocytes were first characterized through microexamination and flow cytometry. In addition to a large group of red cells, there were three types of recognizable granular cells in ark clams. Type II granular cells were mostly found with OsHV-1 infection by transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination, and represented the hemocyte type that was susceptible to OsHV-1 infection. The subcellular location of OsHV-1 particles in apoptotic type II granular cells was further analyzed. Some OsHV-1 particles were free inside the apoptotic cells, which may contribute to OsHV-1 transmission among cells in the host, some particles were also found enclosed inside apoptotic bodies. Apoptosis is an important part of the host defense system, but might also be hijacked by OsHV-1 as a strategy to escape host immune attack. Following this investigation, a primary culture of type II granular cells with OsHV-1 infection would facilitate the research on the interaction between OsHV-1 and mollusk hosts.

Mucopolysaccharidosis in Adults

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian J. Hendriksz ◽  
Francois Karstens
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
System P ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Cell Types

There are 8 different types of diseases of the mucopolysaccharides, each caused by a deficiency in one of 10 different enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Partially degraded GAGs accumulate within the lysosomes of many different cell types and lead to clinical symptoms and excretion of large amounts of GAGs in the urine. Heritability is autosomal recessive except for MPS type II, which is X-linked. The disorders are chronic and progressive and, although the specific types all have their individual features, they share an abundance of clinical similarities. All involve the musculoskeletal, the cardiovascular, the pulmonary and the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Cell Cycle Control of a Holdfast Attachment Gene inCaulobacter crescentus

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (4) ◽  
pp. 1118-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raji S. Janakiraman ◽  
Yves V. Brun
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Polar Region ◽  
Caulobacter Crescentus ◽  
Cell Cycle Control ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Prosthecate Bacterium ◽  
Maximal Expression

ABSTRACT Attachment to surfaces by the prosthecate bacteriumCaulobacter crescentus is mediated by an adhesive organelle, the holdfast, found at the tip of the stalk. Indirect evidence suggested that the holdfast first appears at the swarmer pole of the predivisional cell. We used fluorescently labeled lectin and transmission electron microscopy to detect the holdfast in different cell types. While the holdfast was readily detectable in stalked cells and at the stalked poles of predivisional cells, we were unable to detect the holdfast in swarmer cells or at the flagellated poles of predivisional cells. This suggests that exposure of the holdfast to the outside of the cell occurs during the differentiation of swarmer to stalked cells. To investigate the timing of holdfast synthesis and exposure to the outside of the cell, we have examined the regulation of a holdfast attachment gene, hfaA. The hfaA gene is part of a cluster of four genes (hfaABDC), identified in strain CB2A and involved in attachment of the holdfast to the polar region of the cell. We have identified the hfaA gene in the synchronizable C. crescentus strain CB15. The sequence of the CB2A hfaA promoter suggested that it was regulated by ς54. We show that the transcription of hfaAfrom either strain is not dependent on ς54. Using ahfaA-lacZ fusion, we show that the transcription ofhfaA is temporally regulated during the cell cycle, with maximal expression in late-predivisional cells. This increase in expression is largely due to the preferential transcription ofhfaA in the swarmer pole of the predivisional cell.

Computer Reconstructions of Normal Human Alveoli From Serial Sections

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 312-313
Author(s):  
Saundra C. Parra ◽  
Ricky Burnette ◽  
Timothy Takaro
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Single Plane ◽  
Random Sections ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Connective Tissue Matrix ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Tissue Matrix

Portions of two adjacent normal human alveoli were reconstructed from serial sections in order to examine normal alveolar organization, including anatomical relationships among the different cell types, the connective tissue matrix and gaps in the alveolar septum. Computer reconstructions were prepared from montaged electron micrographs of serial sections. Rotation of these reconstructions in the x, y or z axes allowed examination of the alveoli from many different aspects other than the actual plane of sectioning. Anatomical relationships “between Type I and Type II epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, and pores of Kohn that could not he deduced from a single plane of the section (random sections) were revealed.

