Evaluation of Chlorhexidine as a Premilking Teat Disinfectant for the Prevention of Intramammary Infections During Lactation

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 614-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. OLIVER ◽  
B. E. GILLESPIE ◽  
M. J. LEWIS ◽  
T. L. INGLE ◽  
H. H. DOWLEN
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

A study was conducted for 15 months to evaluate efficacy of a 0.35% chlorhexidine teat dip as a premilking teat disinfectant based on reduction of naturally occurring new intramammary infections. Predipping was compared with a negative control using a split-udder experimental design. All teats were dipped after milking with the same 0.35% chlorhexidine teat dip. Most new major pathogen intramammary infections were caused by Streptococcus species, primarily Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus equinus and gram-negative bacteria, primarily Escherichia coli. Percentage of quarters newly infected by major mastitis pathogens was 30.6% lower in mammary glands with teats predipped and postdipped in chlorhexidine than in mammary glands with teats postdipped only, and differences between treatment groups approached significance. New infections by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species were significantly lower in mammary glands with teats predipped and postdipped than in mammary glands with teats postdipped only. When all mastitis pathogens were combined, percentage of quarters newly infected by major and minor mastitis pathogens was significantly lower in the predipped and postdipped group than in the postdipped only group. No statistical differences in incidence of clinical mastitis between treatment groups were observed. No chapping or irritation of teats was observed and no adverse effects were detected using chlorhexidine as a premilking and postmilking teat disinfectant. Results of this study suggest that premilking teat disinfection with chlorhexidine in association with good udder preparation and postmilking teat disinfection can further reduce the occurrence of new intramammary infections during lactation.

Evaluation of a Postmilking Teat Disinfectant Containing a Phenolic Combination for the Prevention of Mastitis in Lactating Dairy Cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 1354-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. OLIVER ◽  
M. J. LEWIS ◽  
B. E. GILLESPIE ◽  
S. J. IVEY ◽  
L. H. COLEMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

A trial was conducted for 12 months in a herd of 120 Holstein cows in order to determine the efficacy of a teat disinfectant, which contained a phenolic combination, for the prevention of bovine intramammary infections during lactation. Postmilking teat disinfection was compared to a negative control using a split-udder experimental design. The percentage of quarters newly infected by mastitis pathogens was 45% lower in mammary glands with teats that had been dipped in the experimental teat disinfectant after milking than it was in undipped controls. New infections caused by Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, and Corynebacterium bovis were significantly lower in mammary glands with teats that had been dipped in the experimental teat disinfectant than in undipped controls. No statistical differences in the incidence of clinical mastitis between treatment groups were observed. No irritation or chapping of teats dipped in the experimental teat disinfectant were observed. The results of this study suggest that the experimental teat disinfectant containing a phenolic combination is an effective postmilking teat disinfectant for use in the prevention of new intramammary infections by both contagious and environmental mastitis pathogens.

Premilking Teat Disinfection for the Prevention of Environmental Pathogen Intramammary Infections

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 852-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. OLIVER ◽  
M. J. LEWIS ◽  
T. L. INGLE ◽  
B. E. GILLESPIE ◽  
K. R. MATTHEWS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Management Procedure ◽  
Major Pathogens ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

A natural exposure study was conducted for 14 months to evaluate efficacy of 0.25% iodine premilking teat disinfectant for the prevention of new intramammary infections. Predipping was compared with a negative control using a split-udder experimental design. All teats were dipped after milking with the same teat dip. Most new major pathogen intramammary infections resulted from Streptococcus species, primarily Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and from gram-negative bacteria, primarily Escherichia coli. New infections by gram-negative bacteria were significantly lower in quarters with teats predipped and postdipped than in quarters with teats postdipped only. Percentage of quarters newly infected by major mastitis pathogens was 48.6% lower in quarters with teats predipped and postdipped than in quarters with teats postdipped only. Statistical differences in incidence of clinical mastitis between treatment groups were not observed. Predipping and postdipping was no more effective against Staphylococcus species and Corynebacterium bovis than postdipping only. These data suggest that pre- and postdipping with the test product was more effective against major pathogens than postdipping only and provide additional evidence that premilking teat disinfection is an effective management procedure for prevention of environmental pathogen intramammary infections.

