scholarly journals In Vitro Susceptibility of Mastitis Pathogens Isolated from Clinical Mastitis Cases on Northern German Dairy Farms

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Bolte ◽  
Yanchao Zhang ◽  
Nicole Wente ◽  
Volker Krömker
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

The present research study investigated the susceptibility of common mastitis pathogens—obtained from clinical mastitis cases on 58 Northern German dairy farms—to routinely used antimicrobials. The broth microdilution method was used for detecting the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 51), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (n = 54), Streptococcus uberis (n = 50), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 85), non-aureus staphylococci (n = 88), Escherichia coli (n = 54) and Klebsiella species (n = 52). Streptococci and staphylococci were tested against cefquinome, cefoperazone, cephapirin, penicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefalexin/kanamycin. Besides cefquinome and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Gram-negative pathogens were examined for their susceptibility to marbofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. The examined S. dysgalactiae isolates exhibited the comparatively lowest MICs. S. uberis and S. agalactiae were inhibited at higher amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cephapirin concentration levels, whereas S. uberis isolates additionally exhibited elevated cefquinome MICs. Most Gram-positive mastitis pathogens were inhibited at higher cloxacillin than oxacillin concentrations. The MICs of Gram-negative pathogens were higher than previously reported, whereby 7.4%, 5.6% and 11.1% of E. coli isolates had MICs above the highest concentrations tested for cefquinome, marbofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, respectively. Individual isolates showed MICs at comparatively higher concentrations, leading to the hypothesis that a certain amount of mastitis pathogens on German dairy farms might be resistant to frequently used antimicrobials.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Subgingival Bacterial Flora in Dogs with Gingivitis

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 150-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Harvey ◽  
C. Thornsberry ◽  
B.R. Miller ◽  
F. S. Shofer
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms

The aerobic and anaerobic flora from gingival pockets of 49 dogs with severe gingivitis and periodontitis were cultured. The susceptibility of each isolate to four antimicrobial agents currently approved for veterinary use in the USA (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; clindamycin; cefadroxil; and enrofloxacin) was determined. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Clavamox® Pfizer Animal Health) had the highest in-vitro susceptibility against all isolates (96%), all aerobes (94%) and all anaerobes (100%) tested. For gram-negative aerobes, enrofloxacin (Baytril®, Bayer Corp.) had the highest in-vitro susceptibility activity. For bacteria associated with treatment of gingivitis, which typically are mixed aerobic/anaerobic and gram-positive/gram-negative organisms, the antimicrobial of choice for clinical use based on these susceptibility tests is amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.

Premilking Teat Disinfection for the Prevention of Environmental Pathogen Intramammary Infections

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 852-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. OLIVER ◽  
M. J. LEWIS ◽  
T. L. INGLE ◽  
B. E. GILLESPIE ◽  
K. R. MATTHEWS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Management Procedure ◽  
Major Pathogens ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

A natural exposure study was conducted for 14 months to evaluate efficacy of 0.25% iodine premilking teat disinfectant for the prevention of new intramammary infections. Predipping was compared with a negative control using a split-udder experimental design. All teats were dipped after milking with the same teat dip. Most new major pathogen intramammary infections resulted from Streptococcus species, primarily Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and from gram-negative bacteria, primarily Escherichia coli. New infections by gram-negative bacteria were significantly lower in quarters with teats predipped and postdipped than in quarters with teats postdipped only. Percentage of quarters newly infected by major mastitis pathogens was 48.6% lower in quarters with teats predipped and postdipped than in quarters with teats postdipped only. Statistical differences in incidence of clinical mastitis between treatment groups were not observed. Predipping and postdipping was no more effective against Staphylococcus species and Corynebacterium bovis than postdipping only. These data suggest that pre- and postdipping with the test product was more effective against major pathogens than postdipping only and provide additional evidence that premilking teat disinfection is an effective management procedure for prevention of environmental pathogen intramammary infections.

scholarly journals Achromobacter Xylosoxidans Bloodstream Infection in Elderly Patient with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Case Report and Review of Literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 124-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kausalya Raghuraman ◽  
Nishat H Ahmed ◽  
Frincy K Baruah ◽  
Rajesh K Grover
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Achromobacter Xylosoxidans ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

ABSTRACT Achromobacter xylosoxidans is a nonfermentative Gram-negative organism, known to cause opportunistic infection in humans. We report a case of septicemia in a 76-year-old male patient with underlying hepatocellular carcinoma due to A. xylosoxidans, which showed a different antimicrobial susceptibility pattern from what is usually reported. From aerobic blood culture of the patient, A. xylosoxidans was isolated which was found to be sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefoperazone-sulbactam, meropenem, minocycline, tigecycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The patient recovered with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment, which was given empirically to the patient. The present case highlights the possible role of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for treatment of bloodstream infection with A. xylosoxidans.

