scholarly journals Barriers and Enabling Factors for Central and Household Level Water Treatment in a Refugee Setting: A Mixed-Method Study among Rohingyas in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3149
Author(s):  
Mahbub-Ul Alam ◽  
Leanne Unicomb ◽  
S.M. Monirul Ahasan ◽  
Nuhu Amin ◽  
Debashish Biswas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Religious Conversion ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Motivating Factors ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Water Chlorination ◽  
Water Taste

Water chlorination is widely used in emergency responses to reduce diarrheal diseases, although communities with no prior exposure to chlorinated drinking water can have low acceptability. To better inform water treatment interventions, the study explored acceptability, barriers, and motivating-factors of a piped water chlorination program, and household level chlorine-tablet distribution, in place for four months in Rohingya refugee camps, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. We collected data from June to August 2018 from four purposively selected refugee camps using structured observation, key-informant-interviews, transect-walks, group discussions, focus-group discussions, and in-depth-interviews with males, females, adolescent girls, and community leaders. Smell and taste of chlorinated water were commonly reported barriers among the population that had previously consumed groundwater. Poor quality source-water and suboptimal resultant treated-water, and long-queues for water collection were common complaints. Chlorine-tablet users reported inadequate and interrupted tablet supply, and inconsistent information delivered by different organisations caused confusion. Respondents reported fear of adverse-effects of "chemicals/medicine" used to treat water, especially fear of religious conversion. Water treatment options were reported as easy-to-use, and perceived health-benefits were motivating-factors. In vulnerable refugee communities, community and religious-leaders can formulate and deliver messages to address water taste and smell, instil trust, allay fears, and address rumours/misinformation to maximise early uptake.

scholarly journals Perspectives of future pharmacists on the potential for development and implementation of pharmacist prescribing in Qatar

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-123
Author(s):  
Mohammad Issam Diab ◽  
Angham Ibrahim ◽  
Oraib Abdallah ◽  
Alla El-Awaisi ◽  
Monica Zolezzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pharmacist Prescribing ◽  
Barriers To Implementation ◽  
Special Training Program

AbstractBackground Pharmacists in many developed countries have been granted prescribing authorities under what is known as “non-medical prescribing” or “pharmacist prescribing”. However, such prescribing privileges are not available in many developing countries. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the perspectives of future pharmacists (recent pharmacy graduates and pharmacy students) on pharmacist prescribing and its potential implementation in Qatar. Methods A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was used: (1) a cross-sectional survey using a pre-tested questionnaire and; (2) focus group discussions to allow for an in-depth understanding of the issue, with a focus on pharmacists prescribing competencies as well as barriers for its implementation. Main outcome measures Future pharmacists’ perspectives and attitudes towards pharmacist prescribing in Qatar. Results The majority of the respondents (94.4%) indicated awareness of the prescribing competency related to selecting treatment options. Furthermore, the majority (92.4%) believed that pharmacists should undergo prescribing training and accreditation before been legally allowed to prescribe, a point that was reiterated in the focus group discussions. Participants generally expressed support for collaborative and supplementary prescribing models when developing prescribing frameworks for Qatar. Four categories emerged under the theme barriers to implementation of pharmacist prescribing: lack of prescribing competency, pharmacist mindset, lack of accessibility to patient records and counseling rooms, and diversity of education and training background. Conclusion The majority of recent pharmacy graduates and students were in favor of pharmacist prescribing been implemented in Qatar. However, a special training program was deemed necessary to qualify pharmacists to prescribe safely and effectively.

scholarly journals Impact of Safe Water Programs on Water Treatment Practices of People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Ethiopia, 2008

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3261
Author(s):  
Sunkyung Kim ◽  
Ciara E. O’Reilly ◽  
Sisay A. Abayneh ◽  
Achuyt Bhattarai ◽  
Jelaludin Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Treatment Practices ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Incidence ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Water Chlorination ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Hiv Programs

