scholarly journals Evaluation of Antibody Response in Sows after Vaccination with Senecavirus A Vaccine and the Effect of Maternal Antibody Transfer on Antibody Dynamics in Offspring

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1066
Author(s):  
Fan Yang ◽  
Zixiang Zhu ◽  
Huanan Liu ◽  
Weijun Cao ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Booster Immunization ◽  
Substantial Problem ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
And Control ◽  
Antibody Dynamics

Senecavirus A (SVA) is a newly porcine virus that has been detected in many countries since its first detection in pigs in Canada in 2007, and it remains endemic in many countries in Asia and America, which has become a substantial problem for the pig industry. Vaccination is a potentially effective strategy for the prevention and control of SVA infection. Our lab has developed a SVA vaccine candidate previously. In this study, the antibody response to the prepared vaccine in sows and their offspring was evaluated. Vaccination of sows with inactivated SVA vaccines during pregnancy elicited SVA-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies. Vaccination with a high dose of SVA vaccine followed a booster immunization contributed to a long-term duration of the persistence of maternally derived neutralizing antibodies (MDAs) in the milk of the sows (>14 days). In contrast, vaccination with a single low dose of SVA vaccine resulted in a short-term persistence of MDAs in the milk (2–7 days). The MDAs could be efficiently transferred from the sows to their offspring through the colostrum/milk but not the umbilical cord blood. The antibody titers and the duration of the persistence of MDAs in the offspring are highly associated with the antibody levels in the milk from the sows. Vaccination of sows with a booster dose of SVA vaccine resulted in a longer-lasting MDAs in their offspring (persisted for at least 90 days). However, vaccination with the single low dose of vaccine only brought about 42 days of MDAs persistence in their offspring. The effect of MDAs on active immunization with SVA vaccine in offspring was further evaluated, which showed that vaccination of the SVA vaccine in the presence of MDAs at the titer of ≈1:64 or less could overcome the MDAs’ interference and give rise to effective antibody response. This will help for establishing the optimal times and schedules for SVA vaccination in pigs.

scholarly journals A/H1N1 hemagglutinin antibodies show comparable affinity in vaccine-related Narcolepsy type 1 and control and are unlikely to contribute to pathogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Lind ◽  
Ilaria Marzinotto ◽  
Cristina Brigatti ◽  
Anita Ramelius ◽  
Lorenzo Piemonti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Antigenic Determinant ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Antibody Affinity ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
And Control ◽  
Radiobinding Assay

AbstractAn increased incidence of narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) was observed in Scandinavia following the 2009–2010 influenza Pandemrix vaccination. The association between NT1 and HLA-DQB1*06:02:01 supported the view of the vaccine as an etiological agent. A/H1N1 hemagglutinin (HA) is the main antigenic determinant of the host neutralization antibody response. Using two different immunoassays, the Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS) and Radiobinding Assay (RBA), we investigated HA antibody levels and affinity in an exploratory and in a confirmatory cohort of Swedish NT1 patients and healthy controls vaccinated with Pandemrix. HA antibodies were increased in NT1 patients compared to controls in the exploratory (LIPS p = 0.0295, RBA p = 0.0369) but not in the confirmatory cohort (LIPS p = 0.55, RBA p = 0.625). HA antibody affinity, assessed by competition with Pandemrix vaccine, was comparable between patients and controls (LIPS: 48 vs. 39 ng/ml, p = 0.81; RBA: 472 vs. 491 ng/ml, p = 0.65). The LIPS assay also detected higher HA antibody titres as associated with HLA-DQB1*06:02:01 (p = 0.02). Our study shows that following Pandemrix vaccination, HA antibodies levels and affinity were comparable NT1 patients and controls and suggests that HA antibodies are unlikely to play a role in NT1 pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Rapid decline of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among infected healthcare workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Marot ◽  
◽  
Isabelle Malet ◽  
Valentin Leducq ◽  
Karen Zafilaza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
And Control