Evaluation of Chlorhexidine as a Premilking Teat Disinfectant for the Prevention of Intramammary Infections During Lactation

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 614-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. OLIVER ◽  
B. E. GILLESPIE ◽  
M. J. LEWIS ◽  
T. L. INGLE ◽  
H. H. DOWLEN
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

A study was conducted for 15 months to evaluate efficacy of a 0.35% chlorhexidine teat dip as a premilking teat disinfectant based on reduction of naturally occurring new intramammary infections. Predipping was compared with a negative control using a split-udder experimental design. All teats were dipped after milking with the same 0.35% chlorhexidine teat dip. Most new major pathogen intramammary infections were caused by Streptococcus species, primarily Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus equinus and gram-negative bacteria, primarily Escherichia coli. Percentage of quarters newly infected by major mastitis pathogens was 30.6% lower in mammary glands with teats predipped and postdipped in chlorhexidine than in mammary glands with teats postdipped only, and differences between treatment groups approached significance. New infections by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species were significantly lower in mammary glands with teats predipped and postdipped than in mammary glands with teats postdipped only. When all mastitis pathogens were combined, percentage of quarters newly infected by major and minor mastitis pathogens was significantly lower in the predipped and postdipped group than in the postdipped only group. No statistical differences in incidence of clinical mastitis between treatment groups were observed. No chapping or irritation of teats was observed and no adverse effects were detected using chlorhexidine as a premilking and postmilking teat disinfectant. Results of this study suggest that premilking teat disinfection with chlorhexidine in association with good udder preparation and postmilking teat disinfection can further reduce the occurrence of new intramammary infections during lactation.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Subgingival Bacterial Flora in Cats with Gingivitis

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Harvey ◽  
C. Thornsberry ◽  
B.R. Miller ◽  
F. S. Shofer
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

The aerobic and anaerobic flora from gingival pockets of 40 cats with established gingivitis were cultured. The susceptibility of each isolate to four antimicrobial agents currently approved for use in cats (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; clindamycin; cefadroxil; enrofloxacin) was determined. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Clavamox®) had the highest in-vitro susceptibility against all isolates (92%) and all anaerobes (99% [co-equal with clindamycin]) tested; enrofloxacin (Baytril®) had the highest in-vitro susceptibility against all aerobes (90%) tested.

scholarly journals β-Lactamase Production and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Oral Heterogeneous Fusobacterium nucleatum Populations in Young Children

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1270-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Könönen ◽  
A. Kanervo ◽  
K. Salminen ◽  
H. Jousimies-Somer
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Good Activity ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

ABSTRACT Oral Fusobacterium nucleatum populations from 20 young, healthy children were examined for β-lactamase production. Ten children (50%) harbored, altogether, 25 β-lactamase-positiveF. nucleatum isolates that were identified as F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum, F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, and F. nucleatum subsp. vincentii (J. L. Dzink, M. T. Sheenan, and S. S. Socransky, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:74–78, 1990). In vitro susceptibility of these β-lactamase-producing and 26 non-β-lactamase-producing F. nucleatum isolates was tested with penicillin G, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, tetracycline hydrochloride, metronidazole, trovafloxacin, and azithromycin. Except for penicillin G, the antimicrobials exhibited good activity against all F. nucleatum isolates.

scholarly journals Specific staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types and clonal complexes are associated with low-level amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefalotin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-511
Author(s):  
Alice Wegener ◽  
Peter Damborg ◽  
Luca Guardabassi ◽  
Arshnee Moodley ◽  
Lapo Mughini-Gras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Oxacillin Resistance ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Sccmec Types ◽  
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

Abstract Background Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a common pathogen in dogs and methicillin resistance has emerged over recent decades. According to the current guidelines, S. pseudintermedius displaying oxacillin resistance should be reported as resistant to all β-lactams. Objectives To identify possible associations between β-lactam resistance levels and clonal complexes (CCs) and/or staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types in methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP). Methods MICs of oxacillin, penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefalotin were determined by broth microdilution for 86 clinical canine MRSP isolates from Denmark and the Netherlands. PCR and sequencing were used for SCCmec typing and MLST. Results Isolates belonged to CC71 (n = 36), CC258 (n = 33), CC45 (n = 11), CC68 (n = 1) and five singleton STs. SCCmecII-III was exclusively found in CC71 and SCCmecIV was significantly associated with CC258. SCCmecV and non-typeable SCCmec types occurred in 4 and 14 isolates, respectively. SCCmecIV was associated with lower MICs of oxacillin (<2 mg/L), ampicillin (<8 mg/L) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (<4 mg/L) and with susceptibility to cefalotin (<4 mg/L). All isolates harbouring SCCmecV were susceptible to cefalotin as well. Conclusions SCCmec types were associated with different CCs and with either high- or low-level resistance to different β-lactams. The finding of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20%) and cefalotin (70%) in vitro susceptibility across all CCs might have clinical implications, since amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and first-generation cephalosporins are first-choice antibiotics for treatment of S. pseudintermedius infections. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and clinical outcome studies are warranted to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of these β-lactams for treatment of MRSP infections.

scholarly journals Breast Abscesses Caused by Anaerobic Microorganisms: Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Cobo ◽  
Vicente Guillot ◽  
José María Navarro-Marí
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Resistance Rates

The objectives of this study were to report the antimicrobial susceptibility of 35 clinically significant anaerobic bacteria isolated from breast abscesses between March 2017 and February 2020 in a tertiary hospital in Granada (Spain) and to describe key clinical features of the patients. Species identification was performed mainly by MALDI-TOF MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out against benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, imipenem, moxifloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, and piperacillin–tazobactam using the gradient diffusion technique and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing EUCAST breakpoints (except for moxifloxacin). The most frequent anaerobes were Finegoldia magna (31.4%; n = 11), Actinomyces spp. (17.1%; n = 6), Propionibacterium spp. (17.1%; n = 6), and Prevotella spp. (14.2%; n = 5). Imipenem, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, and piperacillin–tazobactam were universally active against all genera tested. High overall resistance rates to clindamycin were observed, especially for Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (56.2%) and Gram-positive anaerobic bacilli (38.4%). High resistance rates to metronidazole were also observed for Gram-positive (76.9%) and Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli (50%). High resistance rates to moxifloxacin were found for Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli (50%) and Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (31.2%). No breast abscess cases of Bacteroides spp. were detected. Routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing for anaerobes in breast abscesses may contribute to allow empirical therapies to be selected in accordance with local data on resistant strains.

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