scholarly journals Linking Climate, Basin Morphology and Vegetation Characteristics to Fu’s Parameter in Data Poor Conditions

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Ruggiu ◽  
Francesco Viola
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Water Partitioning

The prediction of long term water balance components is not a trivial issue, even when empirical Budyko’s type approaches are used, because parameter estimation is often hampered by missing or poor hydrological data. In order to overcome this issue, we provided regression equations that link climate, morphological, and vegetation parameters to Fu’s parameter. Climate is here defined as a specific seasonal pattern of potential evapotranspiration and rain: five climatic scenarios have been considered to mimic different conditions worldwide. A weather generator has been used to create stochastic time series for the related climatic scenario, which in turn has been used as an input to a conceptual hydrological model to obtain long-term water balance components with low computational effort, while preserving fundamental process descriptions. The morphology and vegetation’s role in determining water partitioning process has been epitomized in four parameters of the conceptual model. Numerical simulations explored a large set of basins in the five climates. Results show that climate superimposes partitioning rules for a given basin; morphological and vegetation watershed properties, as conceptualized by model parameters, determine the Fu’s parameter within a given climate. A sensitive analysis confirmed that vegetation has the most influencing role in determining water partitioning rules, followed by soil permeability. Finally, linear regressions relating basin characteristics to Fu’s parameter have been obtained in the five climates and tested in a basin for each case, obtaining encouraging results. The small amount of data required and the very low computational effort of the method make this approach ideal for practitioners and hydrologists involved in annual runoff assessment.

scholarly journals Trends and variability of water balance components over a tropical savanna and Eucalyptus forest in Australia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinhong Kang ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Warrick Dawes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Eucalyptus Forest ◽  
The Waves

Abstract In this paper, the long-term dynamics of water balance components in two different contrasting ecosystems in Australia were simulated with an ecohydrological model (WAter Vegetation Energy and Solute modelling (WAVES)) over the period 1950–2015. The selected two ecosystems are woodland savanna in Daly River and Eucalyptus forest in Tumbarumba. The WAVES model was first manually calibrated and validated against soil water content measured by cosmic-ray probe and evapotranspiration measured with eddy flux techniques. The calibrated model was then used to simulate long-term water balance components with observed climate data at two sites. Analyzing the trends and variabilities of potential evapotranspiration and precipitation is used to interpret the climate change impacts on ecosystem water balance. The results showed that the WAVES model can accurately simulate soil water content and evapotranspiration at two study sites. Over the period of 1950–2015, annual evapotranspiration at both sites showed decreasing trends (−1.988 mm year−1 in Daly and −0.381 mm year−1 in Tumbarumba), whereas annual runoff in Daly increased significantly (5.870 mm year−1) and decreased in Tumbarumba (–0.886 mm year−1). It can be concluded that the annual runoff trends are consistent with the rainfall trends, whereas trends in annual evapotranspiration are influenced by both rainfall and potential evapotranspiration. The results can provide evidence for controlling the impacting factors for different ecosystems under climate change.

scholarly journals Estimation of Monthly River Discharge from Danish Catchments

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk-I. Müller-Wohlfeil ◽  
Chong-Yu Xu ◽  
Hans Legard Iversen
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Data Subset

To simulate the nutrient loading of Danish coastal waters, river discharge from unmonitored areas must be assessed. In an attempt to identify the most suitable method, for this purpose eight different versions of the three-parameter monthly water balance model “MWB-3” were tested on data from various Danish catchments for the period 1989-97. The model with the highest R2 and the lowest correlation between the model parameters was chosen for subsequent establishment of regression equations between the model parameters and catchment and climate characteristics. The most important explanatory variables of the regressions are soil properties, potential evapotranspiration, groundwater table depth, percentage of wetland area and catchment slope. Mean R2 was 0.82 for the calibration data subset (62 catchments) and 0.79 for the test data subset (22 catchments). Sensitivity tests indicate that the selected model version is more robust for application in catchments dominated by loamy soils than in catchments dominated by sandy soils. Though the MWB-3 model provides a good basis for determining the water balance of Danish catchments at the regional and national levels, modifications and extensions need to be considered for future studies.

scholarly journals Variations of global and continental water balance components as impacted by climate forcing uncertainty and human water use

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 2877-2898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Müller Schmied ◽  
Linda Adam ◽  
Stephanie Eisner ◽  
Gabriel Fink ◽  
Martina Flörke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Climate Forcings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Water