AbstractThere are only few data concerning persistence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) among SARS-CoV-2-infected healthcare workers (HCW). These individuals are particularly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection and at potential risk of reinfection. We followed 26 HCW with mild COVID-19 three weeks (D21), two months (M2) and three months (M3) after the onset of symptoms. All the HCW had anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgA at D21, decreasing to 38.5% at M3 (p < 0.0001). Concomitantly a significant decrease in NAb titers was observed between D21 and M2 (p = 0.03) and between D21 and M3 (p < 0.0001). Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 can elicit a NAb response correlated with anti-RBD antibody levels. However, this neutralizing activity declines, and may even be lost, in association with a decrease in systemic IgA antibody levels, from two months after disease onset. This short-lasting humoral protection supports strong recommendations to maintain infection prevention and control measures in HCW, and suggests that periodic boosts of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may be required.

scholarly journals Effect of Astragalus membranaceus Oral Solution on Lifespan and Learning and Memory Ability of Honey Bees

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Tao Hong ◽  
Long-Xue Li ◽  
Xiao-ping Han ◽  
Jing-liang Shi ◽  
Cai-yun Dan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Oral Solution ◽  
Astragalus Membranaceus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

In this study, the effects of Astragalus membranaceus oral solution on lifespan and learning and memory abilities of honey bees were evaluated. Two groups of bees were fed with sucrose syrup (50%) containing low dose (1.33%) and high dose (13.3%) of A. membranaceus oral solution, respectively. The proboscis extension response (PER) analysis was applied to examine the learning and memory capabilities of bees. Two genes related to memory formation in honey bees were determined by real-time PCR. High dose (13.3%) of A. membranaceus significantly decreased the mean lifespan of bees compared to the bees fed with low dose (1.33%) and control bees. No significant differences in lifespan of bees were found between low-dose-fed bees and control bees. The results of PER experiments showed apparent improvement in the memorizing ability of the high-dose group (in comparison with the control group). Moreover, the relative expression levels of Nmdar1 in the low-dose group and control group were significantly lower than those in the high-dose group. It is preliminarily concluded that A. membranaceus has an adverse effect on the mean lifespan of honey bees but might be helpful in strengthening memories.

scholarly journals Enhanced intestinal 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose uptake under metformin is not fully suppressed by loperamide

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
Tomomi Nobashi ◽  
Tsuneo Saga ◽  
Yuji Nakamoto ◽  
Yoichi Shimizu ◽  
Sho Koyasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Fdg Uptake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
And Control

AbstractObjective. This study investigated whether the metformin (Met)-induced enhanced intestinal uptake of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) is reduced by loperamide, a long-acting anti-diarrheal agent. Methods. Mean18F-FDG uptake in the mouse small intestine and colon with Met exposure was compared with that in control mice. In the Met group, high-dose (1.0 mg/kg body weight) and low-dose (0.1 mg/kg body weight) loperamide were introduced, and18F-FDG uptake in the small intestine and colon was compared with that of control mice administered high-dose loperamide. The percent injected dose of18F-FDG per gram of tissue (%ID/g) in the extracted tissues was then determined. Results.18F-FDG uptake increased significantly in the small intestine (0.64±0.06 vs. 1.01±0.15, p=0.040) and, especially, the colon (0.46±0.13 vs. 2.16±0.51, p<0.001) after Met exposure. Neither high-dose nor low-dose loperamide significantly reduced18F-FDG uptake in the small intestine (0.82±0.31 vs. 0.84±0.22, p=0.93 and 0.78±0.25 vs. 0.70±0.15, p=0.13, respectively) or colon (2.13±0.41 vs. 1.67±0.55, p=0.063 and 1.77±0.39 vs. 1.80±0.25, p=0.56, respectively). The colonic %ID/g was significantly higher in Met groups irrespective of loperamide introduction than in control group, whereas the significant difference in the small intestine was observed only between Met and control groups. Conclusion. Metformin increased18F-FDG uptake in intestines especially in colon. Loperamide administration partially, but not sufficiently, suppresses the Met-induced increased colonic uptake of18F-FDG.

