scholarly journals Parents’ Decisions to Vaccinate Children against COVID-19: A Scoping Review

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1476
Author(s):  
Fengming Pan ◽  
Hongyu Zhao ◽  
Stephen Nicholas ◽  
Elizabeth Maitland ◽  
Rugang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Parent Attitudes ◽  
Policies And Measures ◽  
Vaccination Decision ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Child Vaccination ◽  
Median Rate ◽  
Country Specific

Since 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in sickness, hospitalizations, and deaths of the old and young and impacted global social and economy activities. Vaccination is one of the most important and efficient ways to protect against the COVID-19 virus. In a review of the literature on parents’ decisions to vaccinate their children, we found that widespread vaccination was hampered by vaccine hesitancy, especially for children who play an important role in the coronavirus transmission in both family and school. To analyze parent vaccination decision-making for children, our review of the literature on parent attitudes to vaccinating children, identified the objective and subjective influencing factors in their vaccination decision. We found that the median rate of parents vaccinating their children against COVID-19 was 59.3% (IQR 48.60~73.90%). The factors influencing parents’ attitudes towards child vaccination were heterogeneous, reflecting country-specific factors, but also displaying some similar trends across countries, such as the education level of parents. The leading reason in the child vaccination decision was to protect children, family and others; and the fear of side effects and safety was the most important reason in not vaccinating children. Our study informs government and health officials about appropriate vaccination policies and measures to improve the vaccination rate of children and makes specific recommendations on enhancing child vaccinate rates.

scholarly journals Promoting COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare personnel: a multifaceted intervention at a tertiary care center in Japan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Akane Takamatsu ◽  
Hitoshi Honda ◽  
Tomoya Kojima ◽  
Kengo Murata ◽  
Hilary Babcock
Keyword(s):  
Medical Center ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Multifaceted Intervention ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Tertiary Care Center ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Post Vaccination

Abstract Objective The COVID-19 vaccine may hold the key to ending the pandemic, but vaccine hesitancy is hindering the vaccination of healthcare personnel (HCP). Design Before-after trial Participants and setting Healthcare personnel at a 790-bed tertiary care center in Tokyo, Japan. Interventions A pre-vaccination questionnaire was administered to HCP to examine their perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine. Then, a multifaceted intervention involving (1) distribution of informational leaflets to all HCP, (2) hospital-wide announcements encouraging vaccination, (3) a mandatory lecture, (4) an educational session about the vaccine for pregnant or breastfeeding HCP, and (5) allergy testing for HCP at risk of allergic reactions to the vaccine was implemented. A post-vaccination survey was also performed. Results Of 1,575 HCP eligible for enrollment, 1,224 (77.7%) responded to the questionnaire, 43.5% (n =533) expressed willingness to be vaccinated, 48.4% (n = 593) were uncertain, and 8.0% (n=98) expressed unwillingness to be vaccinated. The latter two groups were concerned about the vaccine’s safety rather than its efficacy. Post-intervention, the overall vaccination rate reached 89.7% (1,413/1,575), with 88.9% (614/691) of the pre-vaccination survey respondents who answered “unwilling” or “unsure” eventually receiving a vaccination. In the post-vaccination questionnaire, factors contributing to increased COVID-19 vaccination included information and endorsement of vaccination at the medical center (26.4%; 274/1,037). Conclusions The present, multifaceted intervention increased COVID-19 vaccinations among HCP at a Japanese hospital. Frequent support and provision of information were crucial for increasing the vaccination rate and may be applicable to the general population as well.

