scholarly journals Protection against Different Genotypes of Newcastle Disease Viruses (NDV) Afforded by an Adenovirus-Vectored Fusion Protein and Live NDV Vaccines in Chickens

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Helena L. Ferreira ◽  
Patti J. Miller ◽  
David L. Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
F Protein ◽  
Vectored Vaccine

The efficacy of an adenovirus-vectored Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine expressing the fusion (F) NDV protein (adeno-F) was evaluated against challenges with virulent heterologous and homologous NDV strains to the F protein. In a preliminary study, two different doses (low and high) of adeno-F were tested against a virulent NDV strain containing the homologous NDV F protein, CA02. In a second study, at three weeks post-vaccination, the efficacy of the high dose of adeno-F was compared to a live attenuated NDV vaccine strain (LaSota) against three antigenically distinct virulent NDV challenge strains, one homologous (CA02) and two heterologous (TZ12, EG14) to F in the vectored vaccine. In both experiments, clinical signs, mortality, virus shedding, and humoral response were evaluated. In the first experiment, the survival rates from birds vaccinated with adeno-F at a high and low dose were 100% and 25%, respectively. In the second experiment, birds vaccinated with the high dose of adeno-F had a survival rate of 80%, 75%, and 65% after challenge with the CA02, TZ12, and EG14 viruses, respectively. All of the LaSota-vaccinated birds survived post-challenge no matter the NDV challenge strain. High antibody titers were detected after vaccination with LaSota by HI and ELISA tests. The majority of adeno-F-vaccinated birds had detectable antibodies using the ELISA test, but not using the HI test, before the challenge. The data show that both the similarity of the F protein of the adeno-F vaccine to the challenge virus and the adeno-F vaccination dose affect the efficacy of an adenovirus-vectored NDV vaccine against a virulent NDV challenge.

scholarly journals Safety and immunogenicity of a glycoprotein E gene-deleted bovine herpesvirus 1 strain as a candidate vaccine strain

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1067-1074
Author(s):  
Marcelo Weiss ◽  
◽  
Deniz Anziliero ◽  
Mathias Martins ◽  
Rudi Weiblen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Glycoprotein E ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Group I ◽  
Virus Dose ◽  
Herpesvirus 1

ABSTRACT: A glycoprotein E-deleted Brazilian bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1gEΔ) was tested regarding to safety and immunogenicity. Intramuscular inoculation of young calves with a high virus dose did not result in clinical signs or virus shedding during acute infection or after dexamethasone administration. Calves vaccinated once IM (group I) or subcutaneously (group II) with live BoHV-1gEΔ or twice with inactivated virus plus aluminum hydroxide (group IV) or Montanide™ (group V) developed VN titers of 2 to 8 (GMT:2); 2 to 4 (GMT:1.65); 2 to 16 (GMT:2.45) and 2 to 128 (GMT:3.9), respectively. All BoHV-1gEΔ vaccinated calves remained negative in an anti-gE ELISA. Lastly, six young calves vaccinated with live BoHV-1gEΔ and subsequently challenged with a virulent BoHV-1 strain shed less virus and developed only mild and transient nasal signs comparing to unvaccinated calves. Thus, the recombinant BoHV-1gEΔ is safe and immunogenic for calves and allows for serological differentiation by a gE-ELISA test.

scholarly journals Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Expressing Sigma C Protein of Avian Reovirus (ARV) Protects against Both ARV and NDV in Chickens

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Deep Prakash Saikia ◽  
Kalpana Yadav ◽  
Dinesh C. Pathak ◽  
Narayan Ramamurthy ◽  
Ajai Lawrence D’Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Avian Reovirus ◽  
C Protein ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus

Newcastle disease (ND) and avian reovirus (ARV) infections are a serious threat to the poultry industry, which causes heavy economic losses. The mesogenic NDV strain R2B is commonly used as a booster vaccine in many Asian countries to control the disease. In this seminal work, a recombinant NDV strain R2B expressing the sigma C (σC) gene of ARV (rNDV-R2B-σC) was generated by reverse genetics, characterized in vitro and tested as a bivalent vaccine candidate in chickens. The recombinant rNDV-R2B-σC virus was attenuated as compared to the parent rNDV-R2B virus as revealed by standard pathogenicity assays. The generated vaccine candidate, rNDV-R2B-σC, could induce both humoral and cell mediated immune responses in birds and gave complete protection against virulent NDV and ARV challenges. Post-challenge virus shedding analysis revealed a drastic reduction in NDV shed, as compared to unvaccinated birds.

