scholarly journals In Vivo Study of Aerosol, Droplets and Splatter Reduction in Dentistry

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1928
Author(s):  
Naeemah Noordien ◽  
Suné Mulder-van Staden ◽  
Riaan Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Workers ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Volume ◽  
In Vivo Study ◽  
Aerosol Droplet ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Air Turbine ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc

Oral health care workers (OHCW) are exposed to pathogenic microorganisms during dental aerosol-generating procedures. Technologies aimed at the reduction of aerosol, droplets and splatter are essential. This in vivo study assessed aerosol, droplet and splatter contamination in a simulated clinical scenario. The coolant of the high-speed air turbine was colored with red concentrate. The red aerosol, droplets and splatter contamination on the wrists of the OHCW and chests of the OHCW/volunteer protective gowns, were assessed and quantified in cm2. The efficacy of various evacuation strategies was assessed: low-volume saliva ejector (LV) alone, high-volume evacuator (HV) plus LV and an extra-oral dental aerosol suction device (DASD) plus LV. The Kruskal–Wallis rank-sum test for multiple independent samples with a post-hoc test was used. No significant difference between the LV alone compared to the HV plus LV was demonstrated (p = 0.372059). The DASD combined with LV resulted in a 62% reduction of contamination of the OHCW. The HV plus LV reduced contamination by 53% compared to LV alone (p = 0.019945). The DASD demonstrated a 50% reduction in the contamination of the OHCWs wrists and a 30% reduction in chest contamination compared to HV plus LV. The DASD in conjunction with LV was more effective in reducing aerosol, droplets and splatter than HV plus LV.

scholarly journals Dissemination of Aerosol and Splatter in Clinical Environment during Cavity Preparation: An In Vitro Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3773
Author(s):  
Muhammad Adeel Ahmed ◽  
Rizwan Jouhar
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Cavity Preparation ◽  
Class V ◽  
Filter Paper Disc ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Paper Disc

Dental health care workers around the world are in a constant state of fear and anxiety because they work in a constrained space of the dental practice. During routine dental procedures, they are exposed to aerosol and splatter. These airborne particles pose a great risk of transmitting contagious infections to health care workers and patients, especially in an era of social distancing due to COVID-19. The current study was conducted to evaluate contamination amount, duration, the distance of aerosol, and splatter produced after cavity preparation using a two-hole and four-hole handpiece. The study was performed on a dental manikin in a dental simulation laboratory at the College of Dentistry, King Faisal University Al Ahsa. The dental manikin was set to a reclined position to simulate the clinical operatory position of the patient for dental restorative procedures. Aerosol and splatter were collected on Grade 1 qualitative cotton cellulose filter paper. These were placed on adhesive tape extending from the headrest of the dental manikin in six different directions (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 o’clock) for up to 60 inches and on certain positions of the operator and assistant such as the chest, head, forearms, upper leg, and inside facemask. Class V cavity preparation was done by the principal investigator at a specific time of 3 min on tooth #11 using a two-hole high-speed handpiece, then on the next day, Class V cavity preparation was performed on tooth #21 by a four-hole handpiece. High volume suction was used throughout the cavity preparation. Immediately after cavity preparation, the first filter paper disc was replaced with new ones in all positions. The second set of filter papers was removed after 30 min. Transparent grids were used to count the contamination area on the filter paper disc. No statistically significant difference was found in the mean amount of aerosol and splatter produced by both handpieces, however, a statistically significant difference was found in an amount of aerosol and splatter produced at a 12, 24, and 36 inches distance immediately after cavity preparation and 30 min after cavity preparation, regardless of the type of handpiece used. It is advisable to refrain from removing the personal protective barriers immediately after the procedure within the vicinity of the dental practice. The use of other adjuncts such as high volume suction to reduce the spread of aerosol and splatter is also recommended.

scholarly journals Capacity of Human Nisin- and Pediocin-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria To Reduce Intestinal Colonization by Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 1997-2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Millette ◽  
Gilbert Cornut ◽  
Claude Dupont ◽  
François Shareck ◽  
Denis Archambault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
In Vivo Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intestinal Colonization ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