scholarly journals More rapid, robust and sustainable antibody responses to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in convalescent COVID-19 individuals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina E Racine-Brzostek ◽  
Jim Yee ◽  
Ashley Sukhu ◽  
Yuqing Qiu ◽  
Sophie Rand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Real World ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Antibody Levels

Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine antibody response under real-world conditions. This longitudinal study investigated the quantity and quality of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in 846 specimens from 350 subjects: comparing BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals (19 previously diagnosed with COVID-19 [RecoVax]; 49 never been diagnosed [NaiveVax]) to 122 hospitalized unvaccinated (HospNoVax) and 160 outpatient unvaccinated (OutPtNoVax) COVID-19 patients. NaiveVax experienced a delay in generating SARS-CoV-2 total antibody levels (TAb) and neutralizing antibodies (SNAb) after the 1st vaccine dose (D1), but a rapid increase in antibody levels was observed after the 2nd dose (D2). However, these never reached the robust levels observed in RecoVax. In fact, NaiveVax TAb and SNAb levels decreased 4-weeks post-D2 (p=0.003;p<0.001). For the most part, RecoVax TAb persisted throughout this study, after reaching maximal levels 2-weeks post-D2; but SNAb decreased significantly ~6-months post-D1 (p=0.002). Although NaiveVax avidity lagged behind that of RecoVax for most of the follow-up periods, NaiveVax did reach similar avidity by ~6-months post-D1. These data suggest that one vaccine dose elicits maximal antibody response in RecoVax and may be sufficient. Also, despite decreasing levels in TAb and SNAb overtime, long-term avidity maybe a measure worth evaluating and possibly correlating to vaccine efficacy.

scholarly journals Effect Monitoring and Insights from Vaccination program of Healthcare Workforce from a tertiary level hospital in India against SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajat Ujjainia ◽  
Akansha Tyagi ◽  
Viren Sardana ◽  
Salwa Naushin ◽  
Nitin Bhatheja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Neutralizing Activity ◽  
Effect Monitoring ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Level Hospital

AbstractThe Oxford-Astra Zeneca COVID 19 vaccine (AZD1222 or ChAdOx1) is locally manufactured as Covishield by Serum Institute, Pune, India. In a group of 307 healthcare workers administered Covishield, we report measured antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 directed against the spike protein (S-antigen) at days 0, 7, 14, 28 and 45, with second dose on day 28 for all except 20 subjects who did not receive a second dose. In 129 subjects (42%) who had already developed antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 at day 0 (before immunization), it was observed that antibody response was significantly higher at each time point, with the maximum increase seen between days 0 and 7. The antibody levels and neutralizing activity in these subjects had peaked by day 28 and the second dose did not lead to further increase. Data from 9 subjects who were seropositive at baseline and received only one dose was similar to those who received both doses. In contrast the baseline sero-negative group (n=178) started developing antibody response only after 14 days or later. Administration of the second dose was associated with further increase in antibody levels at day 45 compared to day 28, with marked increase in neutralizing activity. In baseline seronegative subjects, who did not take the vaccine at day 28 (n=11), the antibody levels increased by about 2.5 folds between days 28 and 45, with minimal change in the neutralizing antibodies. In general, vaccination was well tolerated, and there were no group specific differences in post-vaccination symptomatology. Our data suggests that ChAdOx1 is highly immunogenic, particularly so where previous SARS CoV2 antibody-response is established. In such subjects, a single dose may be sufficient but in absence of such determination, both doses are required.

scholarly journals Impact of Supplement Diets on Flights of Cross Breed Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
RB Thapa ◽  
S Pokhrel
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
High Rate ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sugar Feeding ◽  
Sugar Syrup ◽  
Diet Supplement ◽  
Modified Diet ◽  
And Control