scholarly journals Efficacy of the Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype VII.1.1-Matched Vaccines in Commercial Broilers

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Hesham A. Sultan ◽  
Wael K. Elfeil ◽  
Ahmed A. Nour ◽  
Laila Tantawy ◽  
Elsayed G. Kamel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Genotype Ii ◽  
Genotype Vii

Class II genotype VII Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) are predominant in the Middle East and Asia despite intensive vaccination programs using conventional live and inactivated NDV vaccines. In this study, the protective efficacies of three commercial vaccine regimes involving genotype II NDV, recombinant genotype VII NDV-matched, and an autogenous velogenic NDV genotype VII vaccine were evaluated against challenge with velogenic NDV genotype VII (accession number MG029120). Three vaccination regimes were applied as follows: group-1 received inactivated genotype II, group-2 received inactivated recombinant genotype VII NDV-matched, and group-3 received velogenic inactivated autogenous NDV genotype VII vaccines given on day 7; for the live vaccine doses, each group received the same live genotype II vaccine. The birds in all of the groups were challenged with NDV genotype VII, which was applied on day 28. Protection by the three regimes was evaluated after infection based on mortality rate, clinical signs, gross lesions, virus shedding, seroconversion, and microscopic changes. The results showed that these three vaccination regimes partially protected commercial broilers (73%, 86%, 97%, respectively, vs. 8.6% in non-vaccinated challenged and 0% in non-vaccinated non-challenged birds) against mortality at 10 days post-challenge (dpc). Using inactivated vaccines significantly reduced the virus shedding at the level of the number of shedders and the amount of virus that was shed in all vaccinated groups (G1-3) compared to in the non-vaccinated group (G-4). In conclusion, using closely genotype-matched vaccines (NDV-GVII) provided higher protection than using vaccines that were not closely genotype-matched and non-genotype-matched. The vaccine seeds that were closely related to genotype VII.1.1 provided higher protection against challenge against this genotype since it circulates in the Middle East region. Updating vaccine seeds with recent and closely related isolates provides higher protection.

scholarly journals Effect of infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease vaccines on experimental avian influenza infection (H9N2) in broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-585
Author(s):  
R. Amanollahi ◽  
K. Asasi ◽  
B. Abdi-Hachesoo ◽  
N. Ahmadi ◽  
A. Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis

Despite the fact that H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is considered a low-pathogenic agent, frequent outbreaks of this subtype have caused high mortality and economic losses in poultry farms around the world including Iran. Coinfection with a respiratory pathogen or environmental factors may explain the exacerbation of H9N2 AIV infection. In this study, the role of infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccines (H120 and 4/91) and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines (B1 and LaSota) on experimental H9N2 AIV infection was investigated in 180 broiler chickens allotted into 6 groups (n=30). At the age of 18 days, groups 3 and 4 received H120 and 4/91 infectious bronchitis live vaccines (IBLVs) and groups 5 and 6 received B1 and LaSota Newcastle disease live vaccines (NDLVs), respectively. At the age of 20 days, all birds in the experimental groups except the negative control group (group 1), were inoculated intra-nasally with H9N2 AIV. After the inoculation, clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, and viral detection were examined. The results of this study revealed that clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions were more severe in the AIV challenged groups which had been previously vaccinated with IB vaccines. In addition, AI viral RNA from tracheal and faecal samples in IB vaccinated birds were recovered at a higher rate. Moreover, in the 4/91 IB vaccinated group, the AI virus shedding period was longer than the other challenged groups. In conclusion, infectious bronchitis live vaccines (IBLVs) exacerbated the H9N2 AIV infection; also, 4/91 IBLV extended AI virus shedding period and increased the recovery rate of AI virus from feaces. However, the coinfection of Newcastle disease live vaccines (NDLVs) had no considerable adverse effects on AIV infection in broiler chickens.

Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma

Blood ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren R. Schaff ◽  
Christian Grommes
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Central Nervous System Lymphoma ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
Systemic Involvement ◽  
Neurologic Recovery