Intramammary infections in heifers during early lactation following intramammary infusion of pirlimycin hydrochloride or penicillin-novobiocin at the first milking after parturition

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P Oliver ◽  
Susan I Headrick ◽  
Barbara E Gillespie ◽  
Mark J Lewis ◽  
David L Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis

A study was conducted to determine whether intramammary antibiotic treatment of heifer mammary glands following the first milking after calving was effective for reducing the percentage of mammary quarters infected during early lactation. Jersey and Holstein heifers from two research herds were assigned to one of three treatment groups: (1) no intramammary infusion following the first milking after parturition, (2) intramammary infusion of all quarters with pirlimycin hydrochloride following the first milking after parturition and (3) intramammary infusion of all quarters with novobiocin sodium plus penicillin G procaine following the first milking after parturition. Almost 93% of Jersey heifers (40/43) and 73·1% of quarters (125/171) were infected at the first milking. Almost 77% of quarters (33/43) were cured following treatment with pirlimycin, 61·8% (21/34) were cured following treatment with penicillin-novobiocin and 39·6% (19/48) of infections were eliminated spontaneously in the untreated control group. Significantly fewer infections were observed in pirlimycin or penicillin-novobiocin treated mammary glands of Jersey heifers during early lactation than in untreated control mammary glands. Almost 89% of Holstein heifers (32/36) and 52·8% of quarters (76/144) were infected at the first milking. About 57% (12/21) of quarters were cured following treatment with pirlimycin, 41·4% (12/29) were cured following treatment with penicillin-novobiocin and 23·1% (6/26) of infections were eliminated spontaneously in the untreated negative control group. Significantly fewer infections were observed in pirlimycin treated mammary glands of Holstein heifers during early lactation than in untreated control mammary glands. However, no significant differences were observed following penicillin-novobiocin treatment of Holstein heifers after the first milking of lactation compared with untreated control quarters. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp dysgalactiae were isolated most frequently in heifers from both herds.

Efficacy of a Low Concentration Iodine Postmilking Teat Disinfectant Against Contagious and Environmental Mastitis Pathogens in Two Dairy Herds

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 737-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. OLIVER ◽  
M. J. LEWIS ◽  
S. H. KING ◽  
B. E. GILLESPIE ◽  
T. INGLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Natural Exposure ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Environmental Pathogens ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

Two natural exposure herd studies were conducted at separate geographic locations to evaluate efficacy of a postmilking teat disinfectant that contained 0.25% available iodine. One study was conducted for 11 months in a commercial dairy with a high prevalence of contagious mastitis pathogens. Postdipping was compared with a negative control using a split-herd experimental design. The other study was conducted for 12 months in a research herd with a high prevalence of environmental mastitis pathogens. Postdipping was compared with a negative control using a split-udder experimental design. New intramammary infections by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae were reduced significantly in quarters with teats dipped in iodine compared to undipped teats in the herd with a high prevalence of contagious mastitis pathogens. However, the experimental teat dip was not effective against environmental pathogens in either herd. New infections by minor mastitis pathogens (coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species and Corynebacterium bovis) were significantly lower in quarters of dipped teats compared to undipped teats in both herds. No irritation or chapping of teats was detected and no adverse effects were observed. These data suggest that the low concentration iodine teat dip is effective against contagious pathogens and minor mastitis pathogens, but ineffective against environmental mastitis pathogens.

scholarly journals Development of an improved Streptococcus uberis experimental mastitis challenge model using different doses and strains in lactating dairy cows

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manouchehr Khazandi ◽  
Patricia Eats ◽  
Darren Trott ◽  
Esmaeil Ebrahimie ◽  
Jeanette Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Reliable Model ◽  
High Doses

Developing a reliable mastitis challenge infection model is required to test new intramammary antimicrobial preparations, other novel bovine mastitis treatments, and study mastitis pathogenesis. Three treatment groups of Holstein Friesian cows in active lactation were administered two doses (104 and 106 cfu/quarter) on a single occasion with one of the three Streptococcus uberis strains (BFR6019, MFF1283 and SA002) suspended in 5 ml of sterile PBS, administered via intramammary inoculation immediately after milking. All quarters that were challenged with S. uberis strains MLF1283 and BFR6019 showed clinical signs of mastitis on day 1 and 2 after the challenge. Strain SA002 had a lower rate of inducing clinical mastitis which was detected later than day 3 after the challenge. We successfully developed a rapid and reliable model for inducing experimental S. uberis mastitis with 100% success rate in cows in active lactation. On the basis of the correlation results between strains, RAPD fingerprinting results, clinical findings, and a 100% success rate of mastitis induction for low and high doses S. uberis strains MLF1283 and BFR6019, strain virulence seems to be a more important effect than challenge dose in induction of clinical mastitis following experimental challenge.