scholarly journals 1172. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Hesitancy in Caregivers of Hospitalized Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S677-S677
Author(s):  
Marisa Orbea ◽  
Rachel Cunningham ◽  
C Mary Healy ◽  
Julie A Boom ◽  
Claire Bocchini
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
Parent Attitudes ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Childhood Vaccines ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy (VH) is hindering nationwide vaccination efforts; little is known about caregiver SARS-CoV-2 vaccine acceptance for children. We aimed to identify associations with SARS-CoV-2 VH in caregivers of hospitalized children. Methods We conducted a prospective cross-sectional survey in English and Spanish of caregiver COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and associated VH among hospitalized children 6 months - 18 years at a large pediatric medical institution. Parents were approached daily, averaging 4-5 days/week, from 12/8/2020--4/5/2021. VH was assessed using the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) survey; PACV score ≥50 denoted VH. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used. Responses were categorized. Results 295/307 (96%) of approached caregivers enrolled; 79% were ≥ 30 years, 68% were married/ living with a partner, and 57% had at least some college. 36% identified as white, 19% Black, and 46% Hispanic/ Latino. 53% of caregiver children had public insurance. 91% of caregivers self-reported their children were up to date with routine vaccines. 17% of caregivers were vaccine-hesitant overall. 50% of caregivers were willing to receive COVID-19 vaccine themselves. Figure 1 shows intention to vaccinate their child by PACV score. 65% knew someone who was hospitalized for COVID-19. 67% were scared of their child getting COVID-19. However, 49% were scared of their child getting the vaccine, 28% did not want to vaccinate their child and 27% were neutral in the intention to vaccinate their child. Caregivers who did not intend to vaccinate their child were more likely to be Black (27% vs. 16%, p=0.04) and less likely to be Hispanic/ Latino (33% vs. 49%, p=0.02). Table 1 shows attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine in caregivers who did or did not intend to vaccinate their child. Figure 1 COVID-19 vaccine uptake by PACV score Table 1 Caregiver attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and the COVID-19 vaccine Conclusion The majority of caregivers believe that SARS-CoV-2 vaccine will help control the pandemic, but less than half plan to vaccinate their children. A quarter of caregivers expressed uncertainty regarding the vaccine and therefore may be amenable to education and discussion. COVID-19 VH is different from VH towards routine vaccinations. More research is needed to address COVID-19 specific VH. Disclosures C. Mary Healy, MD, Dexcom (Shareholder)Intuitive (Shareholder)Quidel Corporation (Shareholder)Up to Date (Other Financial or Material Support, Honorarium)Vapotherm (Shareholder)

International Business Cycles: World, Region, and Country-Specific Factors

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 1216-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ayhan Kose ◽  
Christopher Otrok ◽  
Charles H Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
International Business Cycles ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
World Region ◽  
The World ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Country Specific

The paper investigates the common dynamic properties of business-cycle fluctuations across countries, regions, and the world. We employ a Bayesian dynamic latent factor model to estimate common components in macroeconomic aggregates (output, consumption, and investment) in a 60-country sample covering seven regions of the world. The results indicate that a common world factor is an important source of volatility for aggregates in most countries, providing evidence for a world business cycle. We find that region-specific factors play only a minor role in explaining fluctuations in economic activity. We also document similarities and differences across regions, countries, and aggregates.

scholarly journals Global, regional, and national estimates of target population sizes for covid-19 vaccination: descriptive study

BMJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. m4704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Qianhui Wu ◽  
Juan Yang ◽  
Kaige Dong ◽  
Xinghui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Country Specific

AbstractObjectiveTo provide global, regional, and national estimates of target population sizes for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) vaccination to inform country specific immunisation strategies on a global scale.DesignDescriptive study.Setting194 member states of the World Health Organization.PopulationTarget populations for covid-19 vaccination based on country specific characteristics and vaccine objectives (maintaining essential core societal services; reducing severe covid-19; reducing symptomatic infections and stopping virus transmission).Main outcome measureSize of target populations for covid-19 vaccination. Estimates use country specific data on population sizes stratified by occupation, age, risk factors for covid-19 severity, vaccine acceptance, and global vaccine production. These data were derived from a multipronged search of official websites, media sources, and academic journal articles.ResultsTarget population sizes for covid-19 vaccination vary markedly by vaccination goal and geographical region. Differences in demographic structure, presence of underlying conditions, and number of essential workers lead to highly variable estimates of target populations at regional and country levels. In particular, Europe has the highest share of essential workers (63.0 million, 8.9%) and people with underlying conditions (265.9 million, 37.4%); these two categories are essential in maintaining societal functions and reducing severe covid-19, respectively. In contrast, South East Asia has the highest share of healthy adults (777.5 million, 58.9%), a key target for reducing community transmission. Vaccine hesitancy will probably impact future covid-19 vaccination programmes; based on a literature review, 68.4% (95% confidence interval 64.2% to 72.6%) of the global population is willing to receive covid-19 vaccination. Therefore, the adult population willing to be vaccinated is estimated at 3.7 billion (95% confidence interval 3.2 to 4.1 billion).ConclusionsThe distribution of target groups at country and regional levels highlights the importance of designing an equitable and efficient plan for vaccine prioritisation and allocation. Each country should evaluate different strategies and allocation schemes based on local epidemiology, underlying population health, projections of available vaccine doses, and preference for vaccination strategies that favour direct or indirect benefits.