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that affects the brain, eyes, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or spinal cord without systemic involvement. Here, we review the clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up, novel pathophysiologic insights, and treatment of immunocompetent PCNSL patients. Diagnosis of PCNSL requires a high level of suspicion as clinical signs and deficits can vary depending upon the involved CNS compartments. Rapid initiation of therapy is essential for good neurologic recovery and disease control. In general, the prognosis of PCNSL has improved significantly over the past few decades, largely due to the introduction and wide-spread use of high-dose methotrexate (MTX) chemotherapy, considered the backbone of first-line polychemotherapy treatment. Upon completion of MTX-based treatment, a consolidation strategy is often required and can consist of non-myeloablative or myeloablative chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplant, radiation, maintenance therapy, or observation. Unfortunately, relapse is common and 5-year survival rates stand at only 30-40%. Novel insights into the pathophysiology of PCNSL have identified key mechanisms in tumor pathogenesis including activation of the B-cell receptor pathway, a suppressed tumor immune microenvironment, and immune evasion. These insights have led to the identification of novel small molecules and agents targeting these aberrant pathways. Agents such as the Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib or immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) like lenalidomide or pomalidomide have shown promising response rates in the clinical trial setting for recurrent/refractory PCNSL and are increasingly being adopted in clinical use.

Pathogenesis of Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype VII in Chickens Vaccinated with LaSota and Inactivated Newcastle Disease Vaccines

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group D ◽  
Genotype Vii

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most serious viral diseases affecting poultry farms in different countries. Many outbreaks -even in vaccinated poultry flocks- were recorded in the last few years caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII. This study was conducted to compare the pathogenesis of NDV genotype VII in non-vaccinated chickens and chickens vaccinated with NDV genotype II live (LaSota) and inactivated vaccines. One hundred 1-day-old chicks were divided into four equal groups; 25 for each. Groups A and B were kept unvaccinated. Group C was vaccinated with LaSota, and group D was vaccinated with both LaSota and inactivated NDV vaccine. Group A was kept as nonchallenged control blank group, while groups B, C and D were challenged intranasally by 0.1 ml 106 EID50 NDV genotype VII at 25-day of age. Three chickens were sacrificed from each group at 2, 5- and 10-days post challenge (dpc). Tissue specimens from trachea, lungs, bursa of fabricius, spleen and thymus were collected for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. NDV genotype VII challenge virus did not induce mortality in both vaccinated groups. Both vaccination programs resulted also in less severe clinical signs and histopathological lesions comparing to non-vaccinated challenged birds. Tracheal lesion score was significantly low in group D at 10 dpc while no significant difference was recorded between groups C and D in lungs. All lymphoid organs showed significantly less severe pathological alterations and depletion in groups C and D comparing to group B. Our results indicated that mis-matched genotype NDV vaccines could alleviate the pathological effect of the NDV challenge virus but do not provide complete protection of the infected host organs.

scholarly journals Efficacy of a Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus AI (H5) Vaccine in Preventing Transmission of Heterologous Highly Pathogenic H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4b Challenge Virus in Commercial Broilers and Layer Pullets

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilmos Palya ◽  
Tímea Tatár-Kis ◽  
Edit Walkóné Kovács ◽  
István Kiss ◽  
Zalán Homonnay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Clinical Protection ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
First Time ◽  
Commercial Chickens

Outbreaks caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N8 subtype clade 2.3.4.4 were first reported in 2014 in South Korea then spread very rapidly in Asia, to Europe, and for the first time, to North America. Efficacy of a recombinant HVT-AI (H5) vaccine (rHVT-H5) to provide clinical protection as well as to significantly reduce the shedding of an H5N8 challenge virus has already been demonstrated in SPF chickens. The aim of our studies was to test the efficacy of the same rHVT-H5 vaccine in controlling the transmission of a recent Hungarian HPAIV H5N8 challenge virus in commercial chickens. Broilers and layers were vaccinated at day old according to the manufacturer’s recommendation and then challenged with a 2017 Hungarian HPAIV H5N8 (2.3.4.4b) isolate at 5 or 7 weeks of age, respectively. Evaluation of clinical protection, reduction of challenge virus shedding, and transmission to vaccinated contact birds was done on the basis of clinical signs/mortality, detection, and quantitation of challenge virus in oronasal and cloacal swabs (regularly between 1 and 14 days postchallenge). Measurement of seroconversion to AIV nucleoprotein was used as an indicator of infection and replication of challenge virus. Our results demonstrated that rHVT-H5 vaccination could prevent the development of clinical disease and suppress shedding very efficiently, resulting in the lack of challenge virus transmission to vaccinated contact chickens, regardless the type of birds. Single immunization with the tested rHVT-H5 vaccine proved to be effective to stop HPAIV H5N8 (2.3.4.4b) transmission within vaccinated poultry population under experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Efficacy of a Turkey Herpesvirus Vectored Newcastle Disease Vaccine against Genotype VII.1.1 Virus: Challenge Route Affects Shedding Pattern

