In Depth Breadth Analyses of Human Blockade Responses to Norovirus and Response to Vaccination

To evaluate and understand the efficacy of vaccine candidates, supportive immunological measures are needed. Critical attributes for a norovirus vaccine are the strength and breadth of antibody responses against the many different genotypes. In the absence of suitable neutralization assays to test samples from vaccine clinical trials, blockade assays offer a method that can measure functional antibodies specific for many of the different norovirus strains. This paper describes development and optimization of blockade assays for an extended panel of 20 different norovirus strains that can provide robust and reliable data needed for vaccine assessment. The blockade assays were used to test a panel of human clinical samples taken before and after vaccination with the Takeda TAK-214 norovirus vaccine. Great variability was evident in the repertoire of blocking antibody responses prevaccination and postvaccination among individuals. Following vaccination with TAK-214, blocking antibody levels were enhanced across a wide spectrum of different genotypes. The results indicate that adults may have multiple exposures to norovirus and that the magnitude and breadth of the complex preexisting antibody response can be boosted and expanded by vaccination.

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Can individuals with low antibody responses to vaccines against other viruses acquire adequate SARS-CoV-2 antibody after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine?

10.1101/2021.12.26.21268358 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wataru Ogura ◽

Kouki Ohtsuka ◽

Sachiko Matsuura ◽

Takahiro Okuyama ◽

Satsuki Matsushima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Antibody Activity ◽

Low Responders ◽

Before And After ◽

Positive Threshold ◽

Antibody Levels

Objective In Japan, healthcare workers (HCWs) are vaccinated against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and other contagious viruses (measles, rubella, chickenpox, mumps, and hepatitis B) to prevent nosocomial infection. However, some do not produce sufficient antibodies after vaccination (low responders). This study investigated changes in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody levels among HCWs after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and assessed whether low responders produced adequate SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike and neutralizing antibodies. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of HCWs before and after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in a hospital in Tokyo, Japan. The HCWs received two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, 3 weeks apart. Those whose antibody levels against previous antiviral vaccines did not reach protective antibody levels after receiving two doses were defined as low responders, whereas those who produced adequate antibodies were defined as normal responders. SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibodies were measured 11 times from before the first BNT162b2 vaccination to 5 months after the second vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity was measured twice in low responders, 1 week to 1 month and 5 months after the second vaccination. Results Fifty HCWs were included in the analytic cohort. After vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody was detectable in the samples from both responders at each timepoint, but the level was lower at 5 months than at 1 week after the second vaccination. Low responders had SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity 1 week to 1 month after the second vaccination, which exceeded the positive threshold after 5 months. Conclusion After BNT162b2 vaccination, low responders acquired adequate SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies to prevent SARS-CoV-2. However, SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody levels were lower at 5 months than at 1 week after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in low and normal responders. Therefore, low responders should also receive a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine.

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Comparison of the Immunogenicity of five COVID-19 vaccines in Sri Lanka

10.1101/2021.12.15.21267834 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chandima Jeewandara ◽

Inoka Aberathna ◽

Saubhagya Danasekara ◽

Laksiri Gomes ◽

Suranga Fernando ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Blocking Antibody ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Positive Threshold ◽

Reported Data ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Blocking Antibodies

We assessed antibody responses 3 months post-vaccination in those who received mRNA-1273 (n=225), Sputnik V (n=128) or the first dose of Gam-COVID-Vac (n=184) and compared the results with previously reported data of Sinopharm and AZD1222 vaccinees. 99.5% of Moderna >94% of AZD1222 or Sputnik V, 72% to 76% of Gam-COVID-Vac (first dose) and 38.1% to 68.3% of Sinopharm vaccinees had ACE2 blocking antibodies above the positive threshold. The ACE2 blocking antibody levels were highest to lowest was Moderna > Sputnik V/ AZD1222 (had equal levels)> first dose of Gam-COVID-Vac > Sinopharm. All Moderna recipients had antibodies above the positive threshold to the ancestral (WT), B.1.1.7, B.1.351.1 and 80% positivity rate for B.1.617.2. Positivity rates of Sputnik V vaccinees for WT and variants, were higher than AZD1222 vaccinees, while Sinopharm vaccinees had the lowest positivity rates (<16.7%). These findings highlight the need for further studies to understand the effects on clinical outcomes.