ABSTRACT This study demonstrated the capacity of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to reduce intestinal colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in a mouse model. Lactococcus lactis MM19 and Pediococcus acidilactici MM33 are bacteriocin producers isolated from human feces. The bacteriocin secreted by P. acidilactici is identical to pediocin PA-1/AcH, while PCR analysis demonstrated that L. lactis harbors the nisin Z gene. LAB were acid and bile tolerant when assayed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. A well diffusion assay using supernatants from LAB demonstrated strong activity against a clinical isolate of VRE. A first in vivo study was done using C57BL/6 mice that received daily intragastric doses of L. lactis MM19, P. acidilactici MM33, P. acidilactici MM33A (a pediocin mutant that had lost its ability to produce pediocin), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 18 days. This study showed that L. lactis and P. acidilactici MM33A increased the concentrations of total LAB and anaerobes while P. acidilactici MM33 decreased the Enterobacteriaceae populations. A second in vivo study was done using VRE-colonized mice that received the same inocula as those in the previous study for 16 days. In L. lactis-fed mice, fecal VRE levels 1.73 and 2.50 log10 CFU/g lower than those in the PBS group were observed at 1 and 3 days postinfection. In the P. acidilactici MM33-fed mice, no reduction was observed at 1 day postinfection but a reduction of 1.85 log10 CFU/g was measured at 3 days postinfection. Levels of VRE in both groups of mice treated with bacteriocin-producing LAB were undetectable at 6 days postinfection. No significant difference in mice fed the pediocin-negative strain compared to the control group was observed. This is the first demonstration that human L. lactis and P. acidilactici nisin- and pediocin-producing strains can reduce VRE intestinal colonization.

scholarly journals Measuring the Quality of Rural-Based, Government Health Care Workers in Nepal

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Knoble ◽  
Anil Pandit ◽  
Bibek Koirala ◽  
Laxmi Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Clinical Training ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Clinical Teacher ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Key Skills ◽  
Significant Difference

A representative, cross-sectional clinical skills assessment of 163 mid-level, rural-based, government health care workers was conducted in four districts of Nepal in June 2007. All Health Assistants and Auxiliary Healthcare Workers within the target districts were scored using checklists of standardized key skills in clinical encounters with model patients or clinical models. Participant scores were reported as a mean percentage in adult medicine 28(%), pediatric medicine 56(%), maternity medicine 35(%), orthopedic medicine 45(%), clinical procedures 59(%), and management 46(%). This was measured against the government’s 60(%) standard on clinical skills. There was little significant difference between categories of health workers by district of posting or years of experience. There was a minor difference in skills by level of facility - workers in higher level facilities scored better across the domains. Reasons for poor performance in clinical skills were attributed to a lack of clinical in-service training programs, training only focusing on prevention and public health, and poor on-sight supervision. Poor pre-service schooling factors included heavy theory concentration in pathophysiology and inadequate clinical exposure opportunities. Recommendations for the improvement of clinical skills and decision-making include the institution of in-service competency-based training with a high emphasis on real patient exposure. Pre-service recommendations include implementation of a national certification program and an expansion of the current government clinical training sites and clinical teacher development programs.

scholarly journals Incidence of COVID-19 infection amongst the high risk versus low risk health care workers: an audit from a tertiary cancer care centre

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 3474
Author(s):  
Nitin Shetty ◽  
Nivedita Chakrabarty ◽  
Amit Joshi ◽  
Amar Patil ◽  
Suyash Kulkarni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Care Centre ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Treatment Research

Background: Theoretically, health care workers (HCW) are at increased risk of getting infected with COVID-19 compared to the general population. Limited data exists regarding the actual incidence of COVID-19 infection amongst the high risk and low risk HCW of the same hospital. We present an audit from our tertiary cancer care centre comparing the COVID-19 infection rate between the high risk and low risk HCW, all of whom had been provided with adequate protective measures and health education.Methods: This is a retrospective observational study from 01 April 2020 to 30 September 2020, in which all the 970 HCW of Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer were divided into high risk and low risk groups. High risk HCW included all the medical and non-medical staff directly involved with the care of COVID-19 patients, and rest were low risk HCW. Adequate protective measures and classes for infection prevention were provided to all the HCW. We calculated the incidence of COVID-19 infection in both these groups based on the positive real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) result and also looked for any significant difference in incidence between these two groups.Results: The incidence of COVID-19 infection amongst the high risk HCW was 13% and that of low risk HCW was 14%.Conclusions: We found no significant difference in COVID-19 infection between the high risk and low risk HCW. Thus, along with protective measures, behavior modifications induced by working in high risk areas, prevented the high risk HCW from getting increased COVID-19 infection compared to the low risk HCW.

scholarly journals Modification of Interleukin-15 Serum Levels in Workers Exposed to Chemotherapeutic Agents