scholarly journals International Evidence on the Determinants of Domestic Sovereign Debt Bank Holdings

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 143-160
Author(s):  
Dimitris K. Chronopoulos ◽  
George Dotsis ◽  
Nikolaos T. Milonas
Keyword(s):  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Home Bias ◽  
Government Ownership ◽  
Government Bonds ◽  
Bank Ownership ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Quality Of Governance ◽  
Domestic Banks ◽  
Country Specific

Abstract In this paper, we examine the determinants of bank holdings of domestic sovereign debt with a panel dataset of 295 banks in 35 countries between 2002 and 2013. The findings indicate that the structure of bank ownership (domestic, foreign, or government ownership), the quality of governance, and the level of financial development of the countries in which banks operate all determine the level of home bias. Specifically, we find that domestic banks tend to hold more domestic sovereign debt relative to their foreign counterparts. We also provide evidence that home bias is even stronger when the domestic bank is controlled by its government. Moreover, home bias increases when government bonds are more risky, home governments are less effective, and when banking systems are less financially developed. Overall, we find that banks’ home bias in holding sovereign debt is an international phenomenon that is determined by both bank- and country-specific factors.

scholarly journals Common and country specific factors in the distribution of real wages

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 108582
Author(s):  
Eleni Chatzivgeri ◽  
Haroon Mumtaz ◽  
Daniela Tavasci ◽  
Luigi Ventimiglia
Keyword(s):  
Real Wages ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Country Specific

Country-specific determinants of FDI inflows to the MENA region

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dimitrova ◽  
Tim Rogmans ◽  
Dora Triki
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Fdi Determinants ◽  
Country Specific

Purpose This paper aims to synthesize, analyze and categorize the empirical literature on country-specific factors that affect foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Identifying gaps and methodological challenges in the reviewed articles, recommendations are made to guide future research. Design/methodology/approach Applying the systematic review methodology, content analysis is conducted of 42 relevant empirical studies that explore country-specific FDI determinants in the MENA region during the period 1998–2018. Findings This review study identifies four main research gaps in the extant literature: a lack of consensus on a common definition of the MENA region and a weak understanding of the specificities of its investment environment; a limited set of FDI theories used and a lack of other theoretical perspectives; a recurrent focus on the direct relationship between host country–specific determinants and FDI, thus ignoring the moderating and mediating effects of some variables; and the absence of certain country-specific factors pertaining to the MENA countries. Originality/value This study contributes to the international business field by enhancing our understanding of the FDI determinants in emerging and developing markets, especially the MENA countries. It develops a typology of FDI country-specific factors in the MENA region based on four main categories: macroeconomic and financial, institutional and regulatory, natural resource endowment and socio-cultural. Paths for future research are suggested.

Influence of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements on FDI: A Critical Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neyati Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Tax Treaties ◽  
Double Taxation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Country Specific

In the past few decades, the prime considerations for FDI like degree of openness are becoming more or less same for all economies. It is the policy factors like taxation which have now become significant for investment decisions. In this respect one of the major issues is double taxation. This paper attempts to cover various aspects in relation to double taxation including tax treaties, unilateral and bilateral relief and above all the benefits and cost associated with signing a tax treaty. The review of literature conducted in respect of developed, developing and OECD nations highlights few important aspects in the context of Double Taxation Avoidance Treaties: age of treaty, treaty renegotiation, influence of regional peers and the country specific factors like income. This paper also discusses the case of India-Mauritius tax treaty which has been a debatable issue for long.

Organizational Design and Firm Performance

2013 ◽  
pp. 372-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo G. Colombo ◽  
Marco Delmastro ◽  
Larissa Rabbiosi
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Organizational Design ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Critical Survey ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Quantitative Indicators ◽  
Country Specific ◽  
Open Issues

This chapter provides a critical survey of the stream of studies that have examined the effect of organizational design decisions on firm performance. The focus is on selected organizational design dimensions that can be measured using quantitative indicators, notably i) organizationalconfiguration, ii) allocation of decision-making authority, and iii) adoption offormal organizational practices. The aim is to highlight ‘stylized facts’ supported by robust quantitative empirical findings, and to link them to insights provided by theoretical work. Moreover, we consider firm-, industry-, and country-specific factors that moderate the organizational design-firm performance relation. In reviewing this emergent and still quite fragmented empirical literature, we also take the opportunity to present open issues, and to indicate avenues for future research.

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