Description of a Novel Mycovirus in the Phytopathogen Fusarium culmorum and a Related EVE in the Yeast Lipomyces starkeyi

A new mycovirus was found in the Fusarium culmorum strain A104-1 originally sampled on wheat in Belgium. This novel virus, for which the name Fusarium culmorum virus 1 (FcV1) is suggested, is phylogenetically related to members of the previously proposed family ‘’Unirnaviridae’’. FcV1 has a monopartite dsRNA genome of 2898 bp that harbors two large non-overlapping ORFs. A typical -1 slippery motif is found at the end of ORF1, advocating that ORF2 is translated by programmed ribosomal frameshifting. While ORF2 exhibits a conserved replicase domain, ORF1 encodes for an undetermined protein. Interestingly, a hypothetically transcribed gene similar to unirnaviruses ORF1 was found in the genome of Lipomyces starkeyi, presumably resulting from a viral endogenization in this yeast. Conidial isolation and chemical treatment were unsuccessful to obtain a virus-free isogenic line of the fungal host, highlighting a high retention rate for FcV1 but hindering its biological characterization. In parallel, attempt to horizontally transfer FcV1 to another strain of F. culmorum by dual culture failed. Eventually, a screening of other strains of the same fungal species suggests the presence of FcV1 in two other strains from Europe.

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Volatile Organic Compound Profiles From Wheat Diseases Are Pathogen-Specific and Can Be Exploited for Disease Classification

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.803352 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Ficke ◽

Belachew Asalf ◽

Hans Ragnar Norli

Keyword(s):

Pure Culture ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Disease Classification ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Head Blight ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Wheat Diseases ◽

Volatile Organic

Plants and fungi emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are either constitutively produced or are produced in response to changes in their physico-chemical status. We hypothesized that these chemical signals could be utilized as diagnostic tools for plant diseases. VOCs from several common wheat pathogens in pure culture (Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium poae, and Parastagonospora nodorum) were collected and compared among isolates of the same fungus, between pathogens from different species, and between pathogens causing different disease groups [Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB)]. In addition, we inoculated two wheat varieties with either F. graminearum or P. nodorum, while one variety was also inoculated with Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (powdery mildew, PM). VOCs were collected 7, 14, and 21 days after inoculation. Each fungal species in pure culture emitted a different VOC blend, and each isolate could be classified into its respective disease group based on VOCs with an accuracy of 71.4 and 84.2% for FHB and SNB, respectively. When all collection times were combined, the classification of the tested diseases was correct in 84 and 86% of all cases evaluated. Germacrene D and sativene, which were associated with FHB infection, and mellein and heptadecanone, which were associated with SNB infection, were consistently emitted by both wheat varieties. Wheat plants infected with PM emitted significant amounts of 1-octen-3-ol and 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-hexene. Our study suggests that VOC blends could be used to classify wheat diseases. This is the first step toward a real-time disease detection in the field based on chemical signatures of wheat diseases.

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Impact of selected antagonistic fungi on Fusarium species – toxigenic cereal pathogens

Acta Mycologica ◽

10.5586/am.2008.004 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 29-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Delfina Popiel ◽

Hanna Kwaśny ◽

Jerzy Chełkowski ◽

Łukasz Stępień ◽

Magdalena Laskowska

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Species ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Fusarium Avenaceum ◽

Dual Culture ◽

Ear Blight ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Significant Yield ◽

The Impact

Fusarium-ear blight is a destructive disease in various cereal-growing regions and leads to significant yield and quality losses for farmers and to contamination of cereal grains with mycotoxins, mainly deoxynivalenol and derivatives, zearalenone and moniliformin. Fusarium pathogens grow well and produce significant inoculum on crop resiudues. Reduction of mycotoxins production and pathogen sporulation may be influenced by saprophytic fungi, exhibiting antagonistic effect. Dual culture bioassays were used to examine the impact of 92 isolates (belonging to 29 fungal species) against three toxigenic species, i.e. Fusarium avenaceum (Corda) Saccardo, F. culmorum (W.G.Smith) Saccardo and F. graminearum Schwabe. Both F.culmorum and F. graminearum isolates produce trichothecene mycotoxins and mycohormone zearalenone and are considered to be the most important cereal pathogens worldwide. Infection with those pathogens leads to accumulation of mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) in grains. Fusarium avenaceum isolates are producers of moniliformin (MON) and enniatins. Isolates of Trichoderma sp. were found to be the most effective ones to control the growth of examined Fusarium species. The response of Fusarium isolates to antagonistic activity of Trichoderma isolates varied and also the isolates of Trichoderma differed in their antagonistic activity against Fusarium isolates. The production of MON by two isolates of F. avenaceum in dual culture on rice was reduced by 95% to 100% by T. atroviride isolate AN 35. The same antagonist reduced the amount of moniliformin from 100 μg/g to 6.5 μg/g when inoculated to rice culture contaminated with MON, which suggests the possible decomposition of this mycotoxin.

