scholarly journals Investigation of the Current Situation and Prospects for the Development of Rainwater Harvesting as a Tool to Confront Water Scarcity Worldwide

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavros Yannopoulos ◽  
Ioanna Giannopoulou ◽  
Mina Kaiafa-Saropoulou
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Frequency Peak ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
Social Causes

Nowadays, available water resources face severe pressures due to demographic, economic, social causes, environmental degradation, climate change, and technological changes on a global scale. It is well known that rainwater harvesting, a simple and old method, has the potential to supplement surface and groundwater resources in areas that have inadequate water supply. In recent decades, many countries have supported the updated implementation of such a practice to confront the water demand increase and to reduce the frequency, peak, and volume of urban runoff. These considerations motivate interest in examining the current situation and the prospect of further development of this method worldwide. The present paper aims at the investigation of the current situation of rainwater harvesting (RWH) as an alternative water source to confront water scarcity in various countries around the world. In particular, the paper presents the following: (a) the causes of water shortage; (b) a concise historical overview of the temporal development of the RWH method; (c) the evolution of the concept of RWH; (d) the efforts to renew interest in RWH; and (e) incentives and perspectives for the spreading of the RWH method in various countries worldwide.

Estimation of Spatial Groundwater Recharge Using WetSpass Model for East Wasit Province, Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-33
Author(s):  
Hassan Al-Badry ◽  
Mohammed S. Shamkhi
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Wetspass Model ◽  
Alternative Water

AbstractGroundwater is an important water source, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Recharge is critical to managing and analyzing groundwater resources despite estimation difficulty due to temporal and spatial change. The study aim is to estimate annual groundwater recharge for the eastern Wasit Province part, Iraq. Where suffers from a surface water shortage due to the region's high elevation above Tigris River water elevation by about 60 m, it is necessary to search for alternative water sources, such as groundwater use. The spatially distributed WetSpass model was used to estimate the annual recharge. The inputs for the model were prepared using the ARC-GIS program, which includes the topography and slope grid, soil texture grid, land use, groundwater level grid, and meteorological data grids for the study area for the period (2014-2019). The result shows that the annual recharge calculated using the WetSpass model (2014-2019) varied of 0 to 65.176 mm/year at an average of 27.117 mm/year, about 10.8%, while the rate of the surface runoff was 5.2% and Evapotranspiration formed 83.33% of the annual rainfall rate of 251.192 mm. The simulation results reveal that the WetSpass model simulates the components of the hydrological water budget correctly. For managing and planning available water resources, a best grasp of the simulation of long-range average geographical distribution around the water balance components is beneficial.

scholarly journals Estimation of Spatial Groundwater Recharge Using WetSpass Model For east Wasit province ,Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Jameel AL-Badry ◽  
Mohammed S. Shamkhi
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Tigris River ◽  
Wetspass Model ◽  
Alternative Water

Groundwater is an important water source, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Recharge is critical to managing and analyzing groundwater resources despite estimation difficulty due to temporal and spatial change. the study aim is to estimate annual groundwater recharge for the eastern Wasit Province, Iraq. Where suffers from a surface water shortage due to the region's high elevation above Tigris River water elevation by about 60 m. It is necessary to search for alternative water sources, such as groundwater use, especially with the increased demand for water in light of the growth of oil extraction in the region, where oil extraction requires a quantity of water three times the amount of oil extracted. The result shows the annual recharge calculated using the WetSpass model for the period (2014-2019) ranged from 0 to 65.176  mm/year at a rate of 27.117 mm/year and a standard deviation of 21.498. The simulation results reveal that the WetSpass model simulates the components of the hydrological water budget correctly. For managing and planning available water resources, a better grasp of the simulation of long-term average geographical distribution around the components of the water balance is beneficial.

PERENCANAAN PEMANFAATAN SISTEM PEMANENAN AIR HUJAN (PAH) DALAM MENDUKUNG PENERAPAN ECODRAIN DI KAMPUS B UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Fauziah Ismahyanti ◽  
Rosmawita Saleh ◽  
Arris Maulana
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Water Balance Method ◽  
Rainwater Runoff ◽  
Alternative Water

This research is done to plan rainwater harvesting so that it can be used as an alternative water source on the campus B UNJ so it is expected to reduce groundwater use that can cause a puddle. The method used in the PAH development plan is a water balance method. This method compares the level of demand with water volume that can be accommodated or the availability of water (supply). Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the potential for rainwater in the FIO office building A was 1773.95 m3 , FMIPA building B was 1904.62 m3 , the FIO lecture building C was 1613.21 m3 and the Ulul Albab mosque was 512.16 m3 . Potential rainwater obtained cistern PAH capacity of 200 m3 by saving water needs by 30% in building A FIO, building B FMIPA, and building C FIO. The capacity of the PAH cistern is 80 m3 by saving the water needs of the Ulul Albab mosque by 13.3%. Placement of the PAH cistern under the ground with a ground water system. Ecodrainage application by utilizing the PAH system can reduce drainage load by 0.158 m3 /second or 13.9% from rainwater runoff.

Rainwater harvesting solar pasteurization treatment systems for the provision of an alternative water source in peri-urban informal settlements

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Reyneke ◽  
Thomas Eugene Cloete ◽  
Sehaam Khan ◽  
Wesaal Khan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Urban Informal Settlements ◽  
Alternative Water

Solar pasteurization systems are able to reduce microbial contamination in rainwater to within drinking water guidelines and thereby provide households in informal settlements and rural areas with an alternative water source.

