scholarly journals Optimization of Irrigation and Leaching Depths Considering the Cost of Water Using WASH_1D/2D Models

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2549
Author(s):  
Haruyuki Fujimaki ◽  
Hassan M. Abd El Baki ◽  
Seyed Mohamad Mahdavi ◽  
Hamed Ebrahimian
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
The Cost

Optimization of water use with consideration of salinity control is a crucial task for crop production. A new scheme, “optimized irrigation”, was recently presented to determine irrigation depth using WASH_1D/2D which are numerical simulation models of water flow and solute transport in soils and crop growth. In the scheme, irrigation depth is determined such that net income is maximized considering the price of water and weather forecasts. To evaluate whether the optimized irrigation is also able to restrict salinity stress and avoid salinization without any intentional leaching, we carried out a numerical experiment for winter wheat grown in northern Sudan under the following scenarios: (1) Available water in the root zone is refilled using freshwater (0.17 g/L of NaCl) at every five days; (2) available water in the root zone is refilled using saline water (1.7 g/L) at every five days; (3) optimized irrigation using fresh water at 7-days interval; (4) optimized irrigation on a weekly basis using saline water; and (5) same as scenario 2, except for leaching is carried out at the middle of the growing season and leaching depth is optimized such that net income is maximized. The results showed that the optimized irrigation scheme automatically instructs additional water required for leaching at each irrigation event and maximizes the net income even under saline conditions.

scholarly journals Determining Irrigation Depths for Soybean Using a Simulation Model of Water Flow and Plant Growth and Weather Forecasts

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan M. Abd El Baki ◽  
Majid Raoof ◽  
Haruyuki Fujimaki
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Irrigation Amount ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Automated Irrigation System

A new scheme to determine irrigation depths using a two-point of predicted cumulative transpiration over irrigation interval is presented. Rather than maximizing water use efficiency, this scheme aims to maximize net income. The volumetric water price is considered to give farmers an incentive to save irrigation water. A field experiment for soybeans was carried out in the Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Japan in 2019. The total irrigation amount yield and net income by the proposed scheme were compared to those by a tensiometer-operated automated irrigation. The scheme could save irrigation water by 16% with a yield increment of 20%; resulting in a 22% increase in net income compared to the automated irrigation. The model simulated the volumetric water content in the effective root zone of the plant in fair agreement. These results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme that may replace an automated irrigation system even considering uncertainty in weather forecast to determine irrigation depth and secure investment costs.

scholarly journals Influence of basic tillage systems on economic efficiency of soybean cultivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (2) ◽  
pp. 022128
Author(s):  
L Zhichkina ◽  
K Zhichkin ◽  
M Saidmurodova ◽  
D Kokurin ◽  
Ju Romanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Direct Costs ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Yield Formation

Abstract Soybeans have become widespread in the world crop production as a valuable oilseed and high-protein crop with a unique biochemical composition. In the Russia in 2015-2019 annually there is an increase in acreage, yield and gross yield of soybeans. The research purpose is to substantiate the most effective system of basic soil cultivation during the soybeans cultivation in the Samara region. The research tasks included: to study the peculiarities of the soybeans yield formation depending on the main tillage systems, to evaluate the economic efficiency of the main tillage systems. It was found that the basic tillage system provided the best conditions for the formation of the soybean in 2018-2019. Thus, the highest yield was obtained in the variant with plowing by 20-22 cm and amounted to 14.9 cwt/ha, the lowest in the variant without autumn mechanical tillage - 10.1 cwt/ha. The calculation showed that the soybeans cultivation in all variants was effective. Direct costs in the soybeans cultivation varied according to the studied options from 15879.28 rubles/ha to 17767.34 rubles/ha, the cost price - from 1192.4 rubles/cwt to 1572.2 rubles/cwt. The basic tillage system with elements of minimization reduced direct costs, however, due to the lower yield, the highest net income was obtained in the variant with plowing by 20-22 cm and amounted to 19482.7 rubles/ha, with a profitability of 109.7%.

scholarly journals Optimizing Irrigation Depth Using a Plant Growth Model and Weather Forecast

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan M. Abd El Baki ◽  
Haruyuki Fujimaki ◽  
Ieyasu Tokumoto ◽  
Tadaomi Saito
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Automated Irrigation System

