scholarly journals Agricultural Nitrogen Pollution of Freshwater in Germany. The Governance of Sustaining a Complex Problem

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Kirschke ◽  
Astrid Häger ◽  
Dieter Kirschke ◽  
Jeanette Völker
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Nitrogen Pollution ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Governance Instruments

The nitrogen pollution of freshwater heavily affects social–ecological systems. To reduce negative effects, research calls for an integrated approach, including a coherent and diverse set of governance instruments. Thus far, however, the effects of (non-)integration have been blurry. Taking Germany as an example, this study sheds light on the actual complexity of the problem along five dimensions of complexity (goals, variables, dynamics, interconnections, and uncertainties). It also sheds light on related governance instruments (rules, information, and economic incentives) and their impacts on problem-solving (implementation of specific measures). Analyses include expert interviews on complexity, European water and agricultural policies, and official data on the planning and implementation of measures to reduce nitrogen concentrations. Results show Germany’s path of sustaining a complex problem by using a non-coherent and low diversity governance approach, avoiding rigorous rules, and barely using economic instruments to deal with nitrogen surpluses. A stronger integration of water and agricultural policies, as well as a better use of economic instruments, are suggested to enhance water quality in the future.

Effects of Submergence and Nitrogen Concentration on the Resources Utilization of Alternanthera philoxeroides

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 239-242
Author(s):  
Wen Juan Ding ◽  
Hua Yong Zhang ◽  
Fang Juan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Nitrogen Pollution ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Alternanthera Philoxeroides ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

This study examined the effects of submergence and nitrogen concentration on biomass allocation and nutrients utilization of an invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides. In the experiment, A. philoxeroides was applied to two water level treatments (0 and 25cm above the surface) across with two nitrogen concentrations (0 and 10 mg/l N). The results showed that submergence decreased leaf fraction and increased stem fraction, but high N changed this situation. In submergence, high N increased leaf fraction but decreased stem fraction due to leaves survival and maintenance. Submergence decreased root fraction and the content of soluble sugar in stem. The results suggested that high N concentration could counteract the negative effects of submergence. Therefore, the risk of A. philoxeroides invasion might be enhanced by nitrogen pollution in fluctuating water bodies, and should be attention intensely.

Safety of medical activities as an integrated problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (6) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Алан Карсанов ◽  
Alan Karsanov ◽  
Наталья Полунина ◽  
Natal'ya Polunina
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Healthcare Organization ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Medical Activity ◽  
Staff Motivation ◽  
Medical Technologies ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
Clinical Risks

The combined nature of the factors that threaten the patient and the complex subordination of many clinical risks are the basis of the authors' perception of the safety of medical activity (SMA) as a complex problem, the solution of which should be sought in improving managerial measures of a systemic nature. As structural components of an integrated approach to providing SMA, measures should be implemented aimed at increasing staff motivation, at increasing the level of medical communications, at introducing modern diagnostic and medical technologies, at improving the control and administrative component based on the industrial model of healthcare organization.

BUSINESS-LEVEL STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN CROATIAN TOURISM

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-78
Author(s):  
Vinka Cetinski ◽  
Slobodan Ivanović
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Management Concept

There are few activities so susceptible to the impacts of the macro environment as tourism. In conditions of growing uncertainty, the importance of strategic management is steadily increasing. By studying the environment, by anticipating the future development and implication of trends on enterprises, and by developing appropriate strategies at a number of levels, strategic management seeks to actively influence the increase o f competitive advantages o f both the tourist destinations and tourist enterprises. The term “strategic management” implies a set of management decisions and actions that determine the long-term operations o f enterprises within the management system of tourism: guiding the enterprise by anticipating crucial environmental impacts and internal factors. This management concept is based on the assumption that making properly oriented strategic decisions minimizes the negative effects of the environment and creates strategic advantages for enterprises that can be capitalised only in the medium and long term (Čizmar S. (2001) Strateško upravljanje u funkciji učinkovitog razvoja turističkog ugostiteljstva u Hrvatskoj, doctoral dissertation, University o f Zagreb, Faculty of Economics, Zagreb, p. 3). It represents an integrated approach to strategic management that is the most acceptable for the development of Croatian tourism, as long-term positive results, in both market and financial terms, can be achieved by enterprises within the tourism management system of Croatia only by applying an integrated approach to strategic management, by horizontally and vertically linking the elements of all subsystems of the entire management system and by creating partnering relationships. The Croatian model of strategic management should involve the economic optimisation of all subsystems and systems by establishing efficiency not only across all subsystem elements, but through the system as a whole as well. The level of growth in entrepreneurship and innovations will determine the intensity and speed of positive development changes. These changes will also depend on establishing management responsibilities throughout all segments and managements levels of all subsystems, as well as tourism as an integral system. This paper deals with the issues of strategic management at a micro level with special emphasis on the development of responsibility for managing performance and capital investments.