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Spatari ◽  
Concettina Fenga ◽  
Paola Lucia Minciullo ◽  
Giuseppe Di Pasquale ◽  
Anna Cacciola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Occupationally Exposed ◽  
Interleukin 15 ◽  
Circulating Levels ◽  
Anticancer Response

Cytostatic anticancer drugs are known as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic risk factors for health care workers occupationally exposed. It has been demonstrated that the administration of interleukin-15 in rat models of colon carcinoma protects against chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicities. We found that occupational exposure to chemotherapeutic antiblastic agents in vivo modified circulating levels of interleukin-15 in 17 health care workers exposed to antineoplastic drugs in relation to their jobs and in as many healthy age- and sex-matched subjects. Health care workers displayed significantly higher circulating interleukin-15 levels compared to their age-matched controls. If this increase representing an anticancer response remains to be established, these findings strengthen the idea of a therapeutic use of interleukin-15 in the field of cancer.

scholarly journals Ex vivo and in vivo study of Kowa HA-2 applanation tonometer in the measurement of intraocular pressure in cats

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 3647
Author(s):  
Claudia Lizandra Ricci ◽  
Rogério Giuffrida ◽  
Glaucia Prada Kanashiro ◽  
Hilidia Stephania Rufino Belezzi ◽  
Carolina De Carvalho Bacarin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
In Vivo Study ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Applanation Tonometer ◽  
Ex Vivo Study ◽  
Healthy Eyes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the Kowa HA-2 applanation tonometer in measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in cats. Ten healthy eyes were used in an ex vivo study in which the calibration curve for manometry vs. tonometry was determined by artificially raising the IOP in 5 mmHg increments up to 60 mmHg (10-60 mmHg). Both eyes of 10 anesthetized cats were studiedin vivo to compare manometry vs. tonometry. In the ambulatory study, 78 healthy eyes, 7 eyes with glaucoma and 20 eyes with uveitis were evaluated by tonometry, which was performed with topical anesthesia and 1% fluorescein eye drops for the formation of fluorescein semicircles. The correlation coefficient (r²) between the manometer and the Kowa HA-2 tonometer was 0.993 and the linear regression equation was y = 0.0915x + 0.0878 in the ex-vivo study. In the in vivo study, the IOP values (mean±SD, in mmHg) in manometry were 15.6 ± 1.1(14.0 – 17.5) and in tonometry were 15.5 ± 1.2(13.5 – 17.2), with no significant difference (P > 0.05) between manometry and tonometry. In ambulatory study, using the Kowa HA-2 tonometer, the IOP values (mean±SD, in mmHg) were 15.0 ± 1.5 (11.8 – 18.3) for the healthy eyes, 38.4 ± 8.1(29.6 – 53.7) for glaucomatous eyes and 10.4 ± 2.0(5.3 – 12.2) for eyes with uveitis. There was a strong correlation and accuracy between the IOP values with the manometry and the Kowa HA-2 tonometer. In the ambulatorystudy the IOP values obtained with the tonometer were compatible for animals with healthy eyes and with clinical signs of glaucoma and uveitis. We conclude that the Kowa HA-2 tonometer can be used in the measurement of IOP in cats, since it is a practical and accurate method in this species.

scholarly journals Comparison of Orthodontic Bracket Debonding Force and Bracket Failure Pattern on Different Teeth In Vivo by a Prototype Debonding Device

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Tamzid Ahmed ◽  
Norma Ab Rahman ◽  
Mohammad Khursheed Alam
Keyword(s):  
Failure Pattern ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Orthodontic Bracket ◽  
Adhesive Remnant Index ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Bracket Failure ◽  
One Way Anova

Objective. To compare the orthodontic bracket debonding force and assess the bracket failure pattern clinically between different teeth by a validated prototype debonding device. Materials and Method. Thirteen (13) patients at the end of comprehensive fixed orthodontic treatment, awaiting for bracket removal, were selected from the list. A total of 260 brackets from the central incisor to the second premolar in both jaws were debonded by a single clinician using a validated prototype debonding device equipped with a force sensitive resistor (FSR). Mean bracket debonding forces were specified to ten (10) groups of teeth. Following debonding, Intraoral microphotographs of the teeth were taken by the same clinician to assess the bracket failure pattern using a 4-point scale of adhesive remnant index (ARI). Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey HSD and independent sample t -test to compare in vivo bracket debonding force, Cohen’s kappa ( κ ), and a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test for the reliability and the assessment of ARI scoring. Results. A significant difference ( p < 0.001 ) of mean debonding force was found between different types of teeth in vivo. Clinically, ARI scores were not significantly different ( p = 0.921 ) between different groups, but overall higher scores were predominant. Conclusion. Bracket debonding force should be measured on the same tooth from the same arch as the significant difference of mean debonding force exists between similar teeth of the upper and lower arches. The insignificant bracket failure pattern with higher ARI scores confirms less enamel damage irrespective of tooth types.