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Bio-stimulation by seed priming with Bacillus subtilis for suppressing seed-borne fungal pathogens of vegetables in Bangladesh

Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ◽

10.3329/jbau.v14i2.32692 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 177-184

Author(s):

FH Tumpa ◽

A Sultana ◽

MZ Alam ◽

MAR Khokon

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Culture Method ◽

Seed Priming ◽

Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Dual Culture ◽

Control Seed ◽

Rhizopus Sp ◽

Wax Gourd

Aqueous formulation of rhizopheric beneficial bacteria viz. Bacillus subtilis, an exotic strain collected from Russia was assayed for its performance to suppress the growth of various seed-borne fungi of vegetable. The performance of the bio-agent was appraised based on growth suppression by dual culture method and reduction of seed-borne fungi in the bio-agent treated seeds. Ten seed samples comprise of summer and winter vegetables were examined collected from different local farmers. A total of fourteen fungal species belongs to twelve genera viz. Fusarium moniliforme, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus flavus, F. oxysporum, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Macrophomina phaseolina, A.niger, Cercospora sp., Phoma exigua, Rhizopus sp., Colletotrichum sp., Phytophthora sp., Penicillium sp., and Curvularia sp. were recorded from different untreated seeds. Vegetables seeds were treated in a concentration (10-3) of aqueous formulation of B. subtilis for two hours followed by air drying for 30 minutes. In general, the incidences of all fungal species of all kinds of vegetables seeds were reduced. But, selectively the best performances were observed in tomato, brinjal, cucumber, wax gourd and okra where most of the fungal species were completely suppressed by seed treatment with Bacillus subtilis. The growth of seed-borne fungi was inhibited highest in wax gourd (100%). The growth inhibition was also at satisfactory level in cucumber (95%), tomato (95%), brinjal (92%) and okra (86%) seeds. The findings of this research indicate the possibility of utilizing B. subtilis as seed treating agents instead of chemical fungicides to control seed-borne diseases of vegetables.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(2): 177-184, December 2016

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Correlation between black point symptoms and fungal infestation and seedling viability of wheat kernels

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/14/2008-pps ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 44 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 138-146 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

K. Hudec ◽

D. Muchová

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Incubation Temperature ◽

Slovak Republic ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Wheat Seedling ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Seedling Vigour ◽

Black Point ◽

Coleoptile Growth ◽

Wheat Kernels

The level of occurrence of black point, the spectrum of fungal species and damage to wheat seedling vigour associated with it were assessed during 2003 and 2004 in the Slovak Republic. The incidence of black point kernels ranged between 0.2–2.4% in 2003 and 24.2–34.3% in 2004. The kernels’ fungal contamination varied from 60% to 100%. Alternaria spp., F. poae and F. culmorum were isolated from all localities and all subsamples. Stemphylium vesicarium, Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides, Microdochium nivale, Epicoccum nigrum, Penicillium spp., Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus nigricans and Cochliobolus sativus were isolated less frequently. Fungi of the genus Alternaria were the most dominant, followed by Fusarium and Microdochium among which F. poae was dominant. Irrespective of incubation temperature, the germinative capacity and coleoptile growth rate of discolored kernels were affected more in the wet and cold year 2004. The inhibition of germination and seedling viability was more pronounced at the incubation temperature 22°C than at 15°C. Inhibition of coleoptile growth rate was 0.12–3.12% in black point kernels collected in 2003, and 0.24–9.28% in those collected in 2004.