Choosing a "best" Canadian environmental management strategy

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (S1) ◽  
pp. 183-193
Author(s):  
Isobel W Heathcote
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Voluntary Compliance ◽  
And Control

All human societies have laws, which may be written or unwritten. Those laws, and the mechanisms to enforce them, evolve as internal and external forces shape the society. Modern environmental regulatory frameworks are a complex mixture of traditional behavioural rules and newer benchmarks of environmental performance. Gradually, we have come to value the rules themselves above the goals they are intended to achieve. In fact, environmental improvement can be achieved in many ways, not just through traditional regulatory approaches. Traditional "command-and-control" regulation provides a useful backstop but is limited in its ability to encourage innovation. Newer approaches, including economic instruments, voluntary clean-up, and recognition programs, offer the means to encourage prevention, protection, and conservation, rather than resource wastage and reliance on end-of-pipe technology. A combination of command-and-control programs for minimum limits, coupled with economic incentives and voluntary compliance schemes for enhanced protection, may be the only viable environmental management strategy for the 21st century.Key words: environmental management, environmental law, pollution prevention, economic instruments, voluntary, compliance.

The effects of non-consumptive wildlife tourism on free-ranging wildlife: a review

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronda J. Green ◽  
Karen Higginbottom
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Wildlife Tourism ◽  
Direct Injury ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Published Research

Tourism based on free-ranging animals is economically important, but there are no comprehensive studies on the overall balance of its negative and positive effects on wildlife. However, there is a growing body of information on which we can draw for minimizing negative effects and enhancing positive ones. Major categories of negative effects include: direct injury and death; disruption of activities or increase in stress levels; and loss or modification of habitat. About half the published research literature on negative effects involves relatively conspicuous avian species, and there is a need for further research on other taxa. Major categories of positive effects include financial and practical contributions by tourists and tourism operators, economic incentives for wildlife conservation (acting through local communities, the tourism industry and governments) and environmental education. There is far less information on positive than on negative effects, and research is required to examine this quantitatively. However, the evidence suggests there is considerable unrealized potential for wildlife tourism to provide substantial conservation benefits.

scholarly journals Bacterial Community Shifts Driven by Nitrogen Pollution in River Sediments of a Highly Urbanized City

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianbiao Lin ◽  
Dengzhou Gao ◽  
Kaijun Lu ◽  
Xiaofei Li
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Nitrogen Pollution ◽  
Urban River ◽  
Urban Rivers ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Community Shifts ◽  
Bacterial Richness ◽  
Relative Abundances

Effects of nitrogen pollution on bacterial community shifts in river sediments remain barely understood. Here, we investigated the bacterial communities in sediments of urban and suburban rivers in a highly urbanized city, Shanghai. Sediment nitrate (NO3−) and ammonia (NH4+) were highly accumulated in urban river. Operation Taxonomic Units (OTUs), Abundance-based Coverage Estimators (ACEs) and Chao 1 estimator in urban rivers were slightly lower than those in suburban rivers, while Shannon and Simpson indices were higher in urban rivers than those in suburban rivers. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacterial phylum communities, accounting for 68.5–84.9% of all communities. In particular, the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Nitrospirae were significantly higher in suburban rivers than in urban rivers, while relative abundances of Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Spirochaetes were significantly lower in suburban rivers than in urban rivers. NH4+ was significantly and negatively correlated with abundances of Firmicutes, Nitrospirae, and Actinobacteria. Importantly, the significant and negative effects of sediment NH4+ on bacterial richness and diversity suggested that nitrogen pollution likely contribute to the decrease in the bacterial richness and diversity. The results highlight that nitrogen enrichment could drive the shifts of bacterial abundance and diversity in the urban river sediments where are strongly influenced by human activities under the rapid urbanization stress.