Numerical models of crop response to irrigation and weather forecasts with internet access should be fully utilized in modern irrigation management. In this respect, we developed a new numerical scheme to optimize irrigation depth that maximizes net income. Net income was calculated as a function of cumulative transpiration over irrigation interval which depends on irrigation depth. To evaluate this scheme, we carried out a field experiment for groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in a sandy field of the Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Japan. Two treatments were established to compare the net income of the proposed scheme with that of an automated irrigation system. Results showed that although the proposed scheme gave a larger amount of seasonal irrigation water 28%, it achieved 2.18 times of net income owing to 51% higher yield compared to results of the automated irrigation system. This suggests that the proposed scheme would be more economical tool than automated irrigation systems to optimize irrigation depths.

scholarly journals CREATING A PROTECTED DIFFUSION ZONE

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 742e-742
Author(s):  
James L. Green
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Zone ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Horticultural Crop ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Plant Root System

In intensive, open horticultural crop production systems, quantities of water and soluble fertilizers are convected by gravitational and evaporative flow through the plant root zone, with only a small fraction being captured by the plant root system. Principles and concepts developed in creating a protected diffusion zone (PDZ) within the closed, insulated pallet system (CIPS) have been extrapolated to create a protected zone for fertilizer diffusion in a surface-irrigated plant container or open field/landscape planting. Incorporating additional evaporative and gravitational water flow barriers has resulted in a semiclosed field system to minimize quantities of water and fertilizer applied and lost from the plant root zone. Use of saline water is more feasible in PDZ system than in open systems.

Study on scope and existing cropping pattern at south-western saline region of Bangladesh​

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 2278-2286
Author(s):  
P. Hajong ◽  
M. H. Rahman ◽  
M. S. Rahman ◽  
K. U. Ahammad ◽  
M. I.​ Islam
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Garden Pea ◽  
New Crops ◽  
Saline Area ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Equivalent Yield

One of the major restrictions influencing crop production in Bangladesh's coastal districts is salinity. In order to better understand the specific conditions in the south-western region of Bangladesh, where significant salinity and problems in crop production prevail, this study took place in two districts, namely Satkhira and Khulna. Six upazila were selected for the current study: Satkhira Sadar, Kaligonj, and Dumuria in Satkhira, and Batiaghata and Dacope in Khulna. Among the selected farmers, about sixty six percent of farmers were small farmers. The average farm size was 0.83 ha. Most of the land of the saline area was covered by a single crop with T. Aman. Ninety percent of the farmer of Satkhira Sadar upazila cover T. Aman-mustard-boro, which was the main cropping pattern. T. Aman-mustard, T. Aman-wheat, T. Aman-grasspea etc., were the major existing cropping pattern. Different vegetables and other field crops such as bottle gourd, bitter gourd, ladies finger, garden pea, potato, sweet potato, maize, chili etc., were cultivated in the study area sporadically. Most of the cost involved for labor cost in T. Aman rice cultivation. If the farmer cultivates the land by sharecropping from the owner, then farmer gives half of the crop to his landowner. The highest total rice equivalent yield (TREY) was T. Aman-mustard-boro cropping pattern and it was 13.23 t ha-1. Most of the farmers eager to cultivate more new crops. Saline water, water stagnant, insufficient irrigation water, late harvest of T. Aman rice, late ‘joe’ condition etc., were the main constraints to develop a new cropping pattern.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of a New Scheme for Determination of Irrigation Depths in the Egyptian Nile Delta

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2181
Author(s):  
Hassan M. Abd El Baki ◽  
Haruyuki Fujimaki
Keyword(s):  
Nile Delta ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Soil Monitoring ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Irrigation Method ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Irrigation Depth

Innovative irrigation techniques should be implemented to improve irrigation management in dryland countries. In this regard, a new scheme, that uses three sets of irrigation depth and numerically simulated cumulative transpiration, was evaluated in the Egyptian Nile delta in 2020. Presuming that water is volumetrically priced, the proposed scheme can maximize net incomes at optimum irrigation depths considering quantitative weather forecasts. A field experiment was carried out with a randomized complete block design using a major crop, maize, to assess the feasibility of the proposed scheme in comparison to a sensor-based irrigation method under conditions of dry climate and clay loamy soil. The proposed scheme could increase the gross net income of farmers and conserve irrigation by 21% and 35%, respectively, compared to a sensor-based irrigation method, although the yield and its components were almost the same with no significant statistical differences. The model could accurately simulate soil water content in the topsoil layers with a RMSE of 0.02 cm3 cm−3. The proposed scheme could be a useful tool to spare the costs of expensive soil monitoring sensors while saving water and improving net income.

scholarly journals Cost of Cultivation and Profitability Situation of Cowpea Vegetable in Dindori District of Madhya Pradesh under Tejaswini Rural Woman Empowerment Programme