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The bean rhizosphere Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain RZ9 strongly reduces Fusarium culmorum growth and infectiveness of plant roots

Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5424/sjar/2017152-10595 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. e1003 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Imen Haddoudi ◽

Yosra Sendi ◽

Marwa Batnini ◽

Samir Ben Romdhane ◽

Haythem Mhadhbi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Common Bean ◽

Faba Bean ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Dual Culture ◽

Equal Proportion ◽

Nodule Number ◽

Shoot Dry Weight

A faba bean rhizospheric Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate RZ9 was used for studying its antifungal activity and protecting effects of faba bean and common bean against the root pathogen Fusarium culmorum strain MZB47. The dual culture tests showed that RZ9 inhibits MZB47 in vitro growth by 56%. When mixing RZ9 cell suspension with MZB47 macroconidia at equal proportion, the macroconidia viability was reduced with 70%. Pathogenicity tests conducted in sterile conditions showed that MZB47 caused an intense root rotting in faba bean ‘Aquadulce’ plantlets and a slight level in common bean ‘Coco blanc’. This was associated to significant decreases in plant growth only in ‘Aquadulce’, reducing shoot dry weight (DW) by 82% and root DW by 70%. In soil samples, MZB47 caused severe root rotting and induced significant decreases in shoot DW (up to 51%) and root DW (up to 60%) for both beans. It was associated to a decrease in nodule number by 73% and 52% for faba bean and common bean, respectively. Biocontrol assays revealed that the inoculation of RZ9 to MZB47-treated plantlets enhanced shoot DWs (25% and 110%) and root DWs (29% and 67%), in faba bean and common bean, respectively. Moreover, root rotting levels decreased and nodule number increased in treated compared to untreated plantlets. Collected data highlighted the disease severity of F. culmorum and demonstrated the potential of using RZ9 in controlling Fusaria root diseases in beans. Thereby, the current study represents the first report on the biocontrol effectiveness of P. aeruginosa against F. culmorum in beans.

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Are Trichoderma atroviride and Trichoderma harzianum Effective to Control Fusarium Associated With Tomato Wilt?

Microbiology Indonesia ◽

10.5454/mi.15.3.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 2

Author(s):

Wilfridus Adyatma Putranto ◽

Rully Adi Nugroho ◽

Petrus Sunu Hardiyanta ◽

Desti Christian Cahyaningrum

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Culture Technique ◽

Dual Culture ◽

Trichoderma Atroviride ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Fusarium Sp ◽

Tomato Wilt

The pathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium in the rhizosphere of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) negatively affects the yield and quality of the plant. A number of biological control agents have been used for protecting tomato plants against wilt diseases including various fungal species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antagonism effects of Trichoderma atroviride and T. harzianum against the pathogen Fusarium sp. associated with tomato wilt. In this study, the antagonism of these Trichoderma spp. against the Fusarium sp. was tested in vitro by the dual culture technique, and the percentage inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) and the antagonism reaction (scale 1-5) were evaluated. The results showed that T. atroviride and T. harzianum led to 70.8% PIRG and scale 1 antagonism reaction, and 40.6% PIRG and scale 3 antagonism reaction against Fusarium sp. associated with tomato wilt after 7 days of incubation, respectively. These results indicate that application of T. atroviride and T. harzianum may be promising approach for biological control of Fusarium wilt of tomato and may play an important role in sustainable agriculture.

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Modulation of the Fungal-Host Interaction by the Intra-Species Diversity of C. albicans

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens7010011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

◽

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Protective Mechanisms ◽

Fungal Host ◽

Host Interaction ◽

Immunosuppressed Patients ◽

Natural Diversity ◽

Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen ◽

Fungal Interactions ◽

Human Infections

The incidence of human infections caused by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans is on the rise due to increasing numbers of immunosuppressed patients. The importance of the immune system in preventing overgrowth of the colonizing fungus and thereby limiting infection is well recognized and host protective mechanisms widely investigated. Only recently, it was recognized that the natural diversity in the fungal species could also influence the outcome of the interaction between the fungus and the host. C. albicans strain-specific differences are complex and their regulation at the genomic, genetic, and epigenetic level and by environmental factors is only partially understood. In this review, we provide an overview of the natural diversity of C. albicans and discuss how it impacts host-fungal interactions and thereby affects the balance between commensalism versus disease.

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Root and Crown Rot Fungi Associated with Spring, Facultative, and Winter Wheat in Turkey

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-9-1299 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (9) ◽

pp. 1299-1306 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Berna Tunali ◽

Julie M. Nicol ◽

David Hodson ◽

Zafer Uçkun ◽

Orhan Büyük ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Rot ◽

Fusarium Species ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Crown Rot ◽

Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽

Host Susceptibility ◽

Low Frequencies ◽

Wide Range

The objective of this study was to determine the distribution frequency of the fungi associated with wheat (Triticum aestivum) crowns and roots in cereal producing areas of Turkey through a targeted survey of 518 commercial fields over a 2-year period. More than 26% of the fields had one or more of the fungal species commonly reported as part of the dryland root rot complex, Fusarium culmorum (14%) > Bipolaris sorokiniana (10%) > F. pseudograminearum (2%). The fungi considered to be part of the high rainfall root rot complex were found at very low frequencies: 2% for Gaeumannomyces graminis and 3% for Pythium spp. Species of Rhizoctonia were found in 22% of the fields. Several Fusarium species considered to be less or nonpathogenic to cereals were also found in high frequencies at 11% (F. oxysporum, F. chlamydosporum), 10% (F. sporotrichioides), and 8% (F. avenaceum and F. solani). The mostly random distribution of cereal root-rotting species across the survey area suggests the fungi are not distributed in any distinct agroecological relationship. As a result, the relative economic importance of a given species on wheat will be determined by a number of factors, such as their fungal pathogenicity, host susceptibility/tolerance, and the seasonal conditions. Results from this study suggest that there are a wide range of fungal species associated with root and crown tissues of wheat.

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Microscopic fungi on Schoenoplectus lacustris in Płociczno and Płociowe lakes in Drawa National Park (northwest Poland)

Acta Mycologica ◽

10.5586/am.1099 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Kinga Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz ◽

Aleksandra Rybińska ◽

Łukasz Łopusiewicz

Keyword(s):

National Park ◽

Fusarium Culmorum ◽

Good Health ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Natural Process ◽

Taxonomic Structure ◽

Microscopic Fungi ◽

Cladosporium Herbarum ◽

Obligate Parasites ◽

Schoenoplectus Lacustris

In the period 2009–2011, the micromycetes causing symptoms on the leaves of Schoenoplectus lacustris (SL) from Płociczno and Płociowe lakes in Drawa National Park (DNP) were investigated. A total of 39 taxa of microscopic fungi and chromistan fungi were found. The taxonomic structure of the mycobiota was dominated by anamorphs of Ascomycota. In each year of the study, the SL fungal species richness was higher in Płociowe Lake than in Płociczno Lake. In all the years of study in both lakes, the fungal community on SL was composed of the following six dominant species: Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium incarnatum, F. sacchari, Gibberella avenacea, and Pleospora scirpicola. The species occurring exclusively in Płociczno Lake were Papulaspora immersa, Puccinia scirpi, and Trichothecium roseum, and those found only in Płociowe Lake were Acremoniella atra, Alternaria atra, Aspergillus niger, A. versicolor, Fusarium oxysporum, Gonatobotrys simplex, Massariosphaeria scirpina, Microascus brevicaulis, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Stagonospora aquatica. Only one confirmation of the occurrence of Puccinia scirpi and the lack of other specialized obligate parasites indicate the good health of SL in DNP. The facultative parasites, inter alia, Boeremia exigua, Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium culmorum, F. incarnatum, F. sacchari, Gibberella avenacea, and Stagonospora aquatica that are present on plants as part of the natural process of apoptosis may influence the health of SL.

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Soils from HNV agriculture systems as source of microorganisms with antifungal activity

The EuroBiotech Journal ◽

10.2478/ebtj-2018-0049 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 196-199

Author(s):

Matei Sorin ◽

Matei Gabi-Mirela ◽

Dumitrașcu Monica

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Culture Media ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Culture Method ◽

Sole Source ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

Dual Culture ◽

Agriculture Systems

Abstract Soils from rural zones with high natural value (HNV) agriculture systems are an important source of beneficial microbial species that can be useful for various biotechnological purposes, such as transfer of suppressiveness against plant pathogens from suppressive to disease-inducing soils by using inoculation with antagonistic selected strains. The main goal of the paper was to present the results of the research carried out on strains isolated from soil microbial populations in HNV agriculture system (Mureș county, Romania) responsible for specific suppressiveness against soil-borne phytopathogens. The dual culture method was used for assessing the mechanisms involved in antagonism against a plant pathogenic strain from genus Fusarium. The global microbial activity measured as soil respiration was intense. Total counts of bacteria and fungi estimated by dilution plate were also high. The community of heterotrophic aerobic bacteria included 13 species. Associations of fluorescent pseudomonads and actinomycetes were dominant and presented antagonistic activity against Fusarium. Twenty fungal species presented cellulolytic capability evidenced by growth on culture media with cellulose as sole source of carbon. Over cellulolytic capacity, the selected isolate of Trichoderma viride presented antagonistic activity against pathogenic Fusarium strain. Both biochemical mechanism and hyperparasitism were evidenced as involved in its antifungal activity.

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