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of supplement diets on flight activities of cross breed honeybee (Apis mellifera Lin.) in Chitwan, Nepal. The experiment consisted of five replications and four feeding treatments: feeding low dose sugar (syrup of 166 g sugar); feeding high dose sugar (syrup of 333 g sugar); feeding modified diet (syrup of 166 g sugar + 30 g pollen substitute); and control (no diet supplement except 250 g sugar honey candy to prevent from starvation). Each hive (replication) consisted of five-framed A. mellifera colony, which were fed for six days with four days breaks in each feeding and altogether eleven feedings were provided. Sugar syrup feeding stimulated bee foragers flights by 908-987% out-going and 578-704% in-coming, respectively. Modified diet (low dose sugar syrup combined with pollen substitute) was suitable for off-season management of honeybee colonies, which supported high rate of flight activities i.e. 3.3 times out-going and 2.8 times in-coming as compared to the control colonies. Other treatments were intermediate types. The combined diet also showed higher flights than feeding low dose sugar syrup alone indicating necessity of feeding appropriate diet during off-season under Chitwan condition for good flight and foraging activities of honeybees. Key words: Pollen substitutes, sugar syrup/sugar-honey candy, out-going, in-coming, cross breed J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 26:71-76 (2005)

scholarly journals Gadoxetate-enhanced dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for evaluation of liver function and liver fibrosis in preclinical trials

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimi Huh ◽  
Su Jung Ham ◽  
Young Chul Cho ◽  
Bumwoo Park ◽  
Bohyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dce Mri ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Preclinical Trials ◽  
Icg R15 ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background To facilitate translational drug development for liver fibrosis, preclinical trials need to be run in parallel with clinical research. Liver function estimation by gadoxetate-enhanced dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is being established in clinical research, but still rarely used in preclinical trials. We aimed to evaluate feasibility of DCE-MRI indices as translatable biomarkers in a liver fibrosis animal model. Methods Liver fibrosis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by thioacetamide (200 mg, 150 mg, and saline for the high-dose, low-dose, and control groups, respectively). Subsequently, DCE-MRI was performed to measure: relative liver enhancement at 3-min (RLE-3), RLE-15, initial area-under-the-curve until 3-min (iAUC-3), iAUC-15, and maximum-enhancement (Emax). The correlation coefficients between these MRI indices and the histologic collagen area, indocyanine green retention at 15-min (ICG-R15), and shear wave elastography (SWE) were calculated. Diagnostic performance to diagnose liver fibrosis was also evaluated by receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results Animal model was successful in that the collagen area of the liver was the largest in the high-dose group, followed by the low-dose group and control group. The correlation between the DCE-MRI indices and collagen area was high for iAUC-15, Emax, iAUC-3, and RLE-3 but moderate for RLE-15 (r, − 0.81, − 0.81, − 0.78, − 0.80, and − 0.51, respectively). The DCE-MRI indices showed moderate correlation with ICG-R15: the highest for iAUC-15, followed by iAUC-3, RLE-3, Emax, and RLE-15 (r, − 0.65, − 0.63, − 0.62, − 0.58, and − 0.56, respectively). The correlation coefficients between DCE-MRI indices and SWE ranged from − 0.59 to − 0.28. The diagnostic accuracy of RLE-3, iAUC-3, iAUC-15, and Emax was 100% (AUROC 1.000), whereas those of RLE-15 and SWE were relatively low (AUROC 0.777, 0.848, respectively). Conclusion Among the gadoxetate-enhanced DCE-MRI indices, iAUC-15 and iAUC-3 might be bidirectional translatable biomarkers between preclinical and clinical research for evaluating histopathologic liver fibrosis and physiologic liver functions in a non-invasive manner.