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Singh Bareliya ◽  
Satyendra Singh Thakur ◽  
Hari Om Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Total Variable Cost ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
Self Help Groups ◽  
The Cost

Under the Rural Women’s Empowerment Programme, this Programme is being conducted in 41 villages by Tejaswini Nari Chetna Mahila Sangh. Under which work is being strengthened by establishing self help groups and connecting them with the schemes of governance. For this study, the total beneficiary (85) and non-beneficiary (85) have been selected from the total (170) agricultural women from Dindori district. The cost of barbati production and the income generated from it has been done comparatively with the beneficiary and non-beneficiary. The total cost per acre in Barbati production has been increased by 3.83% compared to non-beneficiary whereas the total variable cost-14.48% has been found. Production cost to produce quintal for Barbati Total crop production cost respectively - 30.51 and -15.64 percent beneficiary has been found to be lower than non-beneficiary. While net income has received 44.93 percent more on the cost of total farming. As a result, the per-investment income is 23.36 percent more beneficiary than the non-beneficiary.

scholarly journals Simulating Annual Irrigation Requirement for Citrus on Excessively Drained Soils

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1487-1492 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Adair Wheaton ◽  
Lawrence R. Parsons ◽  
K.T. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Irrigation Depth ◽  
Irrigation Requirements

A water use simulation for citrus (Citrus sinensis) was used to estimate the effects of climate, soil-available water, rooting depth, allowable depletion of available water, and partial coverage irrigation on the annual irrigation requirements. The soil in the study was excessively drained Candler sand (hyperthermic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments) of the Central Florida Ridge. Variation of annual rainfall from 667 to 1827 mm had a relatively small impact on annual irrigation requirements. Soil-available water, depth of root zone, and allowable depletion of available water all affected irrigation management and the number of irrigations annually. Simulated annual irrigation requirements varied over a wide range depending on the allowable depletion of soil-available water, irrigation depth, and the fraction of the land area that is irrigated. Effective rain estimated by the TR21 method during months of high rainfall was higher than estimates by the water budget. Monthly irrigation requirements varied seasonally and peaked in normally dry spring months of April and May. The irrigation simulation is a useful tool for examining the range of management strategies that can be considered for citrus.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL FOR CYCLIC REUSE OF SALINE DRAINAGE WATER FOR IRRIGATION OF TOMATOES.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 681f-681
Author(s):  
Carol Shennan ◽  
Stephen R. Grattan ◽  
Don May ◽  
Carol J. Hillhouse
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Over Time

Reuse of saline drainage water for crop irrigation has been proposed as one strategy to reduce the drainage volume requiring disposal in California. A 6 y study to assess the feasibility of cyclic saline drainage reuse in a processing tomato/ cotton /cotton rotation was conducted. Treatments were: 1. fresh water applied throughout, 2. saline water applied after 1st flower to tomatoes, 3. saline water applied to tomato and the next cotton crop. Saline water generally improved tomato fruit quality, but did not reduce yields during the first 4 years. In year 6, yields were reduced 17% (n.s.) and 30% (p<0.05) in treatments 2 and 3 respectively, relative to the control. Monitoring of the root zone showed that boron has accumulated over time in saline treatments and may be limiting crop production more than soil salinity. Selenium was readily leached by periodic fresh water use and did not accumulate to levels of concern in tomato tissues. Other work has shown that salinity can enhance tomato susceptibility to root rot which may limit this practice in some areas. However, the data show that high value crops like tomato can be incorporated into saline reuse schemes if managed appropriately.

Economic Aspects of Mustard Cultivation in Lakhimpur Kheri District of Uttar Pradesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 520-523
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Ratio ◽  
Gross Income ◽  
Average Size ◽  
The Cost

The results revealed that on an overall average size of landholding was estimated to be 0.97 ha. The total cultivated area at all categories of sample farms were found to be irrigated. Overall average, cost of cultivation was estimated `27819.43 per ha. The cost of cultivation showed positive relation with size of holding. The cost of cultivation was highest on medium farms (`32549.25) followed by small (`31528.40 and marginal (`29171.74), respectively. Overall average, cost of production was estimated `2446.44 per hectare. On an average input-output ratio on the basis Costs A1/A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2 were recorded 1:2.86, 1:2.77, 1:1.91, 1:1.89 and 1:1.46, respectively. On the basis of Cost C2 input-output ratio was highest on marginal farms (1:1.47) followed by small (1:1.44) and medium (1:1.43), respectively. Overall average, net income and gross income were found `9859.33 and 40028.69 per ha, respectively.

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