The neutrophil function and lymphocyte profile of milk from bovine mammary glands infected with Streptococcus dysgalactiae

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiara G Blagitz ◽  
Fernando N Souza ◽  
Camila F Batista ◽  
Luis Fernando F Azevedo ◽  
Nilson Roberti Benites ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Neutrophil Function ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Streptococcus Dysgalactiae ◽  
T Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Culture Negative

Streptococcus dysgalactiaeis a bacterium that accounts for a notable proportion of both clinical and subclinical intramammary infections (IMIs). Thus, the present study explores the function of milk neutrophils and the lymphocyte profile in mammary glands naturally infected withStreptococcus dysgalactiae. Here, we used 32 culture-negative control quarters from eight clinically healthy dairy cows with low somatic cell counts and 13S. dysgalactiae-infected quarters from six dairy cows. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the percentage of milk monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils, expression of CD62L, CD11b and CD44 by milk neutrophils, the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phagocytosis ofStaphylococcus aureusby milk neutrophils, and neutrophil viability. Furthermore, the percentages of B cell (CD21+) and T lymphocyte subsets (CD3+/CD4+/CD8−; CD3+/CD8+/CD4−; and CD3+/CD8−/CD4−), and the expression of CD25 by T milk lymphocytes (CD3+) and T CD4+milk cells were also assessed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. The present study showed a higher SCC and percentage of milk neutrophils, and a decrease in the percentage of milk monocytes/macrophages fromS. dysgalactiae-infected quarters when compared to uninfected ones. We also observed a higher expression of CD11b by milk neutrophils and a tendency toward a decrease in neutrophil apoptosis rate inS. dysgalactiae-infected quarters. In addition, theS. dysgalactiae-infected quarters had higher percentages of milk T cells (CD3+) and their subset CD3+CD8+CD4−cells. Overall, the present study provided new insights intoS. dysgalactiaeIMIs, including distinct lymphocyte profiles, and a tendency toward an inhibition of apoptosis in milk neutrophils.

Effect of localised antibiotic infusions applied to the teat-canal and teat sinus at drying-off on mastitis in the dry-period and at calving

2001 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
MURRAY W. WOOLFORD ◽  
JOHN H. WILLIAMSON ◽  
TONY M. DAY ◽  
S. JANE LACY-HULBERT ◽  
HAROLD V. HENDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Intramammary Infection ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Antibiotic Control ◽  
Teat Canal

An experiment using three New Zealand herds and a total of 632 cows, examined the effect of localised prophylactic treatments with antibiotic at drying-off on the incidence of new intramammary infection during the dry period and at calving. Antibiotic was infused either into the teat canal (0·22 g of dry-cow formulation) or the teat sinus (3·1 g of lactating-cow formulation) of uninfected quarters to eliminate any bacteria present in these locations at the last milking of lactation. These treatments were compared with a negative control (nil treatment) and a positive antibiotic control (infusion of 3·6 g of dry-cow formulation). All antibiotic formulations used the same active ingredient, sodium cloxacillin. No significant reduction in new dry period clinical mastitis was observed for the two localised treatments whereas the positive control treatment achieved 100% reduction in new clinical mastitis compared with untreated control quarters. A 41% reduction (P<0·05) in new Streptococcus uberis infections at calving was associated with the teat canal antibiotic treatment, compared with an 82% reduction (P<0·001) for the positive antibiotic control. Both localised treatments showed a reduced incidence of new intramammary infection (P<0·001) when pooled across periods and pathogens. Teats receiving either the teat canal antibiotic treatment or a full infusion of long acting dry-cow antibiotic had a lower incidence of open teat canals (P<0·05) at 3 weeks after drying-off.

scholarly journals In Vitro Susceptibility of Mastitis Pathogens Isolated from Clinical Mastitis Cases on Northern German Dairy Farms

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Bolte ◽  
Yanchao Zhang ◽  
Nicole Wente ◽  
Volker Krömker
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