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SARS-CoV-2 antibody changes in patients receiving COVID-19 convalescent plasma from normal and vaccinated donors

10.1101/2021.07.30.21261339 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Judith Leon ◽

Anna Merrill ◽

Kai Rogers ◽

Julie Kurt ◽

Spencer Dempewolf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Level ◽

Plasma Volume ◽

Single Unit ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Plasma Samples ◽

High Antibody ◽

Before And After ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Very High

Background and Objectives: Vaccination has been shown to stimulate remarkably high antibody levels in donors who have recovered from COVID-19. Our objective was to examine patient antibody responses following COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma (CCP) transfusion and compare responses to CCP from vaccinated and nonvaccinated donors. Materials and methods: Plasma samples were obtained from 25 recipients of CCP and COVID-19 antibody levels measured before and after CCP treatment. Factors that effect antibody levels were examined. Results: In the 21 patients who received CCP from nonvaccinated donors, only modest increases in antibody levels were observed. Patients who received two units were more likely to seroconvert than those receiving just one unit. The strongest predictor of changes in patient antibody level was the CCP dose. Using patient plasma volume and donor antibody level, the post-transfusion antibody level could be predicted with remarkable accuracy. In contrast, the 4 patients who received CCP from vaccinated donors all had dramatic increases in antibody levels following transfusion of a single unit. In this subset of recipients, antibody levels observed after transfusion of CCP were comparable to those seen in donors who had fully recovered from COVID-19. Conclusion: If available, CCP from vaccinated donors with very high antibody levels should be used. CCP from vaccinated donors increases patient antibody levels much more than 1 or 2 units of CCP from unvaccinated donors.

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ANTIBIOTIC PROFILE AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AGAINST Pseudomonas fluorescens ISOLATED FROM WOUND INFECTION

International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology ◽

10.25258/ijddt.v9i3.10 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (o3) ◽

Author(s):

Haider Qassim Raheem ◽

Takwa S. Al-meamar ◽

Anas M. Almamoori

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Copper Oxide ◽

Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Copper Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Cuo Nps ◽

Disk Diffusion Assay

Fifty specimens were collected from wound patients who visited Al-Hilla Teaching Hospital. The samples were grown on Blood and MacConkey agar for 24-48 hr at 37oC. The bacterial isolates which achieved as a pure and predominant growth from clinical samples as Pseudomonas fluorescens, were identified using morphological properties and Vitek2 system. The anti-bacterial activity of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) against was tested by (disk diffusion assay) using dilutions of (400, 200, 100, 50, 25, and 12.5‎µ‎g/ml). The (MIC and MBC) of each isolate was determined. CuO NPs shows wide spectrum antibacterial activity against tested bacteria with rise zone of inhibition diameter that is proportionate with the increase in nanoparticle concentration. The MIC of CuO NPs extended from 100-200‎µ‎g/ml and the MBC ranged from 200-400‎µ‎g/ml. The antibiotic profile was determined by Viteck 2 compact system (Biomérieux). CuO NPs‎ found highly effective and safe in P. fluorescens wounds infections comparing with used antibiotics.

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Immunization with RBD-P2 and N protects against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.abg7156 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (22) ◽

pp. eabg7156

Author(s):

So-Hee Hong ◽

Hanseul Oh ◽

Yong Wook Park ◽

Hye Won Kwak ◽

Eun Young Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nucleocapsid Protein ◽

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Vaccine Candidate ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Spike Protein ◽

Vaccine Candidates ◽

Cell Responses ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Further Development

Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), various vaccines are being developed, with most vaccine candidates focusing on the viral spike protein. Here, we developed a previously unknown subunit vaccine comprising the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein fused with the tetanus toxoid epitope P2 (RBD-P2) and tested its efficacy in rodents and nonhuman primates (NHPs). We also investigated whether the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N) could increase vaccine efficacy. Immunization with N and RBD-P2 (RBDP2/N) + alum increased T cell responses in mice and neutralizing antibody levels in rats compared with those obtained using RBD-P2 + alum. Furthermore, in NHPs, RBD-P2/N + alum induced slightly faster SARS-CoV-2 clearance than that induced by RBD-P2 + alum, albeit without statistical significance. Our study supports further development of RBD-P2 as a vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2. Also, it provides insights regarding the use of N in protein-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.

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Low Immunogenicity of Intravesical Phage Therapy for Urogenitary Tract Infections

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10060627 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 627

Author(s):

Sławomir Letkiewicz ◽

Marzanna Łusiak-Szelachowska ◽

Ryszard Międzybrodzki ◽

Maciej Żaczek ◽

Beata Weber-Dąbrowska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Phage Therapy ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Urogenital Infections ◽

Reliable Model ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Antibody Levels

Patients with chronic urinary and urogenital multidrug resistant bacterial infections received phage therapy (PT) using intravesical or intravesical and intravaginal phage administration. A single course of PT did not induce significant serum antibody responses against administered phage. Whilst the second cycle of PT caused a significant increase in antibody levels, they nevertheless remained quite low. These data combined with good therapy results achieved in some patients suggest that this mode of PT may be an efficient means of therapy for urogenital infections and a reliable model for a clinical trial of PT.