Corn starch-based treatment improves rainwater quality

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1326-1333
Author(s):  
Liane Yuri Kondo Nakada ◽  
Rodrigo Braga Moruzzi
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Direct Filtration ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
End Use ◽  
Apparent Colour ◽  
Rainwater Quality

Rainwater harvesting can provide an alternative water source, which may demand little treatment, depending on the end use. Some starches have been used in water treatment as coagulant/flocculant/filtration aid, and might be applied as primary coagulant. Here, we show direct filtration with hydraulic rapid mixing, using 2–6 mg L−1 cationic corn starch as primary coagulant, considerably improves roof-harvested rainwater quality, achieving removal efficiencies of up to 71.7% of apparent colour, 78% of turbidity, 1.1 log-unit of total coliform, and 1.6 log-unit of Escherichia coli, meeting guidelines for turbidity, even for potable purposes. Cationic corn starch has proved to be a suitable primary coagulant when filtration is performed in a single-layer sand filter (coefficient of uniformity: 1.8, effective particle size: 0.52 mm), at hydraulic loading rate of 450 m day−1. However, a disinfection unit is required to meet an absence of faecal coliform.

Quality of rainwater harvesting in urban systems: case study in Colombia

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Morales-Pinzón ◽  
M. I. García-Serna ◽  
M. T. Flórez-Calderón
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Roofing Material ◽  
Fibre Cement ◽  
Alternative Water

An analysis of the utilisation and quality of rainwater in different collection systems located in the Pereira–Dosquebradas (Colombia) conurbation was conducted to evaluate the conditions in these systems and thus determine whether rainwater is safe water for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes. The quality of rainwater and its relation to selected variables (roofing material, material deposits, piping material and amount of precipitation) were evaluated. Six buildings with different types of roofing (zinc, polycarbonate or fibre cement) that have installed systems to capture rainwater were selected for the evaluation. According to the results, the sampled water is suitable for different uses. In cities, rainwater can be adapted and eventually used as an alternative water source, thereby reducing dependence on local and external sources.

scholarly journals Model of Rainwater Harvesting System

2020 ◽  
pp. 253-268
Author(s):  
Prof. Akash N Ka Patel ◽  
Pavar P. Nandsingh ◽  
Pavar V. Satpalsingh ◽  
Purvesh Raval
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Water Source ◽  
World Population ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
The World ◽  
Surface And Groundwater

As the world population increases, the demand increases for good quality of drinking water. Surface and groundwater resources are being consumed faster than they can be recharged. Rainwater harvesting is an old practice that is being adopted by many nations as a viable decentralized water source. This project is to prepare a model for rainwater harvesting from rooftops and we are designing Rainwater harvesting system in a residential building to use the rooftop rainwater and recharge ground water from excess water & concrete roads of residential houses then making demo model to show different collaborative techniques.

Rainwater Harvesting System as an Alternative Water Source for Domestic and Outdoor Uses

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil-Shik Kim ◽  
Kyung H Yoo ◽  
Ermson Nyakatawa ◽  
Nam Ho Lee ◽  
Puneet Srivastava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Alternative Water

Design and technical evaluation of improved rainwater harvesting system on a university building in Ethiopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1220-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatek Temesgen ◽  
Mooyoung Han ◽  
Hyunju Park ◽  
Tschung-il Kim
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Particle Separation ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Separation Theory ◽  
Demonstration Site ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Technical Evaluation ◽  
Alternative Water

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has been practiced in Ethiopia since ancient times, but it has shown little development, because of inefficient techniques. Most efforts to capture rainwater did not show significant results owing to poor design and implementation resulted from slow technical development. This paper details design improvements tested on a demonstration site as well as an analysis of operational parameters. Similar, rainwater quality improvement techniques applied for the system are also discussed. Various scenarios were studied relating design and operating parameters for replicability and decision-making before construction stage. Common components of existing RWH systems in Ethiopia are discussed and contrasted with the implemented demonstration RWH system. Moreover, particle separation theory and techniques are introduced as quality improvement techniques. Results of the analysis also suggest a possibility of satisfying building demand by utilizing the installed system and it also shows the potential of RWH in Ethiopia as an alternative water source.

scholarly journals Water Taxation and Subsidy Analysis Based on Consumer Water Use Behavior and Water Sources Inside the Kathmandu Valley

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajit Ojha ◽  
Bhesh Thapa ◽  
Sadhana Shrestha ◽  
Junko Shindo ◽  
Hiroshi Ishidaira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Water Price ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
Groundwater Exploitation

Groundwater is a major alternative water source used to cover the deficit of water supplied by Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL), the authority responsible for water supply inside Kathmandu Valley. The groundwater price relative to that of KUKL affects priority of usage, and hence, groundwater resources sustainability. Therefore, taxation or subsidies on water sources become necessary based on their implication on environment. In this study, we evaluate volumetric water price, including initial investment, operation and maintenance (O&M) cost for different water sources, and compare it with the water price of KUKL, Kathmandu. The results show that shallow groundwater is cheaper than KUKL’s water. For groundwater sustainability, taxation on shallow groundwater seems necessary. For the recent water use of 97 LPCD (liters per capita per day) the taxation requirement is Nepalese Rupee (NRs.) 320/month (0.35% of total expenditure) if the initial investment for well construction and O&M cost are considered, and NRs. 626 (0.7% of total expenditure) if only O&M cost is considered. On the other hand, rainwater harvesting and recharging, the measures to cope with groundwater exploitation, might need 40% to 50% subsidy for their initial investment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document