The present research study investigated the susceptibility of common mastitis pathogens—obtained from clinical mastitis cases on 58 Northern German dairy farms—to routinely used antimicrobials. The broth microdilution method was used for detecting the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 51), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (n = 54), Streptococcus uberis (n = 50), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 85), non-aureus staphylococci (n = 88), Escherichia coli (n = 54) and Klebsiella species (n = 52). Streptococci and staphylococci were tested against cefquinome, cefoperazone, cephapirin, penicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefalexin/kanamycin. Besides cefquinome and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Gram-negative pathogens were examined for their susceptibility to marbofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. The examined S. dysgalactiae isolates exhibited the comparatively lowest MICs. S. uberis and S. agalactiae were inhibited at higher amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cephapirin concentration levels, whereas S. uberis isolates additionally exhibited elevated cefquinome MICs. Most Gram-positive mastitis pathogens were inhibited at higher cloxacillin than oxacillin concentrations. The MICs of Gram-negative pathogens were higher than previously reported, whereby 7.4%, 5.6% and 11.1% of E. coli isolates had MICs above the highest concentrations tested for cefquinome, marbofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, respectively. Individual isolates showed MICs at comparatively higher concentrations, leading to the hypothesis that a certain amount of mastitis pathogens on German dairy farms might be resistant to frequently used antimicrobials.

Efficacy of standard vs. extended intramammary cefquinome treatment of clinical mastitis in cows with persistent high somatic cell counts

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jantijn M Swinkels ◽  
Volker Krömker ◽  
Theo JGM Lam
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Extended Duration ◽  
Efficacy Criteria

Extended duration of clinical mastitis (CM) treatment has been advocated, although results showing its higher efficacy compared with standard treatment are difficult to compare and seem conflicting. In a non-blinded, positively controlled clinical trial with systematic allocation, the efficacy of a standard, 1·5-d cefquinome treatment (ST), and an extended, 5-d intramammary cefquinome treatment (ET) were evaluated. The latter is frequently performed in cows with persistent high somatic cell count (SCC), expecting a better cure. Therefore, cows with CM immediately preceded by at least two consecutive monthly elevated SCC >200 000 cells/ml, were studied. The primary efficacy criteria were bacteriological cure (BC) and clinical cure (CC), while SCC cure was considered a secondary criterion of cure. Least square means of overall BC were not different after ET (79%, n=206) compared with ST (72%, n=203). ET, as compared with ST, improved BC of CM when caused by streptococci, specifically Streptococcus uberis. At day 1·5, only 13% of quarters showed CC, increasing significantly towards 60% at day 5, and 99% at day 14 and at day 21. No significant difference in CC was present between treatment groups. Overall SCC cure was low (22%) and not significantly different between treatment groups, but significantly higher for cases due to enterobacteriacae compared with staphylococci. In conclusion, ET with cefquinome of CM in cows with a persistent high SCC seems to be only indicated when caused by streptococci, mainly Str. uberis but shows no advantage when no information on bacteriological causes of mastitis is available. In our data, absence of CC directly after ST was not related to eventual BC.

Changes in electrical conductivity and somatic cell count between milk fractions from quarters subclinically infected with particular mastitis pathogens

1998 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
MURRAY W. WOOLFORD ◽  
JOHN H. WILLIAMSON ◽  
HAROLD V. HENDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Main Flow ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

Cows with subclinical intramammary infections were identified by milk bacteriology. The mastitis pathogens included Staphylococcus aureus (n=9), Streptococcus uberis (n=10) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (n=10). Samples of first fore milk, main flow milk and strippings milk fractions were collected from each quarter and laboratory measurements were made of electrical conductivity, milk fat concentration and somatic cell count. Conductivity measurements were corrected for milk fat concentration and within-cow inter-quarter conductivity ratios calculated. Repeatability estimates of all measurements between days were calculated. In the case of infected quarters, all conductivity values decreased markedly (P<0·05) from first fore milk to main flow milk fractions. Conductivity differences between quarters of infected cows were substantially lower during the main milk flow phase. For quarters infected with Staph. aureus an increase in conductivity was observed (P<0·05) from main flow to strippings fractions. For uninfected quarters, conductivity declined as milk fat concentration increased with successive milk fractions. Variation, both within and between milk fractions, was greater for somatic cell count than for conductivity. Differences in conductivity between milk fractions from individual infected quarters were not accounted for by changes in fat concentration and may result from the mixing of milk from infected and uninfected regions of the gland. Localized infection may produce a decrease in conductivity between fore milk and mid-flow fractions while differential drainage from an infection site in the secretory tissue may additionally produce an increase in conductivity from mid-flow to strippings fractions. Such changes may thus provide information on the location and magnitude of an infection. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the milk fraction when using conductivity as a diagnostic of intramammary infection, the highest diagnostic sensitivity being achieved by using first fore milk samples.

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