scholarly journals Differential T cell reactivity to seasonal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in community and health care workers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo da Silva Antunes ◽  
Suresh Pallikkuth ◽  
Erin Williams ◽  
Esther Dawen Yu ◽  
Jose Mateus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Cell Reactivity ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Community Controls ◽  
T Cell Reactivity

AbstractHerein we measured CD4+ T cell responses against common cold corona (CCC) viruses and SARS-CoV-2 in high-risk health care workers (HCW) and community controls. We observed higher levels of CCC reactive T cells in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative HCW compared to community donors, consistent with potential higher occupational exposure of HCW to CCC. We further show that SARS-CoV-2 reactivity of seronegative HCW was higher than community controls and correlation between CCC and SARS-CoV-2 responses is consistent with cross-reactivity and not associated with recent in vivo activation. Surprisingly, CCC reactivity was decreased in SARS-CoV-2 infected HCW, suggesting that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 might interfere with CCC responses, either directly or indirectly. This result was unexpected, but consistently detected in independent cohorts derived from Miami and San Diego.

scholarly journals Perceptions of Physicians and Allied Health Care Workers of Pharmacists’ Role In Care Optimization for Schizophrenic Patients At Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
H Yusuf ◽  
A Giwa ◽  
S Mohammed ◽  
SN Aguye Abdu ◽  
FM Dungus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Allied Health ◽  
Allied Health Care ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Introduction: In clinical practice, it is required that a profession not only clearly describe their own roles and responsibilities to other professionals but should also be aware of other professions’ roles in relation to their own. The objective of this study was to assess the perceptions of physicians and allied health care workers (Other health care professionals) of the roles of pharmacists in optimizing care for schizophrenic patients. Methods: A self-administered 17-item validated questionnaire was distributed to 120 health care professionals working at Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital Maiduguri from September to October 2016. Results obtained were analysed using Chi-square test. Results: Health care professionals mostly had positive perceptions with a statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) across all assessed items. However, competent and knowledge of the pharmacists accounting for 93 (83.8%), involvement of the pharmacist in patient care accounting for 91(82%) and reassuring patients to improve quality of life accounting for 98(88.3%) had the highest number of health care professionals with positive perceptions while documenting patient care, monitoring and reemphasizing physicians instructions had the lowest accounting for 69 (62.2%), 74(66.7%) and 74 (66.7%) respectively in the different sections. Conclusions: The health care professionals surveyed mostly had positive perceptions. Thus, pharmacists can leverage on this to meet their roles in optimizing care for schizophrenic patients. Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2019; 30(1) : 19-23

Pimpinella anisum essentiel oil enhances spatial learning performance of rats exposed to Hgcl2 during the developmental period

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 162-166
Author(s):  
Arabi Wafaa ◽  
Kahloula Khaled ◽  
Adli Djallal E.H. ◽  
Ziani Kaddour ◽  
Slimani Miloud
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Mercury Chloride ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Pimpinella Anisum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Hoc

The essential oil of Pimpinella anisum has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases. This study was aimed to test, in vivo, effect of exposition to mercury chloride (100mg/L) in wistar rats during the gestation and lactation period. On the other hand, treatment of pups with essential oil of P. anisum (0.25 ml/kg) for 21 days. The behavioural patterms evaluated was spatial memory ( Morris water maze) and the determination of mercury concentration in blood and brain. The data were analysed by two way analyses of variance (ANOVAs). When a significant difference was found, the Student Newman Keuls post hoc test was conducted. The results of the present study demonstrated that exposure to mercury in developmental period induced, significantly decrease of the learning performance (p < 0.01; p < 0.05) compared to control rats. Thus, the concentration of mercury in the intoxicated group is high in the blood and brain. However, the administration of P. anisum essential oil resulted into an improvement of learning perfor-mance (p< 0.01; p< 0.05) and reduction of mercury blood and brain mercury. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that mercury exposure during the developmental period induces learning disabilities and remains trapped in blood and brain. This could be improved by the treatment with Pimpinella anisum essential oil.

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