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CD4+ CD25+ Regulatory T Cells Modulate the T-Cell and Antibody Responses in Helicobacter-Infected BALB/c Mice

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.01314-05 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 74 (6) ◽

pp. 3519-3529 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Maria Kaparakis ◽

Karen L. Laurie ◽

Odilia Wijburg ◽

John Pedersen ◽

Martin Pearse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Regulatory T Cells ◽

Bacterial Colonization ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

T Helper 1 ◽

Time Of Infection ◽

Lymph Node Cells ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

And Control

ABSTRACT Gastric Helicobacter spp. induce chronic gastritis that may lead to ulceration and dysplasia. The host elicits a T helper 1 (Th1) response that is fundamental to the pathogenesis of these bacteria. We analyzed immune responses in Helicobacter-infected, normal mice depleted of CD4+ CD25+ T cells to investigate the in vivo role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the modulation of Helicobacter immunopathology. BALB/c and transgenic mice were depleted of CD4+ CD25+ T cells by administration of an anti-CD25 antibody either at the time of infection with Helicobacter or during chronic infection and gastritis. Depletion of CD25+ Tregs prior to and during infection of mice with Helicobacter spp. did not affect either bacterial colonization or severity of gastritis. Depletion of CD25+ Tregs was associated with increased Helicobacter-specific antibody levels and an altered isotype distribution. Paragastric lymph node cells from CD25+ Treg-depleted and control infected mice showed similar proliferation to Helicobacter antigens, but only cells from anti-CD25-treated animals secreted Th2 cytokines. CD25+ Tregs do not control the level of gastritis induced by gastric Helicobacter spp. in normal, thymus-intact BALB/c mice. However, CD25+ Tregs influence the cytokine and antibody responses induced by infection. Autoimmune gastritis is not induced in Helicobacter-infected mice depleted of CD25+ Tregs but is induced in CD25+ Treg-depleted mice, which have a higher frequency of autoreactive T cells.

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Contrasting Adult and Infant Immune Responses to HIV Infection and Vaccination

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00565-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 84-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

David R. Martinez ◽

Sallie R. Permar ◽

Genevieve G. Fouda

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Vaccine Efficacy ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Hiv Vaccine ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Hiv Vaccines ◽

Vaccine Candidates ◽

Protective Antibodies ◽

Pediatric Populations

ABSTRACTExtensive studies have demonstrated that infant immune responses are distinct from those of adults. Despite these differences, infant immunization can elicit protective immune responses at levels comparable to or, in some cases, higher than adult immune responses to many vaccines. To date, only a few HIV vaccine candidates have been tested in infant populations, and none of them evaluated vaccine efficacy. Recent exciting studies showing that HIV-infected infants can develop broad neutralizing antibody responses and that some HIV vaccine regimens can elicit high levels of potentially protective antibodies in infants provide support for the development and testing of HIV vaccines in pediatric populations. In this review, we discuss the differences in adult and infant immune responses in the setting of HIV infection and vaccination.

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A Mini Review: Recent Advances in Surface Modification of Porous Silicon

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma11122557 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2557 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Seo Lee ◽

Jae Kang ◽

Dokyoung Kim

Keyword(s):

Surface Modification ◽

Porous Silicon ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Basic Research ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Developed Surface ◽

The Many ◽

Insight Into ◽

Biomedical Fields

Porous silicon has been utilized within a wide spectrum of industries, as well as being used in basic research for engineering and biomedical fields. Recently, surface modification methods have been constantly coming under the spotlight, mostly in regard to maximizing its purpose of use. Within this review, we will introduce porous silicon, the experimentation preparatory methods, the properties of the surface of porous silicon, and both more conventional as well as newly developed surface modification methods that have assisted in attempting to overcome the many drawbacks we see in the existing methods. The main aim of this review is to highlight and give useful insight into improving the properties of porous silicon, and create a focused description of the surface modification methods.

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Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam Pembinaan Sikap Spiritual dan Sosial di Sekolah Menengah Pertama

Tadabbur: Jurnal Peradaban Islam ◽

10.22373/tadabbur.v3i2.215 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 358-375

Author(s):

Desi Karlina

Keyword(s):

School Facilities ◽

Social Attitudes ◽

Islamic Education ◽

Religious Activities ◽

Before And After ◽

The Disabled ◽

Qualitative Descriptive ◽

The Many ◽

Descriptive Method

Globalization has resulted in a shift in human morals, marked by the many cases of moral deviations that are rife in various parts of Indonesia so that the application of spiritual attitudes has not been maximized. The attitude of dishonesty is shown by the number of students who cheat on the test, and the attitude of indiscipline is shown by the number of students who are late so that the application of social attitudes does not seem to be visible. The role of PAI teachers is considered quite important for the development of these two attitudes. At SMPN 1 Darussalam, PAI teachers have played a role in fostering spiritual and social attitudes. Big. This research was conducted with a field study using a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews and documentation. The results showed the role of PAI teachers in fostering spiritual attitudes by praying before and after lessons, praying in congregation, doing charity activities every Friday, and religious activities. The role of PAI teachers in fostering social attitudes is carried out through social service activities, visiting the Disabled Foundation and nursing homes, getting used to the 3S (smile, greeting, greeting), reporting to the teacher what items are found, punishing students who are late. Factors supporting the role of Islamic Education teachers in fostering spiritual and social attitudes are seen from adequate school facilities in the form of female/male prayer rooms, learning media such as LCD, the use of active methods. While the inhibiting factors include the lack of adequate facilities, especially LCDs, the lack of interest in teachers and knowledge, and the lack of interest in students to improve themselves.

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