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Vilmos Palya ◽  
Tímea Tatár-Kis ◽  
Abdel Satar A. Arafa ◽  
Balázs Felföldi ◽  
Tamás Mató ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Clinical Protection ◽  
Genotype Vii ◽  
Control Challenge

The control of Newcastle disease (ND) highly relies on vaccination. Immunity provided by a ND vaccine can be characterized by measuring the level of clinical protection and reduction in challenge virus shedding. The extent of shedding depends a lot on the characteristics of vaccine used and the quality of vaccination, but influenced also by the genotype of the challenge virus. We demonstrated that vaccination of SPF chicks with recombinant herpesvirus of turkey expressing the F-gene of genotype I ND virus (rHVT-ND) provided complete clinical protection against heterologous genotype VII.1.1 ND virus strain and reduced challenge virus shedding significantly. 100% of clinical protection was achieved already by 3 weeks of age, irrespective of the challenge route (intra-muscular or intra-nasal) and vaccination blocked cloacal shedding almost completely. Interestingly, oro-nasal shedding was different in the two challenge routes: less efficiently controlled following intra-nasal than intra-muscular challenge. Differences in the shedding pattern between the two challenge routes indicate that rHVT-ND vaccine induces strong systemic immunity, that is capable to control challenge virus dissemination in the body (no cloacal shedding), even when it is a heterologous strain, but less efficiently, although highly significantly (p < 0.001) suppresses the local replication of the challenge virus in the upper respiratory mucosa and consequent oro-nasal shedding.

scholarly journals Genital immunization of heifers with a glycoprotein Edeleted, recombinant bovine herpesvirus 1 strain confers protection upon challenge with a virulent isolate

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Weiss ◽  
Fernanda S. F. Vogel ◽  
Mathias Martins ◽  
Rudi Weiblen ◽  
Paulo M. Roehe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Corticosteroid Treatment ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Degree Of Protection

Venereal infection of seronegative heifers and cows with bovine herpesvirus type 1.2 (BoHV-1.2) frequently results in vulvovaginitis and transient infertility. Parenteral immunization with inactivated or modified live BoHV-1 vaccines often fails in conferring protection upon genital challenge. We herein report an evaluation of the immune response and protection conferred by genital vaccination of heifers with a glycoprotein E-deleted recombinant virus (SV265gE-). A group of six seronegative heifers was vaccinated with SV265gE- (0,2mL containing 10(6.9)TCID50) in the vulva submucosa (group IV); four heifers were vaccinated intramuscularly (group IM, 1mL containing 10(7.6)TCID50) and four heifers remained as non-vaccinated controls. Heifers vaccinated IV developed mild, transient local edema and hyperemia and shed low amounts of virus for a few days after vaccination, yet a sentinel heifer maintained in close contact did not seroconvert. Attempts to reactivate the vaccine virus in two IV vaccinated heifers by intravenous administration of dexamethasone (0.5mg/kg) at day 70 pv failed since no virus shedding, recrudescence of genital signs or seroconversion were observed. At day 70 pv, all vaccinated and control heifers were challenged by genital inoculation of a highly virulent BoHV-1.2 isolate (SV56/90, 10(7.1)TCID50/animal). After challenge, virus shedding was detected in genital secretions of control animals for 8.2 days (8-9); in the IM group for 6.2 days (4-8 days) and during 5.2 days (5-6 days) in the IV group. Control non-vaccinated heifers developed moderate (2/4) or severe (2/4) vulvovaginitis lasting 9 to 13 days (x: 10.7 days). The disease was characterized by vulvar edema, vulvo-vestibular congestion, vesicles progressing to coalescence and erosions, fibrino-necrotic plaques and fibrinopurulent exudate. IM vaccinated heifers developed mild (1/3) or moderate (3/4) genital lesions, lasting 10 to 12 days (x: 10.7 days); and IV vaccinated heifers developed mild and transient vulvovaginitis (3/4) or mild to moderate genital lesions (1/4). In the IV group, the clinical signs lasted 4 to 8 days (x: 5.5 days). Clinical examination of the animals after challenge revealed that vaccination by both routes conferred some degree of protection, yet IV vaccination was clearly more effective in reducing the severity and duration of clinical disease. Furthermore, IV vaccination reduced the period of virus shedding in comparison with both groups. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SV265gE- is sufficiently attenuated upon IV vaccination in a low-titer dosis, is not readily reactivated after corticosteroid treatment and lastly, and more importantly, confers local protection upon challenge with a high titer of a virulent heterologous BoHV-1 isolate. Therefore, the use of this recombinant for genital immunization may be considered for prevention of BoHV-1-associated genital disease in the field.

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