Immobilization antibodies of tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes induced by i.p. injection against monogenean Heterobothrium okamotoi oncomiracidia do not prevent the infection

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. UMEDA ◽  
A. HATANAKA ◽  
N. HIRAZAWA
Keyword(s):  
Infected Fish ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Takifugu Rubripes ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Persistently Infected ◽  
Booster Immunization ◽  
Specific Antibody Production ◽  
Tiger Puffer ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
And Control

SUMMARYWe examined whether infection by the monogenean Heterobothrium okamotoi induces production of specific antibodies against oncomiracidia and their cilia, larvae on the gills, and adults on the branchial cavity wall of tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes. We also investigated whether specific antibody production participates in acquired protection against H. okamotoi. Sera from persistently infected fish immobilized H. okamotoi oncomiracidia 89 days after exposure and antibody levels (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) in the sera against oncomiracidia and their cilia increased compared with sera from control (naïve) fish. Antibody levels in these sera against the larvae and adult stages did not increase. The number of H. okamotoi on persistently infected fish was significantly lower than for control fish (P<0·05) when persistently infected fish and control fish were exposed to oncomiracidia in the same tank. Thus tiger puffer produced specific antibodies against oncomiracidia and their cilia, and acquired partial protection against H. okamotoi. Intraperitoneal injection of proteins of sonicated oncomiracidia or their cilia with an adjuvant also produced oncomiracidium agglutination antibodies in sera from tiger puffer; the antibody levels in these sera against oncomiracidia and their cilia increased compared with sera from control fish (injection of BSA with an adjuvant) at 14, 44, and 75 days after the booster immunization. However, in a parasite challenge at 54–58 days after the booster immunization, the infection levels of fish immunized with parasites of sonicated oncomiracidia or their cilia were the same as the control fish. Western blot showed that sera from persistently infected fish and fish immunized with sonicated oncomiracidia or their cilia recognized similar antigenic bands, suggesting that tiger puffer tends to react against these antigens compared with other antigens. These results indicated that specific antibodies against these cilia and oncomiracidia induced by i.p. injection do not prevent H. okamotoi infection.

Dose-dependent viremia and the differential immunoglobulin response of hamsters to Powassan virus

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max A. Chernesky ◽  
Patricia J. Whittaker-Haines
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Powassan Virus ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Density Analysis ◽  
Dose Dependent

Hamsters injected subcutaneously with a single "low-dose" inoculum (10 mouse LD50) of Powassan virus developed viremia titering 106.2 mouse LD50 per milliliter of blood whereas hamsters receiving a "high-dose" inoculum of 105.0 mouse LD50 of virus developed a viremia of only 104.5 mouse LD50 per milliliter.Hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies were first detected 7 days following the "low-dose" inoculation and attained maximum titers of 160. The HI antibody response to the "high-dose" virus inoculation began on the 5th day, at a time when viremia was present, and antibody titers did not exceed 40. Sucrose-density analysis and 2-mercaptoethanol treatment of sera revealed that IgM antibodies were induced by both inocula but animals receiving a low dose of virus produced higher IgG responses than did animals receiving a high dose of virus. Neutralizing antibodies, which did not appear until 30 days post inoculation, were present at a log neutralizing index (NI) of 2.0 at 60 days in animals receiving 10 mouse LD50 of virus and at a log NI of 1.0 in those receiving 105.0 mouse LD50. The NI of IgG was equal to the index for total gamma globulin in samples that contained both IgM and IgG as demonstrated by the HI test.Animals originally exposed to a "low-dose" inoculum produced a more prolonged anamnestic response when challenged 63 days later with 105.0 mouse LD50 of virus than did animals receiving a second inoculum containing only 103.0 or 10 mouse LD50 of virus. In contrast, poor secondary antibody responses were elicited by challenge doses of 105.0, 103.0, or 10 mouse LD50 of virus in animals that originally had received a "high-dose" of virus. IgM and IgG classes of antibody were induced in all secondary responses and the log NI of each group of animals was elevated by about 1 during anamnesis.

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