Household water chlorination has been shown to reduce diarrhea incidence among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV). Some HIV programs in Ethiopia previously provided a socially marketed chlorination product (brand name WuhaAgar) to prevent diarrhea. To evaluate the program, we compared WuhaAgar use and water treatment practices between 795 clients from 20 antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics and 795 community members matched by age, sex, and neighborhood. Overall, 19% of study participants reported water treatment with WuhaAgar. Being an ART clinic client was associated with reported treatment of drinking water (matched odds ratios (mOR): 3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9–5.0), reported current water treatment with WuhaAgar (mOR: 5.5, 95% CI 3.9–7.7), and bottles of WuhaAgar observed in the home (mOR: 8.8, 95% CI 5.4–14.3). Being an ART clinic client was also associated with reported diarrhea among respondents (mOR: 4.8, 95% CI 2.9–7.9) and household members (mOR:2.8, 95% CI: 1.9–4.2) in the two weeks preceding the survey. Results suggest that promoting and distributing water chlorination products in ART clinics was effective in increasing access to and use of water treatment products among PLHIV. The positive association between ART clinic attendees and diarrhea likely resulted from the immunocompromised status of ART clinic clients.

scholarly journals Performance of black ceramic water filters and their implementation in rural Ecuador

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Guerrero-Latorre ◽  
Priscila Balseca-Enriquez ◽  
Carlos Moyota-Tello ◽  
Ronald Bravo-Camino ◽  
Stephanie Davila-Chavez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Field Level ◽  
Water Filters

Abstract In rural Ecuador, microbial water contamination is associated with child morbidity mainly due to gastroenteritis. Black ceramic water filters (BCWF) are a new household water treatment recently developed to improve microbial removal from the classical model implemented worldwide. This study has assessed BCWF microbial performance at laboratory level by continuous filtering of spiked water with microbial surrogates (Escherichia coli and MS2 bacteriophage) and highly contaminated surface water to evaluate physicochemical pollutants' removal. At field level, baseline studies in Nanegal and Gualea districts have been performed to evaluate water quality and hygiene practices among communities and a six-month BCWF field implementation study in the Santa Marianita community. Results revealed poor drinking water quality in communities studied. Water treatment practices at household level were reported in low percentages. Conversely, results in BCWF filter assays at laboratory level for 600 litres of usage have shown 5.36 logarithms of bacterial removal and 3.83 logarithms for viral removal and significant reductions of physicochemical pollutants considering international standards. BCWF implementation in the Santa Marianita community reveals promising results on microbial water quality in households using this new technology. However, it is important to reinforce correct BCWF maintenance for better performance at field level.

scholarly journals Determinants of Use of Household-level Water Chlorination Products in Rural Kenya, 2003–2005

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 3842-3852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. DuBois ◽  
John A. Crump ◽  
Bruce H. Keswick ◽  
Laurence Slutsker ◽  
Robert E. Quick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Household Level ◽  
Rural Kenya ◽  
Water Chlorination

Rationale for Ballast Water Treatment Standards to Minimize Translocation of Unwanted Species

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Waite
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Treatment Standards ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Water Management Plans

The transfer of unwanted species via ships' ballast water has become recognized as a major problem worldwide. Thousands of species of plants and animals are transported around the world daily, and colonization leading to infestations of many species has been well documented. Individual countries as well as international regulatory agencies are currently attempting to manage this transport of unwanted species. Currently, ships are required to have ballast water management plans in place, and the only accepted management option is open-ocean ballast water exchange. Due to the limitations of this option, ship-board treatment techniques need to be developed, but, treatment goals and standards currently do not exist. This paper proposes a rational for establishing ballast water treatment standards, so that ship-board technologies can be developed. Specifically, this paper demonstrates that by carefully evaluating past invasions, a group of organisms can be identified which pose a documentable risk of invasion. This group can then be classified by several common parameters, e.g., size, which allows for establishment of treatment options. It is then shown that the most rational standards are those mandating complete removal of high risk organisms, rather that a percentage removal of all organisms.

scholarly journals Rapid acceptability and adherence testing of a lipid-based nutrient supplement and a micronutrient powder among refugee children and pregnant and lactating women in Algeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1852-1861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody C Tondeur ◽  
U Núria Salse ◽  
Caroline Wilkinson ◽  
Paul Spiegel ◽  
Andrew J Seal
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Nutrient Supplement ◽  
Micronutrient Powder ◽  
Local Product ◽  
Product Acceptability