scholarly journals Planning for Cross-Border Territories: The Role Played by Spatial Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Peyrony ◽  
Olivier Denert
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
National Level ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Border Areas ◽  
European Regional

Abstract The authors argue that cross-border territories require not only an integrated approach to development, but also a form of cross-border governance that is democratic and pursues a multi-stage strategy in order to ensure accountability towards citizens and socio-economic actors and make certain that they are acknowledged and receive support at a regional and national level. At present, relevant statistical indices are lacking for most cross-border territories. Such indices are essential, however, for establishing a shared body of regional knowledge as a basis for developing joint policies and activities. Shared border areas presuppose that development takes place on both sides in order to overcome the negative effects of borders, to fully exploit the potential arising from the development of projects, and to address the needs of the inhabitants. This article examines the part played by spatial information in the planning of cross-border areas. It examines the concept of “cross-border territory”, shows the diverse criteria applied in European regional planning as exemplified in the border region of France and Luxemburg, and considers which tools are available—from the standpoint of multi-level governance—for this purpose. Ultimately, it is a question of addressing the needs, challenges and potential offered by spatial information in a cross-border context.

scholarly journals Consequences of mountain pine beetle outbreak on forest ecosystem services in western Canada

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 987-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalesh Dhar ◽  
Lael Parrott ◽  
Scott Heckbert
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle

After affecting millions of hectares of pine forests in western Canada, the mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonous ponderosae Hopkins) is spreading out of its native range and into Canada’s boreal forest. Impacts of outbreaks can be environmental, economic, and social, and an ecosystem services (ES) viewpoint provides a useful perspective for an integrated approach to assessing these impacts and may help to identify how possible management strategies could minimize these impacts. In this regards, a comprehensive overview of the ecosystem functions and socioeconomic factors that have been impacted by the current outbreaks in western Canada was carried out to facilitate a more general ES assessment. In addition to timber production, current MPB outbreaks have negative effects on provisioning services (water supply and food production) and aesthetic cultural services, while effects on regulating services (carbon and forest fire) are still in debate. Among the supporting services, nutrient cycling and aquatic habitat showed short- and long-term negative effects, while terrestrial habitat showed a mostly positive response. The overall impact on ES may be more severe if salvage logging is practiced as a post-MPB forest management strategy. The outcomes of this study may help to identify areas of greatest socioecological vulnerability to MPB and identify knowledge gaps and avenues for research to advance the ES framework for MPB outbreak management.

Acceptability of Adaptations for Struggling Writers

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Graham ◽  
Karen R. Harris ◽  
Brendan J. Bartlett ◽  
Eleni Popadopoulou ◽  
Julia Santoro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Grade ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Struggling Writers ◽  
Writing Assignments ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Extra Time ◽  
Know How

One hundred twenty-five primary-grade teachers randomly selected from across the United States indicated how frequently they made 20 instructional adaptations for the struggling writers in their classroom. The measure of frequency ranged from never, several times a year, monthly, weekly, several times a week, and daily. Using a 6-point Likert-type scale, they also rated the acceptability of each of the 20 adaptations on five dimensions: suitability, effectiveness, negative effects, time to apply, and implementation know-how. Teachers reported making 13 different adaptations monthly or more often. The most common adaptations were extra encouragement and extra time to complete writing assignments, whereas the least common adaptations involved technology or dictation. Teachers viewed all of the adaptations as acceptable, and their views on acceptability made a unique and statistically significant contribution to predicting reported use of adaptations after variance due to student and other teacher variables was first controlled.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document