High-resolution SEM of kidney tissue using cryo-techniques

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-9
Author(s):  
P Walther ◽  
P Herter ◽  
J Hentschel ◽  
H Hentschel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Precise Localization ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Scanning Electron

The kidney is a complex zonated organ with a variety of different cell types. For the study of the functional and morphological features, the precise localization in the zones is relevant, which requires the evaluation of rather large portions of tissue. Transmission electron microscopy of replicas of tissue is limited by difficulties to obtain sufficiently large specimens. In order to overcome this problem cryopreparation methods and high resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used.1 mm3 cubes of perfusion fixed rabbit kidneys cryoprotected with glycerol were frozen by plunging into liquid propane. For further preparation two different methods were employed.1: Samples were fractured in liquid nitrogen with a scalpel, freeze substituted using methanol with glutaraldehyde and osmiumtetroxid, warmed to room temperature, critical point dried, and coated by electron gun evaporation with 2 nm of platinum at an angle of 45°, and 10 nm of carbon perpendicularly.

The Armadillo Median Eminence: Correlative Scanning + Transmission Electron Microscopy and Cytochemistry

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 622-623
Author(s):  
Phillip J. Ives
Keyword(s):  
Median Eminence ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Ependymal Lining

The cerebral ventricular system, including the ependymal cells of the median eminence, is postulated to be an important site of neuroendocrine transport and control1. The median eminence helps to transfer activity between the hypothalamus and adenohypophyseal control centers. The ependymal lining of the 3rd ventricle contains many different cell types active in phagocytic or autoregulato^y mechanisms involving the transport of releasing hormone or biogenic amines2. Understanding the primitive mammalian ventricular system is essential in determining significance and comparison of structure, development and organization in the more advanced mammalian species. The present investigation was designed to study the organization of the armadillo median eminence and allow for comparison with other animal systems.The median eminence was removed from each of four immature and eight adult male and female armadillos and processed using standard EM techniques. Some samples were scanned and then placed in 100% acetone and processed for correlative TEM.

A TEM study on the uptake of AMI 25 by sinusoidal liver cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-537
Author(s):  
E. Wisse ◽  
D. Doucet ◽  
H. Van Bossuyt
Keyword(s):  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ferric Oxyhydroxide ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Perfusion Fixation ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Sinusoidal Liver Cells

Earlier studies have indicated that the liver plays a major role in the clearance of Ami 25 colloidal particles, consisting of dextran-stabilized superparamagnetic ferric oxyhydroxide citrate, used for increasing the contrast during NMR imaging of the liver. The uptake of these particles by different cell types in the rat liver was studied, at time intervals ranging from 3 minutes to 1 month.Two different dose levels were used, i.e. a single, low dose of 1,1 mg Fe/kg, comparable to the dose given to patients, and a single, tenfold dose of 11,3 mg Fe/kg. Controls received saline injections. I.v. injections were given to young adult male Wistar rats. After perfusion fixation of the liver with isotonic, buffered, 1.5% glutaraldehyde, at 10 - 12 cm H2O pressure during 7 min at 20 °C and a flow rate of 7ml/min, tissue blocks were postfixed in 1% osmium, dehydrated in ethanol, and embedded in Epon. Ultrathin sections were observed in the transmission electron microscope. In addition, Fe determinations were performed on total liver and on isolated sinusoidal cells.

scholarly journals An in vivo ratio control mechanism for phospholipid homeostasis: evidence from lipidomic studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (80) ◽  
pp. 20120854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus K. Dymond ◽  
Charlotte V. Hague ◽  
Anthony D. Postle ◽  
George S. Attard
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Energy ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Control Function ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Membrane Curvature ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Cell Types

While it is widely accepted that the lipid composition of eukaryotic membranes is under homeostatic control, the mechanisms through which cells sense lipid composition are still the subject of debate. It has been postulated that membrane curvature elastic energy is the membrane property that is regulated by cells, and that lipid composition is maintained by a ratio control function derived from the concentrations of type II and type 0 lipids, weighted appropriately. We assess this proposal by seeking a signature of ratio control in quantified lipid composition data obtained by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry from over 40 independent asynchronous cell populations. Our approach revealed the existence of a universal ‘pivot’ lipid, which marks the boundary between type 0 lipids and type II lipids, and which is invariant between different cell types or cells grown under different conditions. The presence of such a pivot species is a distinctive signature of the operation in vivo , in human cell lines, of a control function that is consistent with the hypothesis that membrane elastic energy is homeostatically controlled.

Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Adult Human Spinal Cord

Neurosurgery ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 893-899
Author(s):  
David Bowsher ◽  
Thoraya .E Abdel-Maguid
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Superficial Dorsal Horn ◽  
Human Spinal Cord ◽  
Adult Human ◽  
Dendritic Fields ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Primary Afferent Terminal

Abstract Golgi studies in the adult human spinal cord reveal 10 cell types in the first three laminae. Five are Golgi Type II or ipsilateral proprioneurons of short or long range-the latter including Waldeyer cells. Several of the cells in this group have dendrites that help to form interlaminar boundaries on the gray-white boundary. Two of the four cell types in Lamina II have dendritic fields that correspond exactly to the primary afferent terminal axonal fields described in the cat by Rethelyi (1977). Three cell types, one in each lamina, can be tentatively homologized with monkey spinothalamic cells described by other authors. Our previously described classification method based on dendritic patterns suggests that the Golgi Type II interneurons and ipsilateral proprioneurons belong to two different cell families (and Waldeyer cells to a third), whereas the putative spinothalamic neurons are all different cell types.

scholarly journals Formulative Study and Intracellular Fate Evaluation of Ethosomes and Transethosomes for Vitamin D3 Delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5341
Author(s):  
Manuela Costanzo ◽  
Elisabetta Esposito ◽  
Maddalena Sguizzato ◽  
Maria Lacavalla ◽  
Markus Drechsler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Transdermal Administration ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Intracellular Fate

In this pilot study, ethosomes and transethosomes were investigated as potential delivery systems for cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), whose deficiency has been correlated to many disorders such as dermatological diseases, systemic infections, cancer and sarcopenia. A formulative study on the influence of pharmaceutically acceptable ionic and non-ionic surfactants allowed the preparation of different transethosomes. In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated in different cell types representative of epithelial, connective and muscle tissue. Then, the selected nanocarriers were further investigated at light and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate their uptake and intracellular fate. Both ethosomes and transethosomes proven to have physicochemical properties optimal for transdermal penetration and efficient vitamin D3 loading; moreover, nanocarriers were easily internalized by all cell types, although they followed distinct intracellular fates: ethosomes persisted for long times inside the cytoplasm, without inducing subcellular alteration, while transethosomes underwent rapid degradation giving rise to an intracellular accumulation of lipids. These basic results provide a solid scientific background to in vivo investigations aimed at exploring the efficacy of vitamin D3 transdermal administration in different experimental and pathological conditions.

Cellular Invasion and Matrix Degradation, a Different Type of Matrix-Degrading Cells in the Cartilage of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Japanese Quail Embryos (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (05) ◽  
pp. 1283-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soha A. Soliman ◽  
Basma Mohamed Kamal ◽  
Hanan H. Abd-Elhafeez
Keyword(s):  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Mesenchymal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cartilage Degradation ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Cartilage Growth ◽  
Cellular Invasion ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Different Cell Types

AbstractWe previously studied the phenomena of the mesenchymal cell-dependent mode of cartilage growth in quail and catfish. Thus, we selected the two cartilage models in which mesenchymal cells participate in their growth. In such models, cartilage degradation occurred to facilitate cellular invasion. The studies do not explain the nature of the cartilage degrading cells. The current study aims to explore the nature of the cartilage-degrading cells using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunohistochemistry. Samples of cartilage have been isolated from the air-breathing organ of catfish and the cartilage of the prospective occipital bone of quail embryos. Samples have been processed for TEM and immunohistochemistry. We found that two different cell types are involved in cartilage degradation; the macrophage in the cartilage of catfish and mesenchymal cells in the cartilage of the quail. Areas of cellular invasion in both catfish cartilage and quail embryo cartilage had an immunological affinity for MMP-9. In catfish, cartilage-degrading cells had identical morphological features of macrophages, whereas in quail embryos, cartilage-degrading cells were mesenchymal-like cells which had cell processes rich in vesicles and expressed CD117. Further study should consider the role of macrophage and mesenchymal cells during cartilage degradation. This could be valuable to be applied to remove the defective cartilage matrix formed in osteoarthritic patients to improve cartilage repair strategies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document