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the acceptability and adherence to daily doses of lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) among children and micronutrient powder (MNP) among children and pregnant and lactating women.DesignHousehold interviews and sachet counting were conducted to measure acceptability and adherence, 15 and 30 d after product distribution. Qualitative information on product acceptability was collected using focus group discussions.SettingSaharawi refugee camps, Algeria, August–October 2009.SubjectsLNS was distributed to 123 children aged 6–35 months (LNS-C), and MNP to 112 children aged 36–59 months (MNP-C) and 119 pregnant or lactating women (MNP-W).ResultsAt the end of the test 98·4 % of LNS-C, 90·4 % of MNP-C and 75·5 % of MNP-W participants reported that they liked the product (P<0·05). Other measures of acceptability did not differ. Median consumption of sachets was highest in the LNS-C group (P<0·001). ‘Good’ adherence to the daily regimen (consumption of 75–125 % of recommended dose) was 89·1 % in the LNS-C, compared with 57·0 % in the MNP-C and 65·8 % in the MNP-W groups (P<0·001). Qualitative findings supported the quantitative measures and guided selection of local product names, packaging designs, distribution mechanisms, and the design of the information campaign in the subsequent programme scale-up.ConclusionsAcceptability, consumption and adherence were higher in participants receiving LNS compared with MNP. However, both products were found to be suitable when compared with predefined acceptability criteria. Acceptability studies are feasible and important in emergency nutrition programmes when the use of novel special nutritional products is considered.

scholarly journals Potential of ceramic and biosand water filters as low-cost point-of-use water treatment options for household use in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebele Erhuanga ◽  
Maingaila Moono Banda ◽  
Doutimiye Kiakubu ◽  
Isah Bolaji Kashim ◽  
Bioye Ogunjobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Filter Design ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water Filters

Abstract Many households in Nigeria lack access to safe drinking water. Sixty-three percent (63%) of the nation's population live in rural areas where only 3% of households have access to safely managed drinking water. This suggests an urgent need for intervention to offer sustainable solutions to drinking water needs at household levels. An operational research was commissioned by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Nigeria to generate evidence to inform and guide Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programming on household water quality. This involved an assessment of local manufacturing of household water filters; factors influencing social acceptability and market opportunities for clay and biosand water filters in Nigeria. Implementation of the research recommendations by the filter factories resulted in improved bacterial removal efficiency (&gt;97%) in filters. Factors such as filter design and efficiency were shown to influence acceptability of filters, which influenced the price at which users were willing to pay for the filters in the study areas. The market research indicated low popularity of the filters due to lack of promotion and marketing of the water filters. The research outcomes show great potential for sustainability and marketability of clay and biosand water filters for household water treatment in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Engaging traditional barbers to identify and refer newborns for routine immunization services in Sokoto, Nigeria: a mixed methods evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1785-1795
Author(s):  
Leanne Dougherty ◽  
Masduk Abdulkarim ◽  
Aliyu Ahmed ◽  
Yakubu Cherima ◽  
Aliyu Ladan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
Continuous Training ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
Mixed Methods Evaluation ◽  
Training Materials ◽  
Immunization Services ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Coverage Rates

Abstract Objectives This study evaluates the effectiveness of an intervention that engaged traditional barbers to inform parents about the importance of vaccination and then refer newborns for vaccination services. Methods We conducted a pre-post quasi-experimental study (n = 2639) to evaluate changes in the coverage of three birth antigens among children aged 0–5 months in response to the intervention. We also conducted in-depth interviews and focus group discussions to assess the enabling factors and challenges associated with implementation. Results We found mothers who received a yellow referral card from a traditional barber were two to three times more likely to vaccinate their children with the three birth antigens. Qualitative findings indicated that the intervention influenced parent’s decision to vaccinate their newborn because the barbers were considered a trusted community advisor. Challenges stemmed from the low levels of literacy among community leaders and barbers that resulted in the need for continuous training, low-literacy training materials and supervision. Conclusions Efforts to increase vaccine coverage rates in northern Nigeria should consider expanding the role of traditional barbers to encourage parents to accept vaccines.

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