Abstract. When assessing global water resources with hydrological models, it is essential to know about methodological uncertainties. The values of simulated water balance components may vary due to different spatial and temporal aggregations, reference periods, and applied climate forcings, as well as due to the consideration of human water use, or the lack thereof. We analyzed these variations over the period 1901–2010 by forcing the global hydrological model WaterGAP 2.2 (ISIMIP2a) with five state-of-the-art climate data sets, including a homogenized version of the concatenated WFD/WFDEI data set. Absolute values and temporal variations of global water balance components are strongly affected by the uncertainty in the climate forcing, and no temporal trends of the global water balance components are detected for the four homogeneous climate forcings considered (except for human water abstractions). The calibration of WaterGAP against observed long-term average river discharge Q significantly reduces the impact of climate forcing uncertainty on estimated Q and renewable water resources. For the homogeneous forcings, Q of the calibrated and non-calibrated regions of the globe varies by 1.6 and 18.5 %, respectively, for 1971–2000. On the continental scale, most differences for long-term average precipitation P and Q estimates occur in Africa and, due to snow undercatch of rain gauges, also in the data-rich continents Europe and North America. Variations of Q at the grid-cell scale are large, except in a few grid cells upstream and downstream of calibration stations, with an average variation of 37 and 74 % among the four homogeneous forcings in calibrated and non-calibrated regions, respectively. Considering only the forcings GSWP3 and WFDEI_hom, i.e., excluding the forcing without undercatch correction (PGFv2.1) and the one with a much lower shortwave downward radiation SWD than the others (WFD), Q variations are reduced to 16 and 31 % in calibrated and non-calibrated regions, respectively. These simulation results support the need for extended Q measurements and data sharing for better constraining global water balance assessments. Over the 20th century, the human footprint on natural water resources has become larger. For 11–18% of the global land area, the change of Q between 1941–1970 and 1971–2000 was driven more strongly by change of human water use including dam construction than by change in precipitation, while this was true for only 9–13 % of the land area from 1911–1940 to 1941–1970.

Some Climate-Altitude Relationships in the Southern Appalachian Mountain Region

1959 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 352-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Mountain Valley ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Western North Carolina ◽  
Temperature Ranges

The variation of certain climatic elements with elevation is examined for Tennessee-North Carolina portions of the Southern Appalachian region. Regression equations relating elevation to annual, January, and July mean temperatures and mean daily temperature ranges and to length of growing season are derived. Early growing-season data for 15 mountain-valley systems in western North Carolina are examined and regression lines developed relating length of growing season to elevation for valley and summit locations. These regression lines adjusted for departure of early data from long-term averages appear applicable to recent long-term data and present a useful means of refining the growing season-elevation relationship. Although a satisfactory precipitation-elevation relationship is unattainable due presumably to slope and exposure effects, an estimate is given of the mean annual snowfall-elevation relationship. Graphs are presented showing the variation of potential evapotranspiration with elevation based on computations for selected locations from 1075 ft to 6684 ft; results are believed representative of the entire area under consideration.

scholarly journals Applications of Hydrological Model Simulated Long Term Water Balance Components for India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saksham Joshi ◽  
Venkat Raju Pokkuluri ◽  
Annie Issac ◽  
Venkateshwar Rao ◽  
Pamaraju Venkata Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Water Balance Components

scholarly journals Quantify the effects of watershed subdivision scale and spatial density of weather inputs on hydrological simulations in a Norwegian Arctic watershed

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh Tuan Bui ◽  
Jinmei Lu ◽  
Linmei Nie
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Snowmelt Runoff ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Stream Length ◽  
Monthly Streamflow

Abstract The effects of watershed subdivisions on hydrological simulations have not been evaluated in the Arctic conditions yet. This study applied the Soil and Water Assessment Tool and the threshold drainage area (TDA) technique to evaluate the impacts of watershed subdivision on hydrological simulations at a 5,913-km2 Arctic watershed, Målselv. The watershed was discretized according to four TDA scheme scales including 200, 2,000, 5,000, and 10,000 ha. The impacts of different TDA schemes on hydrological simulations in water balance components, snowmelt runoff, and streamflow were investigated. The study revealed that the complexity of terrain and topographic attributes altered significantly in the coarse discretizations: (1) total stream length (−47.2 to −74.6%); (2) average stream slope (−68 to −83%); and (3) drainage density (−24.2 to −51.5%). The spatial density of weather grid integration reduced from −5 to −33.33% in the coarse schemes. The annual mean potential evapotranspiration, evapotranspiration, and lateral flow slightly decreased, while areal rainfall, surface runoff, and water yield slightly increased with the increases of TDAs. It was concluded that the fine TDAs produced finer and higher ranges of snowmelt runoff volume across the watershed. All TDAs had similar capacities to replicate the observed tendency of monthly mean streamflow hydrograph, except overestimated/underestimated peak flows. Spatial variation of streamflow was well analyzed in the fine schemes with high density of stream networks, while the coarse schemes simplified this. Watershed subdivisions affected model performances, in the way of decreasing the accuracy of monthly streamflow simulation, at 60% of investigated hydro-gauging stations (3/5 stations) and in the upstream. Furthermore, watershed subdivisions strongly affected the calibration process regarding the changes in sensitivity ranking of 18 calibrated model parameters and time it took to calibrate.

On the difficulties in estimating water balance components from remote sensing in an anthropogenically modified catchment in southern India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tejas Kulkarni ◽  
Mathias Gassmann ◽  
Sanaz Vajedian
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
Groundwater Exploitation

<p>The Arkavathy river was once a major water supply source to the city of Bangalore, India, till 1970s but has completely dried up post the 1990s. The study re-invigorates on the socio-hydro dynamics in the Upper Arkavathy Catchment (UAC), covering 1432 km<sup>2</sup>, through the combination of latest remote sensing products (namely Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS), Landsat derived NDVI). The parameters of remotely sensed long-term precipitation and temperature from corresponded well with in-situ data. Seasonal trend analysis helped re-instate no evidence of climatic driven drought to explain the decline of flows in the river. To investigate the anthropogenic proximate drivers of change - mainly groundwater exploitation and increase in water intensive cropping in the catchment - a spatio-temporal assimilation of GRACE TWS, GLDAS state variables and LandSAT-NDVI with in-situ well observations is incorporated into the water balance equation. While, studies have shown high correlation in quantifying groundwater storage changes (GWSC) and attempted downscaling with this GRACE-GLDAS-GWL-NDVI assimilation in natural catchments, this did not seem to be very skilful in human-altered fractured rock aquifers of south India for the following reasons. Firstly, the GRACE-TWS (RL-06) for the grid showed a meagre declining trend of -.033mm/year (2002-2018) and did not seem to capture the deeper groundwater extraction as compared to the social narrative in shift of hundreds of metres decline in static water levels. Secondly, the disaggregation through the GLDAS-NOAH soil moisture which corresponded well with rainfall patterns, assigns inclusion of only the shallow storage fluxes in the sub-surficial aquifer showing -5.3mm/year, which explains no overland flows in the river, but neglects the modelling of the GW aquifer and showed a faulty +47.4mm/year (2002-2018). Thirdly, the simple addition of groundwater observation well trends showed a decrease of -106.6mm/year in GWSC (2001-2017) as compared to the -656.6mm/year (1970-2000) of field scale models by Srinivasan et.al (2015). This is attributed to the fact that data used in such studies from the governmental groundwater authority boards are generally of shallower wells (up to 70m below surface) and cannot be representative of the on-ground reality of shift to deeper exploitation of GW (up to 350m) by privatised borewells. Finally, cloud-cover and scan line error corrected NDVI pixels showed an increase of irrigated area in the UAC by 31% (1972-2018). However, we observed long term data gaps (1998-2003) in images and higher uncertainties during the crucial cropping season due to monsoonal cloud cover (JJASO months) in the images to effectively understand the agricultural dynamics. Hence, it is concluded that this  procedure coupled with this period receiving higher rainfall with an average of1000mm/year (2001-2019) as compared to 800mm/year (1901-2000) makes it an unreliable method to disassociate the human interventions in modifying hydro-geologic fluxes or patterns accurately in the UAC.</p>

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Model-Based Water Balance to Low Impact Development Parameters

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Leimgruber ◽  
Gerald Krebs ◽  
David Camhy ◽  
Dirk Muschalla
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
Model Based

Low impact development (LID) strategies aim to mitigate the adverse impacts of urbanization, like the increase of runoff and the decrease of evapotranspiration. Hydrological simulation is a reasonable option to evaluate the LID performance with respect to the complete water balance. The sensitivity of water balance components to LID parameters is important for the modeling and planning process of LIDs. This contribution presents the results of a global sensitivity analysis of model-based water balance components (runoff volume, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge/storage change) using the US Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model to the parameters (e.g., soil thickness, porosity) of a green roof, an infiltration trench, and a bio-retention cell. All results are based on long-term simulations. The water balance and sensitivity analyses are evaluated for the long-term as well as single storm events. The identification of non-influential and most influential LID parameters for the water balance components is the main outcome of this work. Additionally, the influence of the storm event characteristics precipitation depth and antecedent dry period on the sensitivity of water balance components to LID parameters is shown.

Long-term variations in water balance components for Croatia

2008 ◽  
Vol 95 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Pandžić ◽  
D. Trninić ◽  
T. Likso ◽  
T. Bošnjak